SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

English for Academic

and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Writing a Report

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Quarter 2 – Module 4: Writing a Report
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Second Edition, 2021

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i
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
 English for Academic
and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Writing a Report

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or
universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

ii
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.

OVERVIEW 1 MODULE CONTENT 1 OBJECTIVES 2 PRETEST 3 LESSON 1

Activity 1 10 Activity 2 11 LESSON 2
Activity 1 15 Activity 2 20 Activity 3 21 Activity 4 23 Activity 5 24 Activity 6 24
LESSON 3
Activity 1 26 Activity 2 30 Activity 3 31 Activity 4 32 LESSON 4
Activity 1 34 Activity 2 37 Activity 3 38 Activity 4 39 LESSON 5
 Activity 1 41 Activity 2 46 Activity 3 46 Activity 4 47 Activity 5 49
POST TEST 52 REFERENCES 55

iv

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

For the Learners:
Congratulations on completing module 3! You have come to module 4.
You are now ready for the next step of learning English for Academic and
Professional Purposes. This module will let you try to write different technical
or scientific reports applicable to your strand. This is already the last part of
the course so give it your best efforts. To learn more effectively, do not forget
to enjoy learning. Good luck!

Module Contents

This is where you start to design and conduct a survey that will be useful in
making the various technical and scientific reports. This is something that you can
use in your future profession and also a good background for your research subjects.

These are the competencies covered in the lessons:

• designs, tests and revises survey questionnaires

(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-7);

• conducts surveys, experiments or observations

(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-8);

• gathers information from surveys, experiments, or observations

(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-9);

• summarizes findings and executes the report through narrative and

visual/graphic forms (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-11 7) and

• writes various reports (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-12).

 1
Objectives

Here are the things that you are expected to learn at the end of this module:

1. determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports;

2. design, test, and revise survey questionnaires;
3. conduct surveys, experiments or observations;
4. gather information from surveys, experiments, or observations; 5.
summarize findings and execute the report through narrative and
visual/graphic forms; and
6. write various reports.

General Instructions

To do well in this module, you need to remember the following:

1. Read texts carefully so that you can easily comprehend what you are
reading.
2. Answer questions with all honesty. Success does not come from
copying from others. It is made possible by trying hard on your own so
that you can learn even from your mistakes.
3. Review your answers. It is safe to go back and think about what you
have written. This can help you lessen if not avoid errors.
4. Follow the instructions given and ask if there is something that you did
not understand.
5. Do the tasks given and do not delay in submitting requirements. This
can help you avoid having a pile of unfinished activities.
6. Feel free to communicate with your teacher. There is no harm in asking
for clarification so that you will not be lost in confusion.
7. Remember to review every time you are done answering the activities. 8.
Have fun as you learn. This course is very important no matter what your
strand is. When you have fun, you can easily learn the lessons.

2
For the Facilitator:

Your role is to help learners be able to do more critical thinking and

 apply strategies that will help them express their ideas. Encourage the
learners to create their own outputs and assist them in the lessons that they
may find difficult. Please take note of the following:

1. Explain to the learners the different parts of the module and how it should
be used.
2. Do not give points to their answers in the process questions; rather, use
their responses as your formative assessment. This will give you an idea
of how the learners process their understanding.
3. Monitor their answers and remember to give feedback whenever
necessary. Every time they submit an output, give your feedback so that
they can immediately correct and adjust.
4. The self -review will help you assess how ready they are for the next
lesson. See what they have chosen so that you can help them if they
have chosen the icon that refers to having more difficulty.
5. Use the What’s More activities as scaffolds for them to do the What I
Can Do activity which is the application part of the lesson.

As a facilitator, you do not need to do lectures since the module is

already talking to the learner. God bless!

WHAT I KNOW
Let us check your prior knowledge about this module’s coverage. Direction: Choose
the letter of the best answer. Write your answers in your notebook.
1. What is defined as a general view of someone or something?
A. design
B. survey
C. tally
D. table

3
2. Which type of questions provides options and requires respondents to choose one
answer?

A. enumeration
B. close-ended
C. open-ended
D. none of the above
3. Which type of questions allows respondents to express opinions freely?

A. enumeration
B. close-ended
C. open-ended
D. none of the above

4. Which of the following is a crucial step in the design of a

questionnaire? A. pilot test
B. revise
C. replace
D. make format

5. Which method involves asking the respondents directly and personally?

A. telephone survey
B. face to face
C. online survey
D. paper and pencil

6. Which method can be used for consequential questions?

A. telephone survey
B. face to face
C. online survey
D. paper and Pencil

7. Which is a traditional survey administration method?

A. telephone survey
B. face to face
C. online survey
D. paper and pencil

8. Which method is ideal for huge sample size?

A. telephone survey
B. mail survey
C. online survey
D. paper and pencil
4
9. Which method is not as popular as they were due to lower response rates?

A. telephone survey
B. mail survey
C. online survey
D. paper and pencil

10. What study has a goal to determine what effect a particular treatment has on the
outcome?

A. survey
 B. observational
C. experimental
D. none of the above

WHAT'S IN

In the previous module, you have learned about writing position papers and
determining the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports. This time, you
will start designing survey questionnaires, conducting surveys, gathering information,
summarizing findings, and writing various reports.

The diagram below summarizes the coverage of this lesson.

Module Coverage
Survey
• designs • conducts survey Report
• tests • gathers information
• revises • summarizes
findings
• executes the
Questionnaire report
Let us start this module by doing lesson 1 which is focused on designing a
survey questionnaire which is the first step to be able to get the information you need.

5
The activities you will do will help you go through the journey one step at a
time so you have to accomplish them with care. Have fun!

