Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations

ISSN: 1841-2394, e-ISSN: 2471-0881

Vol 23 (1), 2024
pp. 183–202

Process Structure and Circulate of Sustainable Furniture

Product Design through TRIZ Methodology

Xinmiao wen1,2,3 , Pashkevych Kalyna1 , Ziwei Yu1,2,3, Wenjuan Ma1,2,3

1 Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Kyiv, Ukraine
2 Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian City, People`s Republic of
China
3 Hunan International Economics University, Changsha City, People`s Republic of
China

Abstract:
Enterprises use creative environmental solutions to develop sustainability in industry. Theory of Inventive
Problem Solving (TRIZ)-based furniture design enhances production sustainability. Environmental
footprints, critical issues, and TRIZ solutions are examined in this study. To inform design decisions, the
study meticulously assesses life cycle inventory, environmental effect, and end-of-life scenarios. Results
indicate that TRIZ can enhance furniture production life cycle pricing, DfD, and material selection.
Researchers examine environmental variables, apply TRIZ and DfD, and lead design. Practical implications
aid furniture designers and producers in being green, while theoretical implications debate circular
economy and design's role in sustainability. This study emphasizes inventive problem-solving to satisfy
furniture sector sustainability targets, which affect environmental and social well-being. Sustainable
furniture design requires TRIZ. Problem-solving using TRIZ emphasizes innovation and contradiction
resolution. TRIZ concepts in sustainable furniture design assist manufacturers solve complicated problems
and reduce environmental effect. TRIZ inspires material, product, and end-of-life design innovation. This
study found that TRIZ promotes greener furniture design through sustainable innovation. Circular economy
requires eco-friendly furniture. Resource efficiency, waste minimization, and product lifecycle assist
manufacturers minimize environmental impact and increase resource use. This study found environmental
issues critical from material procurement to end-of-life management. Furniture companies may create a
circular economy by eliminating new raw materials and waste with holistic sustainability.
Keywords: TRIZ methodology, Design for Disassembly (DfD), Circular Economy (CE), Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA), Environmental impact assessment
Received: 27 May 2024 Revised: 28 June 2024 Accepted: 12 July 2024

1. Background of the study

In many industries, including the furniture industry, sustainability is no longer a trend. Sustainable
furniture demonstrates ethical consumption and environmental consciousness. These products are made,
disposed of, and employ environmentally friendly materials(Uribe Ocampo & Kaminski, 2023). Green
materials are used to make sustainable furniture. Manufacturers like bamboo, reused metal, and carefully
selected wood. By limiting the use of virgin materials and deforestation, sustainable furniture preserves
biodiversity and ecosystems. Sustainable furniture production also emphasizes green manufacturing. waste
reduction, GHG reduction, and energy efficiency(Fiorineschi et al., 2021). Businesses minimize their
influence on the environment by installing closed-loop garbage recycling systems and optimizing processes

