Name of Department : NURSING

Course Code and Name : ISF205E STATISTICS

Course Week : 1ST
Course Day and Time : MONDAYS 12:00-15:00
Course Credit/ACTS
Information : 3 CREDITS 6ACTS
Examination Type and Gradings : 50% Midterm and Final
Instructor’s Name & Surname : Asst.Prof. Eda Merve KURTULUŞ
E-mail & Phone: : emkurtulus@gelişim.edu.tr -411
Instructor’s Room : 014
Office Hours : Fridays 9-11:00
GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-plani-5-51-1
ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Account/LoginBefore
AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/emkurtulus
 | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS |

1. Introduction to statistics 8. Probability Distributions, Normal

Distrubution
2. Statistical concepts and the
9. Confidence Intervals and Sampling
regulation of data Methods
3. Descriptive Statistics 10. Cut off and Interval Estimation
4. Measures of central tendencies 11. Comparison of means Comparison of
ratios
5. Measures of central distribution
12. Hypothesis testing
6. Probability
13. Correlation and Regression
7. Problem solving and Quiz 14. Ki-square Testing
 THE FINAL OUTCOME

• Forms hypotheses for research.

• Defines dependent and independent variable.
• Uses the concept of probability
• Uses Normal, symmetrical and asymmetrical
distrubutions
• Apply the statistical formulas to test a
hypothesis
• Calculates sample size
• Calculates confidence intervals for
parameters.
 | DAILY FLOW |

Cut off-
Significancy

Normal Distribution
12.00-12.50/ 1st Hour Types of Studies
13.00-13.50/ 2nd Hour Measurement
14.00-14.50/ 3rd Hour Causation Probablity

Std deviation

Mean, Median etc

Causation
Born in 1986, Istanbul

High School English and Deutsch 1997-2004

Bachelor’s Degree in Biology 2005-2009

Master Degree in Biochemistry 2009-2014

Master Degree in Biostatistics 2014-2019

PhD Degree in Biochemistry 2021-2024

| WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES |

Today we will learn:

 Types of the studies

 Statistics and biostatistics terms in science
 Pyramide of Evidence
Frequently Asked Questions
ATTENDENCE
COMMUNICATION
LECTURE NOTES
QUIZ
EXAM
DURATION
• 3 Full days of excuses
(ILLNESS, ANY EXCUSES)
+ 2 hours= 14 HOURS of
LECTURE
• AT THE 15TH you will
FAIL
• IF YOUR LECTURE
HOURS ARE
OVERLAPPING YOU CAN
TAKE THIS LECTURE
NEXT YEAR
• FAIL DUE TO
ATTENDENCE REQUIRES
A FULL RETAKE!!!!!
 | ABOUT THE PREVIOUS COURSE |
HOW TO DOWNLOAD THE CONTENT
• AVESIS ALMS
THE EXAM
40 MINUTES

• 20 questions
• Multiple Options
• Bubble is needed to be coded
properly
u

KAYNAK TAVSİYESİ (KÜTÜPHANEDE

In the library
OLANLAR)

Rian Dişçi Kadir Sümbüloğlu Mustafa Şenocak

 QUIZ
Starting from the 3rd Week
I will be uploading quizes in ALMS
And going to solve the questions
 WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY STATISTICS?

• Technological advances continually make new disease prevention

• We have treatment possibilities available for health care.
• Consequently, a substantial amount of research explores alternative
methods for treating diseases or injuries.
• Evidence-based Medicine
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS-1

Statistics is a branch of science:

Applying mathematics
Dealing with the
Collection, • Statistics is a group of
Organization, methods used to
Analysis, collect,
• analyze, present, and
Interpretation interpret data to make
and presentation of data. decisions
 DEFINITION OF STATISTICS-2

• All the scientific methods used for;

• Examining the events based on probability

• Theorizing and establishing a relationship between events

branch of science called as statistics.

TYPI ATY
CAL PICA
L
EVE EVE
NTS NTS
 Typical Events
• Events that produce the same result under the
same conditions and time.

• No difference or change occurs. Therefore, the

result of the experiment can also be known
precisely in advance.