These are the lessons in this module:

Lesson 1 - Determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of

reports Lesson 2 – Designing the Survey Questionnaire

Lesson 3 – Conducting the Surveys / Experiments /

Observations Lesson 4 – Gathering Information and

Summarizing Findings

Lesson 5 – Writing the Reports

 6
LESSON 1

KINDS OF REPORTS

WHAT I KNOW

Copy the list of items below in your notebook. Identify which one is
familiar to you, you may have encountered or have tried to make it before. Put a
checkmark inside the box before the item. You can check as many familiar items.

investigatory project book report

experiment journal

investigative report liquidation report

progress report sales/ inventory report

research report ___________ (name one if not on the list)

WHAT IS IT
 Reports are essential to keep an updated account of an event, situation, and
organization. These are documents that wish to inform, analyze, or recommend.
Reports are often expressed through oral presentations or written. The common
mediums of these reports are speeches, televisions, radios, and films.

7
Report writing is making a detailed statement about the company, an event, a
situation, and/or an occurrence which is based on an observation, investigations, and
inquiries.

TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS REPORTS

Formal Report – is a complex account either written or oral that uses formal
and structured language and is usually applied in major projects and
organizations.

• Informational - presents result, information, and updates and

explains
Examples:
▪ attendance reports

▪ annual budget reports

▪ monthly financial reports

• Analytical - presents, analyzes, and draws conclusions from

reports and shows the why and the how of an
occurrence
Examples:
▪ scientific research

▪ feasibility reports,

▪ employee appraisals

• Recommendatory- presents recommendation based on the

results and conclusions
Example:
▪ recommendation report

Informal Report – communicates, updates information using free-flowing,

casual and short formats usually about routines and everyday business

Examples:
▪ progress reports

▪ feasibility report
 ▪ literature review

▪ personnel evaluation

▪ report on sales

8
BASIC STRUCTURES OF REPORTS

I. Title page

II. Abstract

III. List of Figures and Tables

IV. Introduction

V. Body (varies according to type of report)

VI. Conclusions

VII. Recommendations

VIII. References

IX. Appendices

How did you find the new information you have learned? I hope it could help
you as you accomplish the exercises that follow. Good luck!
 9

WHAT'S MORE
ACTIVITY 1.

Fill the grid with details about various reports. You can include structure,
objectives, and characteristics and of each type of report. Write your answers in your
notebook.

Before writing the report what shoud the writer do? PLease enumerate the activities.

•Example: consider the audience of the report

•.
•.

Writing the report requires the following:

•Example: Make a catchy Introduction

•.
•.
•.
•.
•.
•.
•.
•.

•.
To end the report what shall be done to achieve the desired purpose?
•.
•.Make recommendations
•.
•.
 10

WHAT I CAN DO ACTIVITY 2

Identify the following reports and describe them according to purpose, and
structure. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. SCHOOL FORM 9 (Report Card)

PURPOSE:

_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________

STRUCTURE:
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
 11
2.

accessed from: https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/sample-report-in-pdf.html

PURPOSE:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

STRUCTURE:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

12
Self-Check!
Great job! You have completed Lesson 1 successfully! Before going to the
 next lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning
experience.

I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I
learned to others.

I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that
I need to review and relearn.

I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I

need help in some tasks.

If you checked the first icon, you are ready for lesson 2. If you checked the
second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you checked
the third icon, it would be best if you read more and ask help from your teacher,
parents, or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find difficult. Be honest so that you
will truly improve.

13
 ADDITIONAL
ACTIVITIES Write your answers in your notebook.

After doing the activities:

I noticed
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

A question I have is
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

I’m not sure

______________________________________________
______________________________________________

I realized
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

14
LESSON 2
 DESIGNING THE SURVEY
QUESTIONNAIRE

WHAT'S NEW
ACTIVITY 1. WHAT YOU KNOW

Copy the table below in your notebook. Under the K column, write what you
know about survey. Under the W column, write what you want to know about it.
Lastly, leave the L column blank because you will go back to it later on.
K W L
What I know What I want to know What I learned

15
 WHAT IS IT
A survey presents a description of someone or something. It also means
looking carefully and thoroughly to assess them. When you want to do a survey, you
need a questionnaire to help get the information that you need. A good questionnaire
should be valid, reliable, clear, and interesting. When we say,

Valid - it asks what it intends to ask.

Reliable – it gets the same answer if the same

question is posed repeatedly in a short time.

Clear – it is easily understood.

Interesting – it is completed by the respondents

and gets better response rate
https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1570335
The design of the questionnaire should not
be taken for granted to be able to get accurate data. A bad questionnaire may lead
to wrong conclusions since data collected may not be correct.

Remember these when you create a survey questionnaire:

•Ask the right questions

•Use appropriate format
•Do pilot testing
Design Test •Detect flaws

•Make necessary changes •Improve the

Revise questionnaire
•Arrange the questions logically •Make
instructions clear

16
Let us discuss each thoroughly.

DESIGN

• Ask the right questions

Questions may be “close-ended” or “open-ended.” You can use either

depending on the data that you want to get from your respondents.

“Close-ended” questions provide options to the respondents and require them

to choose one or more items from the list. This is used if the range of answers are
well known and the options are limited.

For example: Do you have a computer at home? ___yes ___no

“Open-ended” questions allow the respondent to express their opinions freely

and they are not restricted by the options. This is used if the answer options are
multiple and unknown. The answers to the open-ended questions require re-grouping
before analysis.