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through the use of cutting-edge technologies. Eco-friendly furniture is unimaginably sustainable. Robust
design and construction provide minimum maintenance requirements and long product life. Durability
reduces trash from landfills and furnishings. Concepts of the circular economy encourage upcycling,
restoration, and repair in environmentally friendly furniture design. Modular designs and repairable parts
make maintenance and customization easier, extending the life of products and using less resources.
Programs for product take-backs recycle goods and finish the cycle(Yao et al., 2022).
For the furniture industry, environmentally friendly furniture is a comprehensive solution. 'Take-make-
dispose' is rejected in favor of attention and renewal(Azman et al., 2021). People may furnish their homes
ethically and sustainably thanks to eco-friendly materials, sustainable manufacturing practices, and circular
design. The "Theory of Inventive Problem Solving," or TRIZ for short, can be applied to the design and
production of sustainable furniture. A lot of the problems with making sustainable furniture fit the conflict
detection and resolution method for ordered systems in TRIZ. TRIZ starts with durability against
environmental friendliness (Jai-Ai et al., 2019; Phuah et al., 2022). Subsequently, the method identifies
innovative ideas and concepts for solutions that have been successful in comparable circumstances, offering
a bank of options for overcoming obstacles. Furniture is preserved by TRIZ. According to TRIZ, design
should balance environmental impact and aesthetics. TRIZ meticulously examines competing requirements
in order to produce original design solutions. To address issues creatively, apply TRIZ. Segmentation,
asymmetry, and biomimicry could minimize wasteful furniture use while maximizing resource utilization.
TRIZ is a creative and effective way for designers and manufacturers of sustainable furniture to address
complicated problems. Through methodical problem-solving, TRIZ may assist stakeholders in overcoming
sustainability constraints, coming up with creative designs, and greening the furniture industry. TRIZ
supports sustainable furniture manufacturers' growth and development (Fox, 2022).
Sustainable design and innovation research can benefit from TRIZ study of furniture product design process
structure and circulation(Uribe Ocampo & Kaminski, 2023). Sustainable materials and production methods
have been studied in the furniture business, but TRIZ has not been applied to improve design and circularity.
This research emphasizes TRIZ in sustainable furniture design. Sustainable furniture designers haven't
tried TRIZ, but engineers and manufacturers do. Learning how to use TRIZ for sustainable furniture design
is vital. Research on how TRIZ might boost furniture product circularity is also important. Reusing products
reduces waste and maximizes resource efficiency in circular design. TRIZ principles like contradiction
resolution and ideality can assist researchers create goods with greater lifetime, reparability, and
recyclability to help the furniture sector transition to a circular economy (Uribe Ocampo & Kaminski, 2023).
Visit TRIZ-based sustainable furniture design partnership. Complex sustainability concerns require
collaboration between designers, engineers, materials scientists, and others. Interdisciplinary research on
TRIZ-based sustainable furniture design can show the pros and downsides of different viewpoints and
talents. TRIZ for sustainable furniture product design process structure and circulation is understudied.
Addressing this gap can help academics promote circular, sustainable, and furniture industry
environmental impact(Chew Xiang, 2023; Hartono et al., 2019; Moran et al., 2021; Uribe Ocampo &
Kaminski, 2023).
The study found that TRIZ optimises sustainable furniture product design process structure and circulation.
This study has numerous objectives. TRIZ's suitability for sustainable furniture design is assessed first. This
involves researching how TRIZ may balance environmental concerns with practical and aesthetic needs in
sustainable design. The paper assesses TRIZ's sustainable furniture design challenges and opportunities.
The research addresses these problems to demonstrate TRIZ's pros and downsides in this business. It uses
TRIZ-based creative design to make sustainable furniture more durable, repairable, and recyclable. The
rigorous problem-solving of TRIZ is applied to improve furniture designs' environmental performance.
TRIZ contradiction resolution and ideality can create products that use less material, last longer, and recycle
better. Researchers study these approaches to make furniture more sustainable. The study will also examine
how TRIZ-guided furniture design may enhance sustainability and circularity. This involves studying how
TRIZ affects product circularity, material circulation, resource efficiency, and waste reduction. Lifetime and
comparative studies demonstrate TRIZ-guided design's environmental benefits. The study closes by
exploring how interdisciplinary collaboration improves sustainable furniture design TRIZ. For holistic and
successful design solutions, designers, engineers, materials scientists, and other stakeholders must

