1.

#BREATHING AND CHANGE OF CASES #

wuaz (02)is uttlised tinclirdy

b heohganum tinelirat|.
ike
bvuek doron he. nulaient maltauds lutos"anol
dorivt hryforpeformu ativity
varusy ativity
DS.
Putun the above ctaboli u , Caibon dioride lco) al

Lehich is harmul iaso deasedl. n

d
is
to the cellh
Thufph, O has t be Continouslyproideel ultased ot
co prndutud by the
ull have h e f
amd
Qmd
CO
Brahinganal Sspimliem teama. alt ued intuckargakls-

Respisatien
Bxdathing
a ttu ullnlas leurl
Ventilatiom Epig
Benkdec
Lary
mhalativo
Trac
txhatatio dtase
6t
inspiation
enpinatio-
Phosplhatbend a A1P
Breathirg in ieura

Cintake o 0)- Daltot veo

eura
onch

Dxidatio,
oO.(ompRlt
the (t)
EnY*(Laze antJ
Htobihepitatien i-in
fna
pmduct-CO
tH,8t
ectior

lactic euNt(Ln)
actd
C97(la
tactic
Jaceo 0
+etethouuele +nny iu
AnaihabieApisa ab^euce O C0,
 2.
3
floo clart o Human uspoualas y
MehaaLn brathin utius anbhg lijuiwt J'ie extonalnostmlu
ainak,
Ahda
paaugt
A inetzerals ikeapenuge Coclathata flatucanmzt
exchangi Ceb simpl dijHuaien Lovs thuir Nasa chambt
t i s badly opa Respixatuy
olfaedona
Nasaphanx
*Sathuatmi-_use hia msist uticl
Tnsects twask a tubestmchial tuhey) Ccnduhie Glettis
uatiz anumals ik_ aguaii anthiopods ad molluLses Ten
secial asaulatisedat callel 9il Lasynx
Teastnal aimals i kaza talledLu
suulasised
Tach
wetsratu
Prima CAhapc
Baenthi Secondat
m i a i k fia
Laia
can hspirehssugh Hei m t
Tnitiak
u g i anay uLial auity also Bronchinlus tminat
Hurey RESEZ RETORY Sys TEM
Atvolas_dut
Naephanei apetin hasn
h Cemmanopennin fdpipe Rpih +ALnolahat
nc utind pipL
Ahixoli
ni-a catilaginbs box uthuch hels in_Ated pnduchien
c Caiud
DouLnd box or vei box or Adam appk
 cheoiaAtraight tube extendimy up o md Hhta
Cavit RespIJaticaoccA
diids at he Aved eL 5h hotauc
Inta Aieht 2 t wtebra Brathiny
pimay bsonchi Ipulmonahy vetilatiem by uthich almesphehic ais
åobrauon n aho
alvealas ain
LUNGS branchine netwsnk_e lwhich is co2 ich
alveoi CompfuAe h bronchhi, bronchidlesand
we
hae 2luney coveredb 2. Dihusibn oO2 and Co /w alvenli and blere.
ardpluha i pluual io5J oldeublekttped
thun
Transpoht thebloac.
celuus ac
utrpluoralmmbra ín_ clom (ontact
Hhe Moiau _uth
ADiffusn - OLnel Co, blw bleod auad timus
nnt
Jimun 5 Utilisatien o 0,
utal membraune i n contact h ullsfax catabodic Sax ael
uwith
amq sultaat uluase CO
Thoacis hombeh kmas
sau
huattd În a chambt ME(LHANTSm Of BREATHIML
OMatomitaly an aitizht_ehambea.
dlosAall INSPIRAT LONJ ExPLRATLOA-
Atnum
Vttbrad_Columna-
Atxlls IPP IPP 1 atm
OnHhe ibs, (Eve prem. in Jmngn uw.ht_atm
u Aid b dbme Ahapcd inten
-
Lphag *Exteana "coAta muscus used PInkna intumosta muscles wed.
ainsmttÁS Dkphotam- Cantact at Diaph~am ulax
irae tial fir bcati anthis=posfenuoh axis
altk hepulmonay voluurae Riby & Atnun iaisain R S Coma back t asizinal pasiüen.
elo~so-vtral aaid
V o linc PP de Vo dec IPP 1inc
Acie pID.cAA PabivepeDcaAA
 6.
Alatu We haue akility H stugta pviatie tt RESPJ RATORY CAPACJ TIES
And expihatien eith h hulp e edeiheret additional
mustles_in the abdomLs.
Tnpinattsy CapauitI Tatal val ais a pesan Can
inspin allha anoimal tzpihalien
A altHhy human Jreaths_n av 12-16 b min
Spihomdttn-s hulp in clinical anusmut ePulmonahy )
RESPI RATORY VOLUMES 2 Episatiy LapattyLECTtal vol au a pesdn Ca
Ticalvalum TV) vpl: o aininspihed oA Lxpiaed ouing expih altn a honmal inspiziatio
osmalzuspiaatia
ECE TV+ FRY
apprAx 500 m
ualta mam_Ca imspih oh apiu 3) fLncttonal idual CapaiERLJ- Val. ais at wiL