For example: What are the reasons why students do not have
computers at home? (You can list one or two reasons)

The options available should be comprehensive so that the respondent can

find an option which best suits his/ her answer. You can include an “Other: please
specify ________” category as one of the options. You can also let them check as
many items as applicable but be sure to mention it in your options.

For example: Why do you want to have a computer? (You can choose
more than one)

I need it for my projects in school.

I want to play online games.

My friends have computers.

I want to use it for business.

Others: Please specify: ___________________________

17
There are questions that will assess attitudes or also give opinions. In this
type, you can use a scale with a range of responses. Likert scale (usually 5-point or
7-point) is the method that is commonly used.

For example:
Questions Stron Agr Neut Strong Disagr
gly ee 4 ral 3 ly ee 1
agree disagr
5 ee 2
 We should have a
computer at home.

Avoid double-barreled questions. Do not ask two things in one question.

For example: Do you have a computer and a laptop at home? Avoid

ambiguous questions. Be clear and specific in stating your questions. • Use

Appropriate Format

This is refers to the “look” of the questionnaire.

The format gives the respondents an idea what the research is about.
Therefore, it must be well-organized and also presentable so that the respondents will
take it seriously. This will also encourage them to answer sincerely.

The title should show the main objective of the research. The objective must
be clear so that the respondents will know what you want to achieve.

Divide the questionnaire into sections so that it would be easy for the
respondents to see the focus of certain parts. This helps them also organize their
thoughts as they answer.

Use appropriate font size so that it can be readable to any age group.

Finally, put a cover letter where you also inform your respondents on how you
are going to use the collected information. You must state also the confidentiality of
the information so that they will cooperate and answer your questionnaires.

18
 • Arrange the
questions logically

The questions in
the questionnaire should
have a logical flow. You
start writing from simple
questions to more
complex questions.
Usually, it starts with the
demographic profile like
age, address, and
others.

• Make
instructions clear

Instructions
should be very clear and
everything you write
should be appropriate.
Short instructions are
better so that the
respondents can
understand easily and
they can answer the
questions.

The respondents
should know exactly
what is wanted.
From:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Muscu
loskeletal_survey_Nordic_questionnaire.png

For example:

Place a check mark in the box if you experienced pain on the particular back
or X it doesn’t.

19
TEST

A pilot test is a crucial step in the design of questionnaire before data

collection begins. It will help detect flaws in the questionnaire in terms of content,
grammar, and format.

You can ask your colleagues, family, or friends to comment on the

questionnaire. By doing so, mistakes in terms of content, grammar, and or format will
be lessened. This should be followed by asking the potential respondents to answer
the questionnaire and provide their feedback. For those questions which you feel may
be confusing or sensitive, it is important to ask the respondents to comment
specifically during the pilot test.

REVISE

You will evaluate for general content, organization, and tone, by adding,
deleting, and organizing information if necessary. When revising, it can be helpful to
answer these questions:

Who is your audience?

Are your objectives enough?

Have you included enough information?

Do you have more information than you need?

Have you chosen the proper words to express your ideas?

Are you wordy, repetitive, or inconsistent?

When you have done all of these, you have crafted a good survey
questionnaire. It does not seem easy at first but when you start doing it, you will find
it very helpful.

20
 WHAT'S MORE ACTIVITY 2. K-W-L

Let us go back to the K-W-L chart. This time, you will fill the L column with
what you learned from this lesson.
K W L
What I know What I want to know What I learned

ACTIVITY 3. TO CHANGE OR NOT TO CHANGE

Look at this sample questionnaire. Change the parts that you think need
revision to make it a good survey questionnaire. Revise and rewrite it in your
notebook.

A Survey Questionnaire on Technology Available at Home

Name (optional): __________________________________

Age:
Address:
Please answer the questions honestly.
1. Do you have a computer at home?
____Yes ____No ___Others
2. Do you have an internet connection at home?
____Yes ____No ___Others
3. If your answer in no. 1 is no, what is the reason?
_______________________________________

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4. If your answer in no. 2 is yes, what kind of internet connection do you
have?
____ WIFI ____ Line ____Others
5. Do you have an android phone?
____ Yes ____No ____Others
6. How many gadgets do you have at home?
 ____1 ____2 ____3 or more
7. What kind of gadgets do you have?
____cellphone ____desktop ____laptop
____tablet ____Others
8. Should students have computers or any gadgets home?
____ yes ____no
9. If you answered yes, which of the following are your reasons?
____ It is useful for school works.
____ Everybody has it already.
____ It can be used for business.
____ Others, please specify: _________________
10. If you answered no, which of the following are your reasons?
____ It is expensive.
____ It is not needed.
____ Cellphones can be used in its place.
____ Others, please specify: _________________

22
Revised Questionnaire:

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

You have learned the following important points in this lesson:

1. A survey is to look carefully and thoroughly at (someone or something),

especially to evaluate them.
2. A survey questionnaire is needed to get the information you need. 3.
You must design, test, and revise your questionnaire appropriately to
get accurate and reliable information.
 23

WHAT I CAN DO ACTIVITY 4. DESIGN

Design your own survey questionnaire about a family’s favorite pastime or
hobby during the Enhanced Community Quarantine days in your community. Write it
in your notebook.
 24
ACTIVITY 5. TEST

Let your family members and relatives answer your survey questionnaire. List
down what they think about your self-made questionnaire. Write their comments in
your notebook.

ACTIVITY 6. REVISE

After the pilot testing, you listed some areas for improvement. Do the last step
of the process. Revise to improve your survey questionnaire. This will be used in the
next lesson.

25
Self-Check!
 Great job! You have completed Lesson 2 successfully! Before going to the
next lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience.

I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach

what I learned to others.

I have understood the lesson but there are still other

things that I need to review and relearn.

I need to do additional work to be able to master the

lesson. I need help in some tasks.

If you checked the first icon, you are ready for lesson 3. If you checked the
second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you checked
the third icon, it would be best if you read more from the links given above and ask
help from your teacher, parents, or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find
difficult. Be honest so that you will truly improve.

26
LESSON 3

CONDUCTING THE SURVEYS/

 EXPERIMENTS/ OBERVATIONS

WHAT'S NEW
ACTIVITY 1. HOW TO DO IT

Now that you have designed a questionnaire, how will you conduct the
survey? Copy the concept map below and fill it with your ideas.

27
 WHAT IS IT How will you conduct your survey?
You can conduct a survey in many ways. Each method has its own
advantages and disadvantages. You have to choose well which of the methods
would fit your purpose. Aside from the way it is administered, other factors can also
affect the response rates and results. It is your decision to choose which you will
sure as long as it is appropriate to what you are conducting.

Here are the different methods:

1. Personal Approach

A. Face-to-Face Structured Interview

Pros: When respondents are asked directly, the

response rates are actually good especially if visual
materials are required during the survey. The
researcher can also observe the participants in this
method.

Cons: There might be bias because of the

interaction. There is also no anonymity involved.
This is also not good if the participants live in different
locations.
https://www.needpix.com/photo/489096/interview-job-icon-job-interview
conversation-business-work-application-recruitment

B. Telephone Survey

Pros: This is applicable for asking consequential

questions. Unlike face-to-face interviews, there is
anonymity in this approach.

Cons: This method is not good if the participants

need
to see visual materials and if the questions are long.

https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view
image.php?image=266255&picture=money-transfer
banking-icon

28
2. Self-Administered Approach

A. Paper-and-Pencil Survey

Pros: This is a traditional survey method and this is good for

 those who do not know how to use the computer or access the
internet.

Cons: This requires bigger budget in terms of reproduction. This

also involves distribution of the questionnaires which can be
exhausting. The researcher must also be present during the
administration.

https://www.needpix.com/photo/95463/checklist-check-marketing-project-survey
tick-pencil-approved-ok

B. Online Survey

Pros: This is best if the sample size is huge and they live on different locations.
There is less expense compared to mail
survey.
There are also survey companies that can
help conduct the survey online with
accuracy.

Cons: The respondents must know how to

use the computer to be able to answer this
method. There might even be incentives to
be
given to the respondents.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Online_Survey_Icon_or_logo.svg
C. Mail Survey

Pros: This method can be easily administered and you can

even review the mails before you send them so that the
visual quality is good. There is also anonymity in this kind
of survey method.

Cons: Mail surveys are less chosen by many because only

a few responses are collected. People also have more
access to the internet so they no longer prefer the mail
survey.
https://www.needpix.com/photo/27007/envelope-mail-letter-communication-message-business
postal-correspondence-postage

29
To encourage your respondents to answer and complete the survey, remember
these tips:

1. Follow the KISS principle which stands for “Keep It Short and Simple". Better
response rates are associated with concise, simple, and easy-to-answer survey
 questionnaires.
2. Ensure confidentiality (and anonymity, if it applies). Give the participants an
assurance that their answers will be kept confidential and will only be used for the
purpose of the survey.
3. Be professional, courteous and polite. Saying “please", and “thank you" as well as
guiding the respondent politely can motivate the participants to finish the survey.

In an observational study, the sample population being studied is measured,

or surveyed, as it is. The researcher observes the subjects and measures variables,
but does not influence the population in any way or attempt to intervene in the study.
There is no manipulation by the researcher. Instead, data is simply gathered and
correlations are investigated. Since observational studies do not control any variable,
the results can only allow the researcher to claim association, not causation (not a
cause-and-effect conclusion). Surveys are one form of an observational study, since
the researchers do not influence the outcomes.
For example:

Is there a correlation between attending a review class and scores achieved on

the Examination for this school year? In an attempt to investigate this possible
correlation, a group of students who took the Examination are surveyed. The scores
from students who took a review class are compared with the scores of those that
did not take review class. A statistical analysis is performed on the data. This is an
observational study since the researcher did not manipulate the sample set.

An experimental study is done with the researcher trying to influence the

results. The purpose is to determine if a treatment has an effect on the outcome.
Researchers do the measurements or surveys of the sample population. Then, they
manipulate the sample population in a certain way. Afterwards, they re-measure, or re
survey, using the same procedures to determine if the intended operation possibly
changed the measurements. Because the variables are controlled within a designed
test, the results allow the researcher to have a cause-and-effect conclusion.

30
Here is an example:

Does the color of a basketball influence the number of times a shooter

sinks a basket? A random group of students is chosen and asked to shoot a
series of baskets using a regulation normal-colored basketball. The data is
recorded. The same group is then given a blue colored basketball and the same
number of shots is repeated. The data is again recorded. A statistical analysis is
performed. This is a designed experimental study since the researcher
manipulated the conditions of the study by changing the color of the ball.
 https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/Statistics/STSurveys.html

You will learn more of this in your research subject where you apply the
observational and experimental study.

WHAT'S MORE
ACTIVITY 2. LET’S REVIEW

Before deciding to conduct the survey, list down the methods discussed above
and reasons why you will use and why you will not use each. State it in your own
words and add more if necessary. Write your answers in your notebook.

METHODS WHY YOU WILL WHY YOU WILL

USE THIS NOT USE THIS
METHOD METHOD

31
ACTIVITY 3. COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Fill in this diagram with key details about Observational and Experimental
Study. Write your answers in your notebook.
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
You have learned the following important points in this lesson:

1. You can use different methods in conducting a survey.

a. Personal Approach – face to face or telephone survey
b. Self-Administered Approach – Paper and pen, online or mail survey 2.
Observation study is done when the researcher observes the subjects and
measures variables, but does not influence the population in any way or
attempt to intervene in the study.
3. Experimental study is done when the researcher purposely attempts to
influence the results to determine what effect a particular treatment has
on the outcome.

32

WHAT I CAN DO ACTIVITY 4. Conduct the

Survey

For practice, use the questionnaire you made in lesson 1 to conduct the
survey. You can choose any of the methods discussed. Choose the one that is
applicable to you and safe for you at the same time. Take pictures for documentation
purposes. Remember to apply the tips given in the discussion.

Conduct the survey among 30 respondents within your community. Ask

permission first from your local government by writing a letter to your barangay
captain. Make also a letter addressed to your respondents expressing your purpose
and asking permission from them to allow you to conduct your survey with them.
Paste the pictures in your notebook.

33
Self - Check!
Great job! You have finished Lesson 3 successfully! Before going to the next
lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience.

I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I
learned to others.

I have understood the lesson but there are still other things
that I need to review and relearn.

I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I

need help in some tasks.
 If you checked the first icon, you are ready for lesson 4. If you checked the
second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you checked
the third icon, it would be best if you read more from the links given above and ask
help from your teacher, parents, or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find
difficult. Be honest so that you will truly improve.

34
LESSON 4

GATHERING INFORMATION AND

SUMMARIZING FINDINGS

WHAT'S NEW
ACTIVITY 1. YOUR DRAFT

When you conducted the survey, you have gathered a lot of information
already. What did you do to the answers of the respondents to the surveys? How did
you summarize the information? Write your answers in your notebook.
 https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=184587&picture=school
20

WHAT IS IT
It is time to gather the information and summarize your findings. What you
have gathered are now considered as data. Data collection is very important in any
type of research study. (Burchfield,1996), (Tim ,1997), (Matt, 2001).

35
Data refers to a collection of facts, like values or measurements, observation
or even just descriptions of things. Data have two types which are Primary and
Secondary Data.

Primary data are those that you have collected yourself or the data collected
at source or the data originally collected by individuals, focus groups, and a panel of
respondents specifically set up by the researcher whose opinions may be sought on
specific issues from time to time (Matt, 2001), (Afonja, 2001).

Secondary data research project involves the gathering and/or use of existing
data for which they were originally collected, for example, computerized database,
company records or archives, government publications, industry analysis offered by
the media, information system and computerized or mathematical models of
environmental processes and so on (Tim ,1997), (Matt, 2001)

There are two kinds of data, although not all evaluations will necessarily include both.

1. Quantitative data are mainly numbers. It refers to the information that is

collected as, or can be translated into, numbers, which can then be
displayed and analyzed mathematically. Quantitative data are Structured
and Unstructured in nature. Structured data can be produced by closed
questions, unstructured data can be produced by open questions.
(Checkland et al 1998), (Matt, 2001), (Burchfield, 1996), (Anyanwu, 2002)

2. Qualitative data is data that is mainly words, sounds or Images. Unlike

numbers or “hard data”, qualitative information tends to be “soft,” meaning
it can’t always be reduced to something definite. That is in some ways a
weakness, but it’s also a strength. A number may tell (Matt, 2001), ( Afonja,
 2001), (Burchfield, 1996)

There are many ways of summarizing your findings based from the data you
have collected. It depends on the type of data you collected. The most common is
the tally and frequency table.

Tally marks are used to create a frequency distribution table. For example,
let’s say you survey a number of families and find out how many gadgets they own.
The results are 3, 0, 1, 4, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3. The frequency
distribution table will make the data easier to understand.
Number of Gadgets Tally Frequency

0 IIII 4

1 IIII-I 6

2 IIII 5

3 III 3

4 II 2

36
You can also present your data using tables and charts. Pictograph is a way
of showing data using images. Each picture represents a certain frequency.
Month Computers Sold

January

February

March

April

Legend: - 10 computers - 5 computers

Bar graph is a graphical display of data using bars of different

heights. Number of Computers Sold

APRIL

MARCH
 FEBRUARY

JANUARY

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Pie graph is a special chart that uses "pie slices" to show relative sizes of

data. Computers Sold

January February March April

37
There are more ways of summarizing findings. After summarizing your
findings, ask yourself, “What did you learn from the data gathered? What do they
mean?” Analyze and make a generalization about it. Draft a paragraph or two each
finding in your study. State the finding. Tell the reader how the finding is important or
relevant to your aim and focus.

WHAT'S MORE ACTIVITY 2. PRESENT IT

Below are sets of data. Present it in the most appropriate way. Explain why
you used that kind of presentation.

A. Number of Cellphones available in every household in Misamis Oriental

 1213422334555342345134

38
B. Most Frequently Visited Sites by Teenagers

Facebook – 50 students Youtube – 35 students

Netflix – 20 students Yahoo – 30 students

Google – 40 students Lazada – 10 students

ACTIVITY 3. GENERALIZE

Based on the data above, create two (2) generalizations. Draft one paragraph
for a discussion of your findings in each set of data. Tell what you have seen and
learned from the data. Analyze and give objective conclusions. Write your answers in
your notebook.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

39

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

You have learned the following important points in this lesson:
1. Data are collections of facts, such as values or measurements, observation
or even just descriptions of things
2. Data may be primary or secondary. There are two kinds of data: qualitative
and quantitative data.
3. Findings from data gathered can be summarized in many ways: frequency
table, graphs, and charts.
 WHAT I CAN DO ACTIVITY 4. SUMMARIZE

Gather the collected information after conducting the survey. Summarize your
findings in an organized way. Then, add a paragraph of discussion after your
findings. Write your answers in your notebook.