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collaborate on complex sustainability issues. To improve knowledge sharing and collaboration, TRIZ-
guided design processes' multidisciplinary cooperation dynamics will be examined. Circular furniture and
sustainable design innovation benefit from study.
2. Literature Review
Homes, societies, and lives were impacted by furniture design. The ergonomics, aesthetics, sustainability,
and material innovation of furniture design have all been investigated by scholars and professionals (Li &
Wen, 2021). The trends and contributions in furniture product design research are covered in this literature
review. Knowing the history of furniture design highlights aspects related to culture, technology, and
economy. Historical studies emphasized design tendencies by examining furniture styles, materials, and
manufacturing processes (Cao, 2019; Romadhona & Joedawinata, 2023; Yao et al., 2022). During the
handicraft-to-industry transition of the Industrial Revolution, (Uribe Ocampo & Kaminski, 2023) conducted
research on the impact of technology on furniture design. Ergonomics was incorporated into furniture
design to create comfortable and useful pieces. This study looked at user behavior, furniture ergonomics,
and anthropometrics. According to (Moran et al., 2021; Uribe Ocampo & Kaminski, 2023) to (Moran et al.,
2021), comfort and health should come first in user-centered design. Enhanced computer modeling and
simulation aided designers in optimizing the ergonomics of furniture. Furniture's aesthetic appeal made it
both culturally significant and widely used. Form, proportion, and visual harmony of furniture were studied
in design theory through the application of art and aesthetics. Form and function were studied by Adolf
Loos and Christopher Alexander, while modern experts focus on furniture's sensory experiences and
emotional design. Research indicates that cultural and societal elements influenced design patterns (Chew
Xiang, 2023; Hartono et al., 2019; Li & Wen, 2021).
As environmental worries developed, researchers looked into sustainable furniture design and eco-friendly
materials. Recycled polymers, bamboo, and recovered wood were investigated for sustainability in
furniture. Academics such as (Aliman et al., 2019; Ningjun & Tongan, 2020; Wang et al., 2024) advocated
for closed-loop, infinitely recyclable cradle-to-cradle design. The environmental impact of furniture was
examined using life cycle assessment (LCA) in order to identify improvements. Furniture manufacture and
prototype have been revolutionized by modern digital design and manufacturing(Chen et al., 2020; Fu &
Fang, 2018; Romadhona & Joedawinata, 2023). Researchers looked into additive manufacturing, generative
algorithms, and parametric design to build complex shapes. Mass-customized furniture was made possible
by CNC and 3D printing, combining craft and industrial. Lastly, a variety of themes and disciplines were
covered in the research on furniture product design. In order to create goods that are beautiful, functional,
and environmentally friendly, academics and practitioners have progressed design innovation from
historical viewpoints to sustainability and digital fabrication. The obstacles facing the furniture industry in
the twenty-first century call for multidisciplinary cooperation and user-centered design(Cao, 2019; Koleini
Mamaghani & Barzin, 2019; Mansor & Ibrahim, 2022).
TRIZ stimulates creativity in a variety of fields, including furniture design. Since TRIZ's invention in the
Soviet Union until now, it has been the subject of in-depth research. It has been shown that TRIZ's
paradoxes, ideality, and creativity may solve challenging issues and spur innovation. TRIZ enhances
management creativity and problem-solving in engineering, product development, company strategy, and
management. TRIZ was used beyond theory by academics to make sustainable furniture. Using TRIZ, this
multidisciplinary study maximizes furniture design, utility, and environmental impact. TRIZ addresses
sustainable material selection, production, and disposal in design and manufacturing. Research
demonstrates that TRIZ-guided design can provide fashionable, resource-efficient, sustainable, and circular
economy furniture(Chen & Pang, 2023; Labuda, 2015; Liu, 2023).
Designing furniture takes sustainability, durability, and energy efficiency into account. researching the
recyclability, resource consumption, and carbon footprint of furniture materials. Product life is increased
through remanufacturing, modular construction, and maintenance disassembly. Using TRIZ, researchers
want to increase resource efficiency, innovation, and circularity in sustainable furniture design. Both the
environment and consumers will gain. Sustainable furniture research includes eco-friendly design,
production, and materials. Numerous publications address the topic of environmental challenges and
sustainable furniture manufacturing. Furniture made of wood, plastic, metal, and composite materials has

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had studies done on resource depletion, energy use, and emissions. Research has been done on the effects
bamboo, rescued wood, and recycled polymer furniture have on the environment(Ningjun & Tongan, 2020;
Phuah et al., 2023; Yang & Shao, 2023).
Industrial processes have been enhanced by research to preserve resources and the environment. To reduce
energy, emissions, and waste throughout the production lifecycle, optimization, lean manufacturing, and
waste reduction have all been researched. Designers have been able to increase sustainability and
streamline production with the aid of additive printing, parametric modeling, and CAD. Studies reveal that
design principles impact the longevity, repairability, and recycling of products. The study of modular design,
repair disassembly, and remanufacturing aims to decrease waste and extend product life (Lippert &
Cloutier, 2019). According to study, closed-loop and cradle-to-cradle technologies enhance environmental
impact and resource efficiency. These design methodologies are utilized by researchers to create furniture
that is profitable, fashionable, eco-friendly, and useful (Hartini et al., 2021; Zielenbach et al., 2023).
Research on sustainable furniture design is lacking greatly. It is necessary to LCAify the environmental
impact of furniture, from the extraction of raw materials to manufacturing, consumption, and disposal. Few
sustainability studies have looked at the environmental effects of individual components; most have
focused on material choices or industrial processes. Research on consumer behavior, market dynamics, and
supply chain management in the furniture industry is crucial for ensuring social and economic
sustainability. By bridging these gaps, greater research can improve the sustainability and equality of the
furniture industry. The furniture business is becoming more environmentally conscious, as seen by recent
developments in the TRIZ technique, sustainable design, and research on furniture manufacture. TRIZ uses
innovative and methodical problem-solving techniques to improve furniture design and sustainability.
Sustainable material, manufacturing, and disposal objectives are met by designers and manufacturers with
the use of TRIZ principles such as contradiction resolution and ideality. TRIZ promotes remanufacturing
and circular furniture DfD(Aliman et al., 2019; Ramanathan et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2024).
Sustainable furniture design reduces waste, resource consumption, and product lifespan. Because they are
environmentally friendly, bamboo, recovered wood, and recycled polymers are being researched for
furniture design. Optimization of the manufacturing process is also researched in order to lower energy,
emissions, waste, and product circularity throughout time. LCA evaluates the environmental impact of
furniture manufacturing, usage, and disposal, as well as the extraction of raw materials. LCAs are used by
academics to evaluate and improve the environmental effects of design. LCA information assists producers
and designers in creating sustainable products(Cui et al., 2022; Kapuria et al., 2020; Opiyo et al., 2023).
Furniture made with a circular economy uses less resources and produces less trash. CE processes include
recycling, remanufacturing, and EoL reuse. CE uses DfD to expedite product disassembly, reuse, and
recycling. Researchers can create profitable, equitable, and sustainable furniture by using CE principles.
3. Research Methodology
Sustainable Furniture Design Methodology:
A Cyclical Approach, TRIZ theory encourages circular economy and eco-friendly furniture, lessening
furniture's environmental impact. The TRIZ theory encourages innovation and cycle improvement, guiding
each phase toward sustainable goals. Researching environmental issues, market trends, material
availability, and consumer preferences starts the design process. TRIZ-based research, ideation, and
conceptualization create sustainable solutions that maximize sustainability without sacrificing utility or
aesthetics through creative problem-solving and contradiction resolution. We analyze sustainable design
proposals for material availability, manufacturing methods, energy efficiency, durability, recyclability, and
disposal. This complete assessment helps designers optimize and make educated decisions by identifying
strengths and shortcomings. Testing and prototyping confirm design principles and find pre-production
errors and inefficiencies, decreasing revision costs. For sustainability and user happiness, testing customer
input informs incremental changes.
Before production and execution, prototypes are developed and validated for production, supply chain, and
distribution logistics. All industrial processes use renewable energy, waste reduction, and ethical sourcing
to reduce environmental effect. Post-implementation monitoring and optimization allow designers to

