Advanced JavaScript Concepts
1. Closures
Closures allow functions to remember the scope in which they were created, even after that scope is gone.
A closure is created when a function is defined inside another function and the inner function references
variables from the outer function.
2. Functional Programming
Functional programming in JavaScript involves using functions as first-class citizens, which means functions
can be assigned to variables, passed as arguments, and returned from other functions.
Concepts include pure functions, higher-order functions, immutability, and function composition.
3. Spread and Rest Operators
The spread operator (...) allows an expression to be expanded where multiple arguments or elements are
expected.
The rest operator (...) allows us to represent an indefinite number of arguments as an array in function
parameters.
4. Destructuring
Destructuring is a syntax that enables unpacking values from arrays or properties from objects into distinct
variables.
It is commonly used to make code more readable and to simplify variable assignment.
5. Promises
A Promise is an object representing the eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation.
Promises have three states: pending, fulfilled, and rejected. Methods like .then() and .catch() are used to
handle the resolved or rejected results.
6. Async/Await
Async functions and the await keyword provide a more readable way to work with promises.
Async functions return a promise, and the await keyword pauses execution until the promise resolves,
allowing synchronous-like code structure for asynchronous code.
7. Prototypes and Prototype Inheritance
JavaScript uses prototypal inheritance, meaning objects can inherit properties and methods from other
objects.
The prototype property is an object from which other objects inherit methods and properties.
8. Classes
Classes in JavaScript are a syntax for creating objects and handling inheritance.
Introduced in ES6, classes provide a more structured syntax to define constructor functions and
inheritance.
9. Modules
Modules allow us to separate code into reusable pieces. JavaScript modules export objects, functions, or
variables, which can then be imported and used in other parts of an application.
ES6 introduced the import/export syntax to work with modules.
10. Event Propagation
Event propagation refers to the flow of an event through the DOM, which includes three phases: capturing,
target, and bubbling.
Event delegation uses propagation to efficiently manage events on parent elements rather than individual
child elements.
11. Error Handling (try/catch)
The try...catch statement allows us to handle runtime errors by encapsulating code that might throw errors in
a try block, and handling errors in a catch block.
This improves error visibility and control in applications.
12. Asynchronous JavaScript
Handling asynchronous tasks in JavaScript involves techniques such as callbacks, promises, and
async/await.
These help manage tasks like API calls and timers without blocking code execution.