40
Self-Check!
Great job! You have completed Lesson 4 successfully! Before going to the
next lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience.

I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I
learned to others.

I have understood the lesson but there are still other things
that I need to review and relearn.

I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I

need help in some tasks.

If you checked the first icon, you are ready for lesson 5. If you have checked
the second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you have
checked the third icon, it would be best if you read from more the links given above
and ask help from your teacher, parents or peers in clarifying the lessons that you
find difficult. Be honest so that you will truly improve.
 41
LESSON 5

WRITING VARIOUS REPORTS

WHAT'S NEW
ACTIVITY 1. YOUR THOUGHTS

Write your ideas about reports. Write a word or idea about it that starts with
each letter given below. Write your answers in your notebook.

R __________________________________

E __________________________________

P __________________________________

O __________________________________

R __________________________________

T __________________________________

WHAT IS IT
You have done a lot in the previous lesson because you had to summarize the
findings based from the data you have collected. The next step is to write a report
about your findings. You have to change the ideas you have gathered into a written
text that will be understood by the readers, and do justice to your findings. Where do
you start?
 42
There are many different types of reports. These are business, scientific and
research reports. Although there are many types, the basic steps for writing them are
the same. These are:

1. Decide on the 'Terms of reference'

In doing this, read your instructions and any other information you've been
given about the report. Then, think about the purpose of the report:

• What is it about?
• What exactly is needed?
• Why is it needed?
• When do I need to do it?
• Who is it for, or who is it aimed at?

2. Decide on the procedure

This involves planning your investigation or research, and deciding how

you will write the report. Ask yourself:

• What information do I need?

• Do I need to do any background reading?
• What articles or documents do I need?
• Do I need to contact the library for assistance?
• Do I need to interview or observe people?
• Do I have to record data?
• How will I go about this?

3. Find the information

You need to ensure that the information you find is significant and
appropriate. Review the assessment requirements, guidelines and schedule to
make sure that you are on the right track. If you're not sure how the marks will
be assigned, contact your teacher.

What you will find out will form the basis, or main body, of your report –
the findings. You have already done this in the previous lessons.

4. Decide on the structure

Reports have the same structure, but some details may differ. How they
differ usually depends on:

• The type of report – if it is a research report, laboratory report, business

 report, investigative report, etc.

43
• How formal the report has to be.
• The length of the report.

The structure of a report can include:

•A title page
• Executive summary
• Contents

• An introduction
• Terms of reference
• Procedure

• Findings

• Conclusions

• Recommendations

• References/Bibliography

• Appendices

• The sections which have headings and subheadings and are usually
numbered

5. Draft the first part of your report

Now that you know the structure, write down the headings and start to
put the information you have gathered so far. By now you should be able to
draft the terms of reference, procedures and findings, and start to work out
what will go in the report’s appendix.

As you are writing your draft, choose what information will be written in
the appendix. These are used for information that:

• is too long to include in the body of the report, or

• supplements or complements all the information such as brochures,
spreadsheets or large tables.

6. Analyze your findings and draw conclusions

The conclusion states the analysis of your findings and interprets

what you have found. To help you write this, ask yourself:

• What have I found?

 • What's significant or important about my findings?
• What do my findings suggest?

Your conclusion may express how the information you collected explains
why the situation took place, what this means for the organization, and what
will happen if the situation continues or not. Don’t include any new information
in the conclusion.

44
7. Make recommendations

Recommendations show what you think should be the solution to the

problem and/or what you think should be done next. To help you decide what
to recommend:

• Reread your findings and conclusions.

• Thinkabout what you want the person should to do or not do. • Check
whether your recommendations are practical and are based on your
conclusions.
• Specify details to show what needs to be done and who should do it.

Your recommendations should be presented in a numbered list, and

arranged from most to least important.

8. Write the executive summary and table of contents

Some reports have a summary and/or list of contents. These two

sections cannot be made until you have finished your report, and have your
structure and recommendations finalized.
An executive summary can be about 100 words long. It explains to the
readers what the report is about, and it includes the recommendations.

9. Compile a reference list

This refers to a list of all the sources you've discussed in the report and
uses APA referencing.

10. Revise your draft report

It is always important to revise your work. Things you need to check

include:

• the assignment question, the instructions/guidelines and the marking

schedule.
• the required sections (whether they are included, and are in the correct
order).
• your information (whether it is accurate, with no gaps).
• your argument (Does the information you present support your conclusions
and recommendations?)
 • all terms, symbols and abbreviations used have been explained. • any
diagrams, tables, graphs and illustrations (numbered and labelled). • the
formatting (including your numbering and headings are consistent throughout
the report).
• your writing (whether it is as clear and effective as possible).

45
You need to prepare several drafts before you finalize your report. It
would be helpful to ask someone else to check your report.

From: https://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/current-students/study-tips-and-techniques/assignments/how-to-write-a-

report/ Let us take a look at this sample report:

This is a report made by a maintenance personnel for the head of the

department. This is an example of a very simple and basic report which you would
also make someday when you work. Check whether these have the essential parts.
To: Mr. June A. Cartie Receiver

From: Ms. Maria M. Sabuer Sender

Date: 27 July 2020 Date

Report on Safety Hazards in the School Subject Heading

1. Purpose Reference to the

You asked me to prepare a report on actual and potential original instructions
hazards in the school. I was asked to present my findings by
July 27.