appToA 6000-000 ml aaih.min humain 40Auagalen
. napihalbhy Reseue Vo.(TRV) analmal xpiaatisa
Aldi@nal yol o athat apeaAn la ERC ERV+ RV
inspih b a orcutull inspikatioy
algD 2500-3000 m.
Vital CapaútyVOL max" val: o ai a peson Can6rcothe
3 Expihatorp Rerewe vol LERV in afha a sonnfuull axpiliatie
Addihnal vol. oain Hhe a peAs®n O
Ca explu Ma Val o ad apAADn (an brLathc
b afuhuul eppiha tien sat _atta a fahcafull inspihatitia-
ANA
4 Kesioluua Vel.RV) V TV 1Ry +ERV
Vel a naunnin he Lungsel
lungselu alta
a 5 oa Lun Capacity (IQiH otad velum ais t)in h
a
sbaaul Aypina tin. Aumns at tuaoja rzull
aN tt001200 ml,
inApihation
TI:TVt IR t ERV+R TLENC tV
 b
Alveoli Samous eptatium (aweoli )
ExHANGE OF LASES ditsion membrant me up dotelittm (cikaye )
Pubmena* Pulmonasu Rxeevet mtwbrwn(5/3 AA)
Mainly octus in act Vea-
Alvli pima ait esuj * TotalHicknem mssmbres is u h l s than a milli
matu
R-A
% by RBC'
ALo Occus 5o ld RASPORTOFOxGFN
timu RV 3 plasmau
Syatem
Veins
Cdesry. l d
Heant
Sstemi O 5inas usih H in a uwersible Hasancglebini-
Aimple auterivA
manniah formoxphameglobin HL0|+ Red Cadoured 1en
Hsien mainly |(oxy. ba4)
Containins Compaumd
ase m p r M u Hb Can bind maam f 0 2 also Calliel Resphaoky
-RIConc" gFacieut Pgmin
Body ti ac tor affedineSindinge 0, wih Hb 2 (t) in RRCs
factok a.ffecti suto didust,
main ath
moun O pO pCo, Tem
Presmacant Soluilib hickne
memhroms In Alu£i Tiuu
Rarhial pTM
amatin o 0yheumoglehm) isoiatien of Oxyheamoit;
atm Alveeki
A(debxy)BAACox)
40
T s
pCo
40
[h H
pCO O3- 40 4S 40 emp E_
4S
Unee inwimalphysn lo3ical comdihtn_tucy 0_2l
Na
Nati Saluilty oC 20-25 in blcedÍNanspohAt aSLbLLd5ml_s
hizhe Hhe thal tiauu
 Balcrnln/ ths Aih a
I.
Oxygedinocialion Cuwe H6ith02 t tiu pCo2 i high du to Catakolism.
Co diffums inlo hlaoeand
A Aipmoid_curue is omsHO ame Ht
obtuncdwhemZAatuxalltn
HSwim is ploted A thalvnola sile plo lou
agains t9h O, u prDcLsds in Oppasili di
pommH hading to hafoomati CO
weul in.Atudyang h ect e facton Like
p Co CH), etc bindin 0with Hb.
CO2 ttapped aA biaubonalk at Lvel anel jtanspoilal
Alale xaph aift ts at >ine1 in alinitys/o O t the alueolids ulzascd 0ut
Right decs v e y loo mldroxpnetid bld olelives appraimitaly mi
Lo fo aluca.li
RANS OR1CCO,
36% in
biartonat form- #ReLoLA11.ON OF RESP3IRATION
2 0 -25'% » as Cas amuno haumoglob n teutre
Respihatohy shythun ceutr i Aspecialized
S* * n dimovec tutr in plamu t n medulla hcgiom
n this Csebindin
oith Hb ust
Pamaily huponsible for fugeulatitn.
Co
dutrolonr
opposit Cas obindtng O0, urth H *Pneumotanic cent Anothu centt Ct)in pons jugho
the.RRC.
Cam modeirate h "o
RBCs LntLm vh hiyh Cent" eeypma, Cairbonde_aunkyebase
and 0m uamtitua o Aam.s in the plaha tao Chemosnaitiveaheai t d adjaumt bo RRC
Hihlysensitive to Co 2 H i )
labond acivau
Coohone- inc n huse Aubstant Ca
CO, t H, 0 a M 3 dba HCO H
Hais csthe
 Aohti anch amel Caotid arloy Recsptorn tin_ hse
hse
Aitt alo can utoqnMAe Cha
Coz HT Conc",

Nbti Rolk O i the eglation c hespitateny. ahyn

KeSPI RATORY DgsORDERS

ftsthma-_ditiuudty inbuathin Causin1 uhiizun olu
inlammoti ronchi bgonchisolia.
mphysemai- a chonik disorda
alvealan ualls ane damaged.
hespihatptuyAuha ole cxmascd
ma4or CausA cianutti Amokimga
QccLLpat1ona Rspialony diohdai
qundunsOxAtene btaking ,Ao much dust_pnduus
ong poswu e this
Cmive hise to in£lammalin
ecling t brDALS palija lien e
adingt fbaeesisnus
t C nse sUuos aj damag