• On the other hand, in such events, it is

sufficient to make a single observation as the
result does not change.
 Atypical Events
• Events with distinct
outcomes
• Usually are being about
livings
• Not single events usually
collective events being set
together
• For example: Population
 Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
 There are two main
branches of statistics:
1st Descriptive statistics:

• is used to say something about

a set of information that has
been collected only.
 There are two main branches of statistics:
2nd Inferential statistics
• is used to make predictions or
comparisons about a larger group (a
population) using information
gathered about a small part of that
population.
• Thus, inferential statistics involves
generalizing beyond the data,
something that descriptive statistics
does not do.
ISF205E-STATISTICS

STATISTICS

Dersin
Adı

2nd Hour
e-Posta: emkurtulus@gelisim.edu.tr
Gavsis:
https://gavsis.gelisim.edu.tr/emkurtulus/GetByContent/4637/3

igugelisim gelisimedu
TYPES OF STUDIES
1. Animal Researches
• Laboratory animal scientists have
emphasized the importance of
laboratory animal welfare
• They use a motto as “3Rs”
• Replacement,
• Refinement,
• and Reduction*
• They have statistical background but
the numbers are smaller.*
2. Case Reports
• A 44-year-old man presented with a 2-week history of
mild left leg weakness. At the age of 6 months, he
had undergone a ventriculoatrial shunt, because of
postnatal hydrocephalus of unknown cause. When
he was 14 years old, he developed ataxia and paresis
of the left leg, which resolved entirely after shunt
revision. His neurological development and medical
history were otherwise normal. He was a married
father of two children, and worked as a civil servant.
On neuropsychological testing, he proved to have an
intelligence quotient (IQ) of 75: his verbal IQ was 84,
and his performance IQ 70.
 2.1 Case Series

Does not compare results with

• Description of several,
another group of cases (no
repetitive cases  having
common features control data)

they have little statistical

• Have no attempt to answer validity.
specific hypotheses or
 3.Case Control Study

• The researcher looks back to identify

• In Case control studies factors or exposures that might be
patients who already have associated with the illness.
a specific condition are • They often rely on medical records
compared with people and patient recall for data collection.
who do not have the • These types of studies are often less
condition. reliable than randomized controlled
trials and cohort studies because
showing a statistical relationship
• Anormal vs. Normal does not mean than one factor
necessarily caused the other.
 Case Control Study Cont.

• Conducted retrospectively by History of two groups is examined

looking into past Determine which subjects were
• Two types of subjects exposed to or possessed a prior
characteristic

1. cases subjects with the Association between exposure and

disease : outcome of interest
disease then quantifed
2. controls : subjects without
the disease: outcome Controls are often matched to cases
based on similar characteristics.
 Disadvantages
Advantages

• Useful for studying rare Prone to methodological errors and

disease biases
• Useful for studying
diseases with long latency Only good when you have high
periods quality records
• Can explore several
Dificult to select an appropriate
potential risk factors
control group
exposures for disease
More dificult statistical methods
required for proper analysis
4.Cohort Studies
• Cohort studies identify a group • We follow them forward over
of patients who are already time,
taking a particular treatment or • And then compare their
have an exposure outcomes with a similar group
that has not been affected by
the treatment or exposure
being studied.
4.1. Cross Sectional
• Cross-sectional studies • Cross sectional studies lack any
describe the relationship information on timing of
between diseases and other exposure and outcome
factors at one point in time in a relationships and include only
defined population. prevalent cases.
Do we have a Wide Turkish Cross Sectional Studies?
 5. Randomized Controlled Clinical
• Randomized controlled clinical trials are carefully planned experiments
that introduce a treatment or exposure to study its effect on real patients.
• They include methodologies that reduce the potential for bias
(randomization and blinding) and that allow for comparison between
intervention groups and control (no intervention) groups.
• A randomized controlled trial is a planned experiment and can provide
sound evidence of cause and effect.
 6. Systematic Reviews
• Systematic Reviews focus on a
clinical topic and answer a
specific question.
• An extensive literature search
is conducted to identify studies
with sound methodology. The
studies are reviewed, assessed
for quality, and the results
summarized according to the
predetermined criteria of the
review question.
7. Meta-analysis
• It will thoroughly examine a number
of valid studies on a topic
• And mathematically combine the
results using accepted statistical
methodology to report the results as
if it were one large study.
Lessons to Take Home from the 1st Hour

o To summarize and make

sense of data, and
compare the
effectiveness of different
treatments in medicine
we need statistic
o There are different types
of studies such as
ISF205E-STATISTICS

STATISTICS

Dersin
Adı

3rd Hour
e-Posta: emkurtulus@gelisim.edu.tr
Gavsis:
https://gavsis.gelisim.edu.tr/emkurtulus/GetByContent/4637/3

igugelisim gelisimedu
Designing A study

Rules of Design
STEPS NECESSARY TO PERFORM A STUDY
• WHAT am i try to find out
• On HOW MANY People / Size of the study
• For HOW LONG of a time
• WHICH tests/ variables am i going to use?
• If i am going to measure a variable WHAT IS ITS UNIT?
I noticed that there
is no protective
wraps around
candy products.
We wouldn't
understand if the
grocer put it in his
mouth. I don't trust
grocers.
 Your Question is this :

candy
o f t h e
m b e rs e ?
th e nu a c k a g
• Do ea c h p
r in
diffe
• An appropriate analytical model needs to be developed
• for both describing
• and for processing data.