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assess product performance in real-world settings, identify areas for improvement, and incorporate
feedback into sustainable development. This cycle approach keeps product design dynamic and innovative
to fulfill high sustainability standards and encourage furniture circular economy. Methodical, cyclical TRIZ
theory can help designers create sustainable, green furniture.
Complete Life Cycle Inventory starts sustainable furniture design. From raw material extraction to disposal
or reuse/recycling, furniture's life cycle must be planned. Every life cycle stage is assessed for resource
inputs, energy, emissions, waste, and transportation. Assess raw material procurement sustainability and
transportation or processing auxiliary resource environmental impact. After the Life Cycle Inventory, an
Impact Assessment evaluates each furniture life cycle step's environmental impact. Energy, water, air, water
pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource depletion are measured by LCA. Here, furniture design's
environmental influence is examined. Impact Assessments identify furniture product life cycle
environmental "hotspots". Hotspots suggest need for design changes to lessen environmental effect. Impact
Assessments help furniture designers plan sustainably. Raw material procurement, manufacture,
distribution and transportation, utilization, and end-of-life scenarios are crucial to the LCI and ITA.
Designers assess environmental impact throughout furniture product life cycles to innovate. Design and
lifespan management incorporate sustainability. Sustainable furniture design begins with LCA-based EFA.
Furniture designers can support sustainability throughout its life cycle by considering environmental
consequences. The extensive study equips designers to develop circular, sustainable furniture.
Circular Economy (CE) principles tackle LCA environmental hotspots in sustainable furniture design's
second stage. Prioritize resource efficiency, waste reduction, and product lifetime. Furniture designers
target LCA environmental hotspots to reduce resource, energy, and waste use throughout its life cycle. This
exploration follows Circular Economy principles of closing material loops and boosting resource value.
Reuse and remanufacturing are CE furniture options. Furniture must be easy to disassemble and
reassemble for reuse. This technique enables users reuse or relocate products as needed. Remanufacturing
involves making furniture parts that can be disassembled and reused. Furniture parts can be reused or
modified due to modular design and standardized connections, minimizing waste and virgin material.
EOL approach and circularity depend on material choice. To conserve resources and the environment,
designers employ renewable or repurposed materials. Reuse and remanufacturing materials should be
non-toxic and easy to disassemble and reassemble, decreasing consumer and worker health risks. Material
selection should also include durability and endurance to extend product life and reduce waste. Circular
Economy principles can help designers create eco-friendly, profitable, and socially beneficial furniture.
Innovative design and material choices make sustainable furniture ideas more circular by boosting resource
efficiency, lowering waste, and prolonging product lifespan. Sustainable furniture design benefits
individuals and the planet via environmental stewardship and sustainable development.
Design for Disassembly (DfD) promotes repair, reuse, and remanufacturing in third-stage sustainable
furniture design. Review the furniture design for disassembly to ease assembly. A full disassembly analysis
evaluates and adjusts the design. