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    BIOSTAT 1

    Uploaded by

    Sujon Paul

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BIOSTAT 1

    Uploaded by

    Sujon Paul
    8 views24 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

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    8 views24 pages

    BIOSTAT 1

    Uploaded by

    Sujon Paul

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BIOSTATISTICS

    (1st Part)
    DR. MD. HABIBUR RAHMAN
    MBBS, FCPS P1 (MEDICINE)
    BCS (HEALTH)
    INTRODUCTION
    • Population: Entire group of study elements. Eg. All
    doctors in BD
    • Sample: part (Subset) of population e.g. 4000 doctors

    • Parameter: Summary value of population. E.g. E.g.


    mean SBP All doctors in bd
    • Statistics: Summary value of sample. E.g. mean SBP of
    4000 doctors is 125 mm Hg
    • Variable: Characteristic of population that varies. E.g.
    BP

    • Data: Value or information of a variable measured or


    recorded. E.g. 120/80 mmHg
    TYPES OF DATA
    • Quantitative (Numerical): Vary in amount
    Continuous: in decimal e.g. height (5.2 feet), weight (41.2 kg)
    Discrete: In integer e.g. family member (1/2/3)

    • Qualitative (Categorical): Vary in category


    Nominal: Unranked e.g. sex, religion, BMDC reg. no.
    Ordinal: Ranked e.g. Tumor grading, GCS score, APGAR score
    TYPES OF VARIABLE
    • Independent variable (IV): exposure, cause, risk factor, input. E.g.
    smoking
    • Dependent variable (DV): Outcome, effect, output, response. e.g.
    Lung cancer
    • Confounding variable: Variables other than IV that can influence DV.
    E.g. HTN causes MI and DM also causes MI in a patient.
    • Intervening: Independent variable influences dependent variable
    through this variable. E.g. Dyslipidemia causes MI through
    atherosclerosis.
    SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
    • Normal scale
    • Ordinal scale qualitative

    • Interval scale - thermometer


    quantitative
    • Ratio scale – Body weight, height measurement
    DATA PRESENTATION
    • QUALITATIVE DATA: Diagram
    • QUANTITATIVE DATA: Graph
    GRAPHS
    • For quantitative data
    1. Histogram
    2. Frequency polygon
    3. Frequency curve (Normal distribution curve)
    4. Scatter/ dot diagram
    5. Line chart/ graph
    CHARTS/ DIAGRAM
    • Qualitative
    1. Simple bar diagram
    2. Multiple bar diagram
    3. Component bar diagram
    4. Pie diagram
    5. Pictogram
    6. Map diagram
    SAMPLING
    • Random/ probability:
    1. Simple random
    2. Systematic random
    3. Stratified random
    4. Cluster random
    5. Multistage
    6. Multiphase
    • Non-random/ non-probability
    1. Convenient (accidental) sampling
    2. Purposive
    3. Quota sampling
    4. Snow ball
    • SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
    For small and homogenous population e.g. Lottery

    • STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING: Heterogeneous population e.g Hindu,


    Muslim, Christian….

    • MULTSTAGE SAMPLING (WHOLE COUNTRY)


    Sampling done stage by stage
    Division > District > Upazilla > Union > Village

    • QUOTA SAMPLING: Done for heterogenous sampling


    STUDY DESIGN
    RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
    • Outcome to exposure
    • Deals with previous data
    • E.g. History of smoking in lung cancer patient
    PROSPECTIVE STUDY
    • Exposure to outcome
    • Deals with future data
    • Forward looking study
    • E.g. smoking causes lung cancer
    LONGITUDINAL STUDY
    • Data collected at more than one point of time
    • Follow up given on same study subjects
    CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
    • Single time data collection at one point time
    • No follow up and no repeated data collection
    TYPES OF STUDY DESIGN
    • Observational study (not intervention)
    Descriptive:
    Case study,
    case series,
    surveillance,
    census,
    cross sectional

    Analytical: Case control, Cohort study, Cross sectional


    • Experimental study (Interventional): Analytical
    Clinical trial
    RCT
    Non RCT
    DIFFERENCES

    Observational Experimental
    No intervention Intervention given
    Less ethical constrain More ethical
    More bias Less bias
    CASE CONTROL STUDY
    • Case- Subject with outcome Control- Subject without outcome
    • Advantages:
    Good for rare diseases
    Good for diseases of long latent period
    Little attrition period , Less ethical constrain
    Easy to do and less time needed
    • Disadvantages:
    Bad for rare exposure
    Can not measure incidence/ prevalence
    Does not prove causality, prone to bias
    COHORT STUDY
    • Scenario: Obesity & MI ; Hypothesis: Obesity causes MI
    • Advantages:
    Good for rare exposure, Less prone to bias
    Can measure incidence
    Can prove causality

    • Disadvantages:
    Costly and long time needed
    Attrition (Loss of follow up)
    Not good for rare diseases
    CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
    • Scenario: Obesity & MI ; Hypothesis: Obesity causes MI
    • Advantages:
    Quick and easy, less cost
    Can measure prevalence
    Generate hypothesis

    • Disadvantages:
    Can not prove causality
    Not goo for rare disease/ rare exposure
    Not good for fatal disease/ disease of short duration
    RCT
    • Inventioned study
    • Scenario: RCT with a new anti-hypertensive drug
    • Hypothesis: New drug is better than old drug
    • Advantages:
    Reliable and valid, Can prove causality
    Good control of confounders
    • Disadvantages:
    Expensive and time consuming, ethical constrain
    Good internal validity, poor external validity
    Non-compliance and attrition

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