•  You decided to count and weight the beans

• What inferences does one hope to make from the study?

• What conclusions might one draw from the study?

• To what population(s) is the conclusion applicable?

• 3. The study is carried out and
the data are collected.
• Package 1: 12 BEANS
• Package 2: 11 BEANS
• Package 3: 10 BEANS
• Package 4: 14 BEANS
• 4. The data are analyzed and conclusions and inferences are drawn.

 Package 1: 12 BEANS
 Package 2: 12 BEANS
 Package 3: 10 BEANS
 Package 4: 14 BEANS

 Mean = 12
 Weight = 25 gr
 • 5. The results are used.
• This may involve
changing operating
procedures, publishing
results,
or planning a subsequent
study.
What is Data:

• Data are observations of random variables made on the

elements of a population or sample

• Data are the quantities numbers or qualities attributes

measured or observed that are to be collected and or analyzed
 Qualitatif Data
• Data Types: Quantitative Data

 A collection of data is often

• The word data is plural called a data set in a singular
• datum is singular manner
Sample Variable
• Sample — A part of the target • A characteristic that varies from
population, which is actually person to person
studied. • or from situation to situation.
• Platelet count in different persons is
variable but number of eyes or
number of fingers is not a variable.

• Examples are quantitative variable,

qualitative variable, discrete variable,
continuous variable, dependent
variable, and independent variable.
Uncertainty
• Best Estimate ± Uncertainty • Scientists reporting their
• When scientists make a results usually specify a range
measurement or calculate of values that they expect this
some quantity from their data, "true value" to fall within. The
they generally assume that most common way to show the
some exact or "true value" range of values is:
exists based on how they measurement = best estimate
define what is being measured ± uncertainty
(or calculated).
 • When there is uncertainty
Uncertainty
we deal with
• We can not mention about
accuracy.
Uncertainty
• Best Estimate ± Uncertainty
• When scientists make a
measurement or calculate
some quantity from their data,
they generally assume that
some exact or "true value"
exists based on how they
define what is being measured
(or calculated).
• Scientists reporting their results usually specify a range of
values that they expect this "true value" to fall within.
• The most common way to show the range of values is:
measurement = best estimate ± uncertainty
• Example: a measurement • The uncertainty is the
of 5.07 g ± 0.02 g means experimenter's best
that the experimenter is estimate of how far an
confident that the actual experimental quantity
value for the quantity might be from the "true
being measured lies value."
between 5.05 g and 5.09 g. • (The art of estimating this
uncertainty is what error
analysis is all about).
There are two categories of uncertainty:
Systematic and random.
• Systematic uncertainties are • In principle, systematic
those which consistently cause uncertainties can be eliminated
the value to be too large or too if you know they exist.
small.
• Systematic uncertainties
include such things as reaction
time, inaccurate meter sticks,
optical parallax and
miscalibrated balances.
• Random uncertainties are
variations in the
measurements that occur • Random uncertainty
without a predictable
can be reduced, but
pattern.
never be eliminated.

• If you make precise

measurements, these
uncertainties arise from
the estimated part of the
measurement.
RISK= That requires an estimation

• Risk is the possibility of losing • Risk can also be defined as the

something of value. intentional interaction with
• Values (such as physical health, uncertainty
social status, emotional well-
being, or financial wealth) can be
gained or lost when taking risk
resulting from a given action or
inaction, foreseen or unforeseen
(planned or not planned).
Lack of Information Lack of Pediction
• Uncertainty happens when the • Uncertainty in the prediction of
information at hand is not future
enough • Due to failure to anticipate

• 59 years old, Shortness of

breath, Woman
• No Chest X-ray
• No Hemogram
 Sources of Uncertainty
Differences Among People Environmental Differences

• Normal biological differences • Diseases

• Genetics • Nutrition
• Age • Physical activities
• Gender • Personality traits
• Height • Income
• Education
• Weight
• Occupation
• Blood Type
• Habitat
 Multiple Causes
Mortality in dialysis patients:
analysis of the causes of death
• Based on complex cause chains
• fluid overload
• gastrointestinal hemorrhage,
• septicemia
• liver disease
• pulmonary embolism.
• Diabetes
| WHAT TO TAKE HOME? |

We learned about Causation

 | QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS |

• You are not responsible from «oral or written» parts

• Your exam will be all in matematics
| RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES |

Please fill the questioneer in ALMS

 | REFERENCES |

• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd
Ed. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.
• Field, A. P. (20). Discovering statistics using SPSS: (and sex, drugs and rock
‘n’ roll) (5th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
• Gorsuch, R. L. (2014). Factor analysis: Classic edition. Routledge.
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple
guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
| ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK |

TYPES OF DATA
CAUSATION
“Everything we see in the
world is the creative work
of women.”

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk