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create computer network notes

the unit

Uploaded by

landge8600om
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Networks Notes

I. Introduction
● A computer network is a set of interconnected devices (computers, servers, peripherals) that
can communicate and share resources.
● Key Concepts:
○ Nodes: Devices connected to the network.
○ Links: Communication channels connecting nodes.
○ Protocols: Rules governing communication.

II. Network Types


● Based on Geographical Area:
○ Personal Area Network (PAN): Small network for personal devices (e.g., Bluetooth
connection).
○ Local Area Network (LAN): Network within a limited area (e.g., home, office, school).
○ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Network covering a city or metropolitan area.
○ Wide Area Network (WAN): Network spanning a large geographical area (e.g., the
Internet).
● Based on Topology:
○ Bus: All devices connected to a single cable.
○ Star: All devices connected to a central hub or switch.
○ Ring: Devices connected in a closed loop.
○ Mesh: Devices connected with multiple redundant links.
○ Tree: Hierarchical structure with a root node and branches.

III. Network Models


● OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model:
○ 7-layer model for network communication.
○ Layers:
■ Application: User interface (e.g., HTTP, SMTP).
■ Presentation: Data formatting and encryption.
■ Session: Manages communication sessions.
■ Transport: Reliable data transfer (e.g., TCP, UDP).
■ Network: Routing and addressing (e.g., IP).
■ Data Link: Media access control and error detection.
■ Physical: Physical transmission of bits.
● TCP/IP Model:
○ 4-layer model used in the Internet.
○ Layers:
■ Application: Combines Application, Presentation, and Session layers of OSI.
■ Transport: Same as OSI (TCP, UDP).
■ Internet: Same as OSI (IP).
■ Network Interface: Combines Data Link and Physical layers of OSI.

IV. Network Devices


● Network Interface Card (NIC): Hardware interface for connecting to a network.
● Hub: Simple device that broadcasts data to all connected devices.
● Switch: Intelligent device that forwards data only to the intended recipient.
● Router: Connects different networks and forwards data between them.
● Modem: Modulates and demodulates signals for transmission over various media.
● Firewall: Security device that controls network traffic based on rules.

V. IP Addressing
● IP (Internet Protocol) Address: Unique identifier for each device on a network.
● IPv4: 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
● IPv6: 128-bit address (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
● Subnetting: Dividing a network into smaller subnetworks.
● Subnet Mask: Used to identify the network and host portions of an IP address.

VI. Network Protocols


● TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Reliable, connection-oriented protocol.
● UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Unreliable, connectionless protocol.
● HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for web communication.
● HTTPS (HTTP Secure): Secure version of HTTP using encryption.
● SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.
● DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names to IP addresses.

VII. Network Security


● Firewalls: Control network access.
● Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): Monitor network traffic for malicious
activity.
● Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Create secure connections over public networks.
● Encryption: Protects data confidentiality.
● Authentication: Verifies user identity.

VIII. Key Concepts


● Bandwidth: Data carrying capacity of a network.
● Latency: Delay in data transmission.
● Throughput: Actual data transfer rate.
● Network Congestion: Occurs when network traffic exceeds capacity.

Note: This is a basic overview. Each topic can be explored in much greater depth.

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