2. Procedure What was done to

2.1 I inspected the school campus at three different times of the investigate the topic
day.
2.2. I interviewed the teachers and students in the
campus. 2.3. I examined previous reports on the topic

3. Findings What information was

3.1 Electrical hazards discovered
3.1.1 The power plugs in the office do not have protective
cover. 3.1.2. Some fluorescent bulbs are no longer functioning.
3.2. Other Hazards
The tiles in the corridor have small cracks. It has already
caused some passers-by to slip. (See accident report form filed
January 12, 2019)

4. Conclusion What the information

4.1. Electrical hazards are easily resolved. suggests.
4.2. The tiles are the only hazards in the corridor.

5. Recommendations Clear and precise list of

5.1. Solve the electrical hazards. Replace what must be suggestions
changed. 5.2. Canvass for the replacement of the broken tiles.
 References List of References
Actub, A. (2001). Electrical Safety Hazards at J&M Holdings
2001 Safety Reports, 75-80.

46

WHAT'S MORE ACTIVITY 2. RECALL

Copy the following in your notebook. Check the numbers if the statements
about writing reports are TRUE. If not, leave that number unmarked.

1. There are many types of reports but the basic steps in writing them are
the same.
2. Reports have the same structure so their details may not differ.
3. The findings form the basis of your report.
4. Appendices are used for information that may be too long to be included
in your report.
5. The recommendation part is where you analyze your findings.
6. Conclusions are what you think are solutions to the problem.
7. The executive summary tells what the report is about.
8. You need only one draft before you finalize your report.
9. The reference list is no longer needed.
10. You can include any new information in your conclusion.

ACTIVITY 3. ARRANGE THE PARTS

How should the parts be arranged? Rewrite the parts in proper sequence.
Write your answer in your notebook.

• Title page • Findings

• Procedure
• Terms of reference • Contents
• Conclusions
• Appendices
• Recommendations •
• An introduction • Executive
References/Bibliography
summary
 47
ACTIVITY 4. REPORT IT

Take a look at these data on the Covid-19 Cases. Make a report about this. Use your
notebook for your answers.

48
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
You have learned the following important points in this
lesson: 1. The following are the basics steps in writing
reports: a. Decide on the 'Terms of reference'.
b. Decide on the procedure.
c. Find the information.
d. Decide on the structure.
e. Draft the first part of your report.
f. Analyze your findings and draw conclusions.
g. Make recommendations.
h. Draft the executive summary and table of contents.
i. Compile a reference list.
j. Revise your draft report.

2. These are the parts of the structure of a report:

a. A title page
b. Executive summary
c. Contents
d. An introduction
e. Terms of reference
f. Procedure
g. Findings
h. Conclusions

i. Recommendations
j. References/Bibliography
k. Appendices
 49

WHAT I CAN DO
ACTIVITY 5. REPORT

It is time to write your report. After doing all the things that you have completed
from lesson 1 until lesson 3, you are now ready for the last step and that is to make a
written report of the findings you have made. Use the given format discussed in
making your report. Remember to be objective and use your data as the basis of your
report. You may use any format you wish if the structure is complete, and the
information presented correct. Be creative too! Use a bond paper for your answers.
There is a rubric given to serve as your guide in making the report. Good Luck and
enjoy! This is a very important skill to prepare you for your research subjects and
even for your future profession.
 50
RUBRIC:
Category 4 3 2 1

Organization Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are

presented in presented in presented not
an organized an organized in an presented
way. The way. The organized in an
parts are in parts are in way. But organized
correct correct order. some of the way. The
order. There parts are parts are
is smooth not in also not in
flow. correct correct
order. order.

Format The report The report The report The report

followed the followed the did not did not
specified specified follow all follow the
format with format. the specified specified
a little format. format.
touch of
creativity.

Content The needed The needed The The

topics are topics are needed needed
completely completely topics are topics are
stated in the stated in the stated in stated in
report. The report. the report the report
topics are but but
enhanced. some are there are
missing. several
elements
lacking.

Mechanics There are There are no There are a There are

no errors errors in few errors several
in grammar, in errors in
grammar, spelling, grammar, grammar,
spelling, punctuation spelling, spelling,
punctuation and punctuation punctuation
and capitalization. and and
capitalizatio capitalization capitalization
n. Drafts .
are
presented.
 Aesthetics Text, tables, Text, tables, Some Unacceptab
figures are figures portions le
so clear readable and are appearance
and understandabl sloppy e.g., tables
understandab e; style is and and figures
le as to acceptable. difficulty to cannot be
enhance read; style read or
report impact; needs understood,
style improvement. fonts
enhances difficult to
readability. read; style
unclear.

51
Self-Check!
Great job! You have completed Lesson 5 successfully! Before going to the
next lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience.

I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I
learned to others.

I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that
I need to review and relearn.

I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I

need help in some tasks.

If you checked the first icon, you just completed the course with all efforts
appreciated. If you checked the second icon, you need to review the things that you
need to relearn. If you checked the third icon, it would be best if you read from more
the links given above and ask help from your teacher, parents, or peers in clarifying
the lessons that you find difficult. Be honest so that you will truly improve.
 52

POST ASSESSMENT Let us check

how well you have mastered the lessons in this module.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers in your

notebook. 1. Which of the following is NOT part of a report?

A. title
B. content
C. appendices
D. survey

2. Which tells the reader what the report is about?

A. conclusion
B. executive summary
C. recommendations
D. references/ bibliography

3. Which tells what you think are the solutions to the problem?

A. conclusion
B. executive summary
C. recommendations
D. references/ bibliography

4. Which part shows your analysis of the findings?

A. conclusion
B. executive summary
C. recommendations
D. references/ bibliography

5. Which data are mainly represented by numbers?

A. primary
B. secondary
C. quantitative
 D. qualitative

53
6. Which data are mainly represented by words, sounds or images?

