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oCHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION TO TOTAL STATION :

Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance Measuring
Instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data
collector and storage system. The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical
angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument.

Fundamental Measurements:
When aimed at an appropriate target a total station measures three parameters (Figure):
(1) The rotation of the instrument's optical axis from instrument north in a horizontal plane
(horizontal angle), (2) the inclination of the optical axis from local vertical (vertical angle),
and (3) the distance between the instrument and the target (slope distance). All other
numbers that may be provided by the total station are derived

Figure .Fundamental measurements made by a Total Station horizontal angle,

vertical angle, and slope distance. All other values returned by the total station are
derived from these measurements.

Horizontal Angle:
The horizontal angle is measured from the zero direction on the horizontal scale (or
). When the user first sets up the instrument the choice of the zero direction
is made– this is . The user may decide to set zero (North) in the direction

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of the long axis of the map area, or choose to orient the instrument approximately to True,
Magnetic or Grid North. The zero direction should be set so that it can be recovered if the
instrument was set up at the same location at some later date. This is usually done by
sighting to another benchmark, or to a distant recognizable object. Using a magnetic
compass to determine the orientation of the instrument is not recommended and can very
inaccurate. Most total stations can measure angles to at least 5 seconds, or 0.0013888°,
so aligning the instrument to true north as well as the instrument can measure is next to
impossible. The best procedure when using a Total Station is to set a convenient "north"
and carry this through the survey by using back sights when the instrument is moved. More
about this is given in the companion papers (Cruikshank, in review-b; Cruikshank, in
review-c),since different surveying tasks have different back sight requirements.

Within a total station is a graduated glass circle – the spacing of the graduations
depends on the accuracy of the instrument. On one side of the glass circle is a
light-emitting diode, and on the other side are two photo diodes that receive the light
from the light-emitting diode. The light from the light-emitting diode is interrupted when a
graduation passes between the light-emitting diode and the photo-diode. By counting the
number of interruptions, the amount that the instrument has been turned can be
determined. Two photo-diodes are needed in order to detect which way the instrument is
being turned. A chip in the total station counts the number of graduations that have
passed and then increments or decrements the angle that is displayed. Graduations are
often only every minute (so there are 21600graduations).Seconds are interpolated by
looking at the strength of the signal received by the two photo-diodes. This is
accomplished by placing a third photo-diode in-line with the light-emitting diode to
provide reference strength of the signal. The relative strength of the signal to the other
diodes allows the number of seconds to be calculated.

Vertical Angle:
The vertical angle is measured relative to the local vertical (plumb) direction (Figure1).
The vertical angle is usually measured as a zenith angle (0° is vertically up, 90° is
horizontal, and 180° is vertically down), although you are also given the option of making
0° horizontal. The zenith angle is generally easier to work with. The telescope will be
pointing downward for zenith angles greater than 90° and upward for angles less than 90
°.Ifyou make horizontal 0° then you have to work with positive and negative vertical
angles, this provides an unnecessary source of error. Measuring vertical angles requires
that the instrument be exactly vertical. It is very difficult to level an instrument to the
degree of accuracy of the instrument. Total stations contain an internal sensor (the
vertical compensator) that can detect small deviations of the instrument from vertical.
Electronics in the instrument then adjust the horizontal and vertical angles accordingly.

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The compensator can only make small adjustments, so the instrument still has to be well
leveled. If it is too far out of level the instrument will give some kind of" tilt" error
message.

Slope Distance:
The instrument to reflector distance is measured using an Electronic Distance Meter
(EDM). Most EDM's use a Gallium Aresnide Diode to emit an infrared light beam. This
beam is usually modulated to two or more different frequencies. The infrared beam is
emitted from the total station, reflected by the reflector and received and amplified by
the total station. The received signal is then compared with a reference signal generated
by the instrument (the same signal generator that transmits the microwave pulse) and
the phase-shift is determined. This phase shift is a measure of the travel time and thus
the distance between the total station and the reflector.

The speed of light depends on the density of the medium through which it is travelling,
so temperature and pressure corrections have to be applied to the readings. These
corrections can be significant, up to several centimeters per kilometer. These corrections
are discussed in more detail below in the section on sources of error.

Basic calculations:
Total Stations only measure three parameters: , ,
and . All of these measurements have some error associated with them,
however for demonstrating the geometric calculations we will assume the readings are
without error.

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Figure. Diagram showing the geometry of the instrument and reflector looking at a
vertical plane normal to the direction between the instrument and the reflector.

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Horizontal distance:
In order to calculate coordinates or elevations it is first necessary to convert the
slope distance to a horizontal distance. From inspection of Figure 3 the horizontal
distance ( )is

= cos (90° – )= sin( )

Where is the slope distance and is the zenith angle. The horizontal distance
will be used in the coordinate calculations.

Vertical distance:
We can consider two vertical distances. One is the ( ) between the
two points on the ground. The other is the ( ) between the titling axis
of the instrument and the tilting axis of the reflector .For elevation difference calculation
we need to know the height of the tilting-axis of the instrument ( ), that is the height of
the center of the telescope, and the height of the center of the reflector ( ).

The way to keep the calculation straight is to imagine that you are on the ground
under the instrument (Figure).If you move up the distance , then travel horizontally
to a vertical line passing through the reflector then up (or down) the vertical distance
( ) to the reflector, and then down to the ground( )you will have the elevation
difference between the two points on the ground. This can be written as

= +( – )

The quantities and are measured and recorded in the field. The vertical difference.

COORDINATE CALCULATIONS:
So far we have only used the vertical angle and slope distance to calculate the
elevation of the ground under the reflector. This is the -coordinate (or elevation) of a
point. We now want to calculate the - (or East) and - (or North) coordinates. The zero
direction set on the instrument is instrument north. This may or may not have any relation
on the ground to true, magnetic or grid north, the relationship must be determined by the
user. Figure 4 shows the geometry for two different cases, one where the horizontal angle
is less than 180° and the other where the horizontal angle is greater than 180°. The sign
of the coordinate change (positive in Figure A and negative in Figure B) is taken care of
by the trigonometric functions, so the same formula can be used in all cases.

1.1.1-CAPABILITY OF A TOTAL STATION:

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Microprocessor unit in total station processes the data collected to compute:

1. Average of multiple angles measured.
2. Average of multiple distance measured.
3. Horizontal distance.
4. Distance between any two points.
5. Elevation of objects and
6. All the three coordinates of the observed points.
Data collected and processed in a Total Station can be downloaded to computers for
further processing. Total station is a compact instrument and weighs 50 to 55 N. A
person can easily carry it to the field. Total stations with different accuracy, in angle
measurement and different range of measurements are available in the market. Figure
below shows one such instrument manufactured by LEICA Co. Ltd.

1.1.2-BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF IMPORTANT OPERATIONS OF TOTAL

STATION:
Distance Measurement:
Electronic distance measuring (EDM) instrument is a major part of total station. Its
range varies from 2.8 km to 4.2 km. The accuracy of measurement varies from 5 mm to
10 mm per km measurement. They are used with automatic target recognizer. The
distance measured is always sloping distance from instrument to the object. Angle
Measurements: The electronic theodolite part of total station is used for measuring

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vertical and horizontal angle. For measurement of horizontal angles any convenient
direction may be taken as reference direction. For vertical angle measurement vertical
upward (zenith) direction is taken as reference direction. The accuracy of angle
measurement varies from 2 to 6 seconds.

Data Processing :
This instrument is provided with an inbuilt microprocessor. The microprocessor
averages multiple observations. With the help of slope distance and vertical and
horizontal angles measured, when height of axis of instrument and targets are supplied,
the microprocessor computes the horizontal distance and X, Y, Z coordinates. The
processor is capable of applying temperature and pressure corrections to the
measurements, if atmospheric temperature and pressures are supplied.

Display:
Electronic display unit is capable of displaying various values when respective
keys are pressed. The system is capable of displaying horizontal distance, vertical
distance, horizontal and vertical angles, difference in elevations of two observed points
and all the three coordinates of the observed points.

Electronic Book:
Each point data can be stored in an electronic note book (like compact disc). The
capacity of electronic note book varies from 2000 points to 4000 points data. Surveyor
can unload the data stored in note book to computer and reuse the note book.

1.1.3-USE OF TOTAL STATION

The total station instrument is mounted on a tripod and is levelled by operating

levelling screws. Within a small range instrument is capable of adjusting itself to the level
position. Then vertical and horizontal reference directions are indexed using onboard keys.
It is possible to set required units for distance, temperature and pressure (FPS or SI).
Surveyor can select measurement mode like fine, coarse, single or repeated.

When target is sighted, horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distances
are measured and by pressing appropriate keys they are recorded along with point
number. Heights of instrument and targets can be keyed in after measuring them with
tapes. Then processor computes various information about the point and displays on
screen. This information is also stored in the electronic notebook. At the end of the day or
whenever electronic note book is full, the information stored is downloaded to computers.
The point data downloaded to the computer can be used for further processing. There is

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software like auto civil and auto plotter clubbed with Auto-Cad which can be used for
plotting contours at any specified interval and for plotting cross-section along any
specified line.

1.1.4: ACCURACY OF TOTAL STATION

The accuracy of total station is dependent on instrument type.

Angle accuracy (horizontal or vertical) can range from 2to5.
Distance can range from:
+/_ (0.8 +1ppm xD) mm
To +/-( 3+3 ppm xD)mm
Where D=distance measure.
Accuracy is highly dependent on levelling the instrument.
Thus two levelling bubbles are provided on the instrument and are refereed to circular
level and the plate level. Circular level is located on the tribrack while plate level is on
horizontal axis of instrument just below.

1.1.5: SCOPE OF TOTAL STATION

-sensitivity of circular level =10’/2mm

-sensitivity of plate level =30’/2mm

1.1.6-ADVANTAGES OF USING TOTAL STATIONS

The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the
conventional surveying instruments:
▶ Field work is carried out very fast.
▶ Accuracy of measurement is high.
▶ Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
▶ Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for
temperature and pressure are automatically made.
▶ Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and
cross-sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.

▶ However, surveyor should check the working condition of the instruments before
using. For this standard points may be located near survey office and before

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taking out instrument for field work, its working is checked by observing those
standard points from the specified instrument station.

1.1.7- DISADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION

▶ It may be difficult for the surveyor to look over and check the work while surveying.

▶ The instrument is costly.

▶ Conducting surveys using total station, skilled personnel are required for an over
all check of the survey.

▶ It will be necessary to return to the office and prepare the drawings using
appropriate software

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD

1.2.1 WORKING PROCEDURE OF AUTOCAD
▶ Transfer the data from total station instrument to excel sheet
▶ To convert the data of excel sheet to auto-cad ,by using csv to auto-cad converter
software
▶ Prepare the plan and map by using auto-cad software

▶ AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software

application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal
graphics controllers. Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD
programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator
(user) working at a separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released
as a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.
▶ AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project
managers, engineers, graphic designers, and many other professionals. It was
supported by 750 training centers worldwide in 1994
1.2.2 HISTORY
▶ AutoCAD was derived from a program begun in 1977 and released in 1979
called Interact CAD, also referred to in early Autodesk documents as Micro-CAD,
which was written prior to Autodesk's (then Marin chip Software Partners)
formation by Autodesk cofounder Mike Riddle.

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▶ The first version by Autodesk was demonstrated at the 1982 Comdex and released
that December. As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had
become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide. The 2018 release marked
the 32nd major release of AutoCAD for Windows. The 2014 release marked the
fourth consecutive year of AutoCAD for Mac.
1.2.3-VERSION HISTORY
▶ The native file format of AutoCAD is . This and, to a lesser extent, its
interchange file format , have become de facto, if proprietary, standards for
CAD data interoperability, particularly for 2D drawing exchange. AutoCAD has
included support for .Dwf, a format developed and promoted by Autodesk, for
publishing CAD data.

▶ Autodesk's logo and, respectively, AutoCAD icons have changed for several
versions through the years.
1.2.4-THE SOFTWARE FOR PCS FIRST CAD

AutoCAD has been available on the market since 1982, making it the first CAD
system developed for PCs. This means that AutoCAD has been around longer than Adobe
Photoshop or even Microsoft Windows! Before AutoCAD, commercial CAD programs in
the 70s ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each user working at a
separate graphics terminal. If the designer didn’t have access to these, they’d go about
drawing using an old-school drafting desk and a t-square. Creating new versions of
drawings and performing calculations took days, even weeks. Imagine how much effort it
would take to compute technical calculations with calculators and mathematical tables!
What’s worse, the process was fraught with opportunities for error.

