Hap Rajetian

Man pxolectior ia the method o

aaogtitude ona planela tyanaeg o he d b and
ldelined as
ajatisn
he
trantoematsrL
Bn a pland ula
ceyouA phesic alb
ML KOau nefusok
e<usothe
knau Hhat,
ha, healobe
panallels
n whyth
nenidiant

model s the Lauih the la the

continenty,'o
ouuContinentf
to he
shate
shabes and sihls o the
8hotsn anang
it 3igUpt boso thuhns
khoud 4egmerit!
Dalso showd
Sheolobe le divided into vaious
aHel acevtatad
the dine ctlon and distances
Lines
abeMaley
at
latitude
by the u tMea
Yhe houigontal lih04 nephesenty he ayallelu, f
Latitud and ihe veutkal ines sepHdignlemeHldians
he,menidiant
ls callad
Qnd
qualticwles. Sht netwoM
the qxatiule 6n a
Taaing2ction

(a) Redueed Eath- Amodd o the eauth Me;uesented by the hels af a

eduad
D calledsdale,sn a flateasthhet
theeHaduleed of þafek. Ihil m odel
bhunlli laithde = toheehe eayatoy
ae he cnand
cdes mainlaiing
Hunning aMound, the globs,
uni<on disl bnce
avalel
40m
fhom he pole.
 duaun in norch &ouhd
DIOnEER
temi cingles a . Lyecto
(C)Maniaani oLongitide- hese.ate olhos te
om onebole
Ummeiaiah
lthe othox, and the uoo, Tdinwnlerent
to the
þole to
makea complete cirele ie "Tnlerenck
the
OClchaluahey - Hoestance beloen any gven pointa of a uegon.
ghabto oDaxea
iit Stae the ofthe tegion
ivl9re the cco
ctiorbolne poiht o
beoselng to
reg torl beauing
anothey poltnt

the qolloualng baris &

Hap prajectiond maybr claaaikied en the
iyuaulng Sechnigues.
itevelo þalble Sonface.
i1 Global Propetili
iv SoUMCe ight.

PT: O
 M-T
DIOnBER

Sialla Canical Pajcdion ntlh one dlondaud salel

Exomple
Congtro ct a conieal prgfection uith one standand parollelofon anea bounded by -10N
Latitude and 6o'E- '60 longttudes ohh the doals s bL: 125, 000, 000 ahd
Latltudinal and longttudinal tnterval s 159
adius of the educed eauth (R) = 640, p0p, ogo 5:12 cm o7 5-1 em
125, ggppop
9tandand Pasallel: 0 15N, 90N, 45), 6o'N, 75'N, 9o'N
45°N

Central Metd'an I5'E.0 15 eB 30D, 45'a, 60 'us

60E 45'E, 30'E, 15°E

GuakhicalCaleulatian

P.T.O
 Graphical Calculatlon

Radius
Stanclaro
Porallel

Standand
Pora lle l
Diveton 5 cm
Cent a l
Herd an
 Consbucion

Au the paxallels aNE aHCL .ton cenlc cirele and ea, ually spaud
til mtidiani aL ItMacght lin m at the pile.ehe meutdianu
intexkects the þauallele at i ght

imilationk
Yta nat uitable fo a 1oould ynab due to extheme ditohons in the hemlephee
Oppoeitt the ape n whih the blandad paualle is dele cted.
iElin sthin ihe henisphexe, It a nat suitable fey hefyesenting lakge aueas
as the diatoxti'on alony the pole and neau thel eq,ua'ton ia lasbyen.

isprciechian lu sed fox shouwing aMaas ofmid lahitudea oth Linited latitudinal
and' dng y Longudtn al ext Ynt
iiA tong na vow al, ollond yunnng paxayel o st¡ndand pakalel and having easl
westlstuteh is dortectly shown V'on thi prefection.
 606
Construction
45°us

90°us
Rf- rHPLE
15'w ONE
i
125,
WITH
CONIC
STANDARD
P
D00,
AL
0
00 15°E
5N PEOJE
Latodinal
Longvdinal
extengion
30'E 45'N PA
RALLE CTION
452 [ston
extenslon 15°N
davd L
6o'E
paTa
q0
o--6o'6o'sE le
l]
PIOREER

Pheoylindioal caual aueapxojectio aluo known g4 profetog

he kambeyt fasallel
been deyivtd by adittheafs0g) dte o the glohe
has
Mays on
bn a ylinde . thA eayubtok.
DIOnEER

Mlinduical bannal An ojecban

hashe
aylindsuical
been dexideaualbyavea pMoje ctiÛn aluo Knouwn gs He kamkext
roeclVng theatsU dte o the globe with brofectisy
Mays on aacylinden Vtodchinglit pós allel
the qyobton. I
Example
ConstHucd acylindical eqvalayea buoje chion yox the usould
1: L00,000,0do ushen the REothe
50' to 30°E and taking Latitodinalextenlon as D20'N to 60s, Long itudlnal exten on as'
lase intexval as lo
Sepi: Calewlatlion
Radius athe xaducad easth (R) = 64g gp9 0pg 64cun

step2:Length othe cqualox 2TIR x22 X64)e 40"2 em

sntewal along the eqyualox 40:2 XI0 360°
1em

btep4 Concudian.

P. T. 0
Construction
CYLINDRICAL EQUAL AREA PRQJE CTION

20`N

L0N

Lo's

20'9

R"F= |100, 60 0, oo0

TLattfudun alextens'on- 20N to 60°9
Lonqitudmal ertensin - 50 to 30°e
 Iropial wgakcane. and wbbou Cofee,
like arops uitributi'n the &ho to uitab
le 991PY8he
andS 45°N betoen lying ala lhe oM
itakle
oK moLtuojectioni
pole. the yda touwa move incneau iy0alotibn
weat kuoject'sr YOhe
-oxthomofhte
dimitatione
equalot. the along only "yScali'
trvut is
ue
4gyualeu lhe equalto alto faxallid
ia lax
PIOREER