A. primary
B. secondary
C. quantitative
D. qualitative

7. What is referred to as a collection of facts, observations, or just descriptions of

things?
A. data
B. questions
C. references
D. appendices

8. What do you call the data that you have collected yourself?

A. primary
B. secondary
C. quantitative
D. qualitative

9. Which of the following is a graphical display of data using bars of different

heights?

A. pie graph
B. bar graph
C. pictograph
D. line graph

10. Which of the following is a way of showing data using images?

A. pie graph
B. bar graph
C. pictograph
D. line graph
 54

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
You have read about how to write reports. After doing the activities, review,
and reflect on what you have learned. Write your answers in your notebook.

After doing the activities:

I noticed
___________________________________________________________
A question I have is
___________________________________________________________
I wonder why
___________________________________________________________
It seems like
___________________________________________________________
I’m not sure
___________________________________________________________
I realized
___________________________________________________________
I discovered
___________________________________________________________

Visit these links to read more about the lessons discussed:

https://www.monash.edu/rlo/graduate-research-writing/write-the-thesis/writing-the
thesis-chapters/reporting-and-discussing-your-findings

https://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/report-writing.html

https://www.slideshare.net/tulikapaul524/report-writingtypes-format-structure-and
relevance?next_slideshow=1

https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-correspondence-and-reporting/report
writing/kinds-of-reports/

https://slideplayer.com/slide/5333430/

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4294734/
 https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/sample-report-in
pdf.html

55
References:

Estacio, Ma. Joahna M .2016. Developing Reading and Writing Skills. 927 Quezon
Avenue, 1104 Quezon, City: The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Wyson, John Daryl B. 2016. English for Academic and Professional Purposes.
Quezon City:Vibal Group Inc.

English for Academic Purposes Learner’s Material and Teacher’s Guide. Department
of Education, First Edition, 2016.

https://www.slideshare.net/tulikapaul524/report-writingtypes-format-structure-and
relevance?next_slideshow=1
accessed report format accessed May 26, 2020

https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-correspondence-and-reporting/report
writing/kinds-of-reports/
accessed report format writing accessed May 26, 2020

https://slideplayer.com/slide/5333430/
accessed report writing accessed May 26, 2020

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4294734/
accessed report structures accessed May 26, 2020

https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/sample-report-in
pdf.html
accessed report templates accessed May 26, 2020

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4797036/
designing survey questionnaire accessed May 20, 2020

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/
Musculoskeletal_survey_Nordi c_questionnaire.png
sample questionnaire accessed May 20, 2020

www.dictionary.com
definition of survey accessed May 20, 2020

https://explorable.com/how-to-conduct-a-survey
methods of conducting a survey accessed May 20, 2020

https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Interview-with-tux-symbol-vector
image/33188.html
image accessed May 20, 2020

56
https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1447525
image accessed May 20, 2020

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Online_Survey_Icon_or_logo.svg image accessed May 20, 2020

https://freesvg.org/unread-mail
image accessed May 20, 2020

https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/Statistics/
STSurveys.html observational and experimental study accessed
May 21, 2020

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jce/papers/Vol15-issue2/I01525965.pdf?
id=7568 methods of gathering data May 21, 2020

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/descriptive
statistics/frequency-distribution-table/
tally and frequency table May 21, 2020

https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/bar-graphs.html
graphs May 21, 2020

https://apps.epscor.w3.uvm.edu/web/streams/PDFFiles/tutorials/
Data_Analyses_Tut orial_Module6.pdf
summarizing findings May 21, 2020

http://dissertationedd.usc.edu/draft-the-summary-of-
findings.html summarizing findings May 21, 2020

https://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/current-students/study-tips-and
techniques/assignments/how-to-write-a-report/
how to write a report May 26, 2020

https://academic.csuohio.edu/duffy_s/Rubrics.pdf
rubrics accessed May 27, 2020

https://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/report-writing.html
reports accessed May 27, 2020

https://www.monash.edu/rlo/graduate-research-writing/write-the-thesis/writing-the
thesis-chapters/reporting-and-discussing-your-findings
writing reports May 25, 2020

57
ANSWER KEY
 C 10. B 5.
B 9. A 4.
8. C C 3.
7. D B 2.
A 6. B 1.

Pretest / What I
Know

Lesson 1

Lesson 2
Answers vary –
Activity 4

they follow the

guidelines)

Answers vary (depending on how – Activity 3

Answers vary –

Activity 2

Answers vary – vity 1 Acti

Lesson 3
s long as it follows the pros and cons)
words a(can be stated in own Answers
vary – Activity 2

Answers vary – Activity 1

58
C 10. C 5.
B 9. A 4.
A 8. C 3.
A 7. B 2.
D 6. D 1.
 Post Test

Answers vary – Activity 5

Answers vary – Activity 4

Recommendations, References, Appendices

Terms of Reference, Procedure, Findings, Conclusion, Title,
Executive Summary, Content, Introduction, –
Activity 3

t be checked Numbers 1,3,4,7 are TRUE so mus –

Activity 2 Answers

vary – Activity 1

5 Lesson

Answers vary – Activity 4

Answers vary – Activity 3

(but must be clear) Answers vary – Activity 2

Answers vary – Activity 1

4 Lesson

59
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Alternative Delivery Mode (DepEd-ADM)

Office Address: Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang, Zone 1, Cagayan de

Oro City, Cagayan de Oro, Lalawigan ng Misamis Oriental Telefax:

Email Address:

60