1.2.5- THE ORIGINS OF AUTOCAD

The company behind AutoCAD, Autodesk was founded in 1982 by John Walker. He
and the other 15 co-founders intended to develop five different desktop automation
applications, hoping that one of the applications would take off. Their flagship product
turned out to be AutoCAD. They launched AutoCAD at the COMDEX trade show in Las
Vegas as the first CAD program in the world to run on a PC. By March 1986, only four
years after it was introduced, AutoCAD had become the most widely used design
application worldwide, a position it still holds today. In its 35 years, AutoCAD has grown
substantially. In fact, there has been 31 versions since the first release in December 1982!
Over the years, Autodesk added new features and programs to appeal to different
professions. The software supports APIs for customization and automation, which
enabled the creation of vertical products such as AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD

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Electrical and AutoCAD Civil 3D. In the last five years, Autodesk has also created mobile
and cloud-based apps, including AutoCAD 360, Fusion 360, and A360 Viewer. These
programs couple design and documentation tools together with the ability to share and
collaborate via the Internet.
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO ESURVEY CADD:

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CHAPER 2 : OBJECTIVES

1. To perform survey by using total station and to find out the RL's of various points.
2. To prepare a map.
3. To design the curve.
4. To prepare longitudinal section of road.
5. To prepare cross section of road.

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CHAPER 3: SITE INFORMATION

▶ BKIT, Bhalki
▶ Behind civil engineering department and mechanical engineering department, road.

MAP OF ROAD

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CHAPTER 4:
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE TO USE TOTAL STATION IN FIELD
SETUP AND OPERATION OF TOTAL STATION
LEVELING OF TOTAL STATION
▶ Leveling the Total Station must be accomplished to sufficient accuracy otherwise
the instrument will not report results.

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▶ Leveling the instrument takes 30 to 45 minutes– make sure you can see all
targets from the instrument station before going through the process.

STEP 1: TRIPOD SETUP

▶ Tripod legs should be equally spaced.

▶ Tripod head should be approximately level.

▶ Head should be directly over survey point.

STEP 2: MOUNT INSTRUMENT ON TRIPOD

▶ Place Instrument on Tripod

▶ Secure with centering screw while bracing the instrument with the other hand

▶ Insert battery in instrument before leveling

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STEP 3: FOCUS ON SURVEY POINT

▶ Focus the optical plummet on the survey point

STEP 4: LEVELING THE INSTRUMENT

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▶ Adjust the leveling foot screws to center the survey point in the optical plummet
reticle

▶ Center the bubble in the circular level by adjusting the tripod legs

STEP 5: ADJUST IMAGE & RETICLE FOCUS

▶ Release the horizontal & vertical clamps and point telescope to a featureless light
background.

▶ Point telescope to target and adjust the focus ring until target is focused.

▶ Move your head from side-to-side to test for image shift (i.e. parallax). Repeat the
reticle focus step if parallax is significant.

▶ NOTE: When the instrument operator changes the reticle focus may need to be
adjusted.

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CHAPTER 7: SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK:

▶ To make smart city.
▶ To widen the existing Road.
▶ To water supply the data can be used.
▶ To construct new structure, the data can be used.
▶ In any development of village, the obtained data can be used for future
development.

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CHAPTER 8 : REFRENCES
1. Total Station Instruction Manual.
2. Leica 1200+ Instruction Manual.
3. E-surveying Instruction Manual.
4. CSV to Auto Cad Instruction Manual.
5. Cruikshank, K. M., in review-b, Use of the Electronic Total Station -II.
Measurement of closed shapes: Journal of Geoscience Education.
6. Philpotts, A. R., Gray, N.H., Carroll, M., Steinen, R. P., and Reid, J. B., 1997, The
electronic total station -A versatile, revolutionary new geological mapping tool:
Journal of Geoscience Education.
7. Clark R.L. and Lee R. (1998). Development of Topographical Maps for Precision
Farming with Kinematic GPS; Trans. ASAE. Vol. 41(4) 909–916.
8. Ehsani, M. R., Upadhyaya, S. K. and Mattson, M. L. (2004). Seed Location Mapping
Using RTK GPS; Trans. ASAE. Vol. 47(3): 909-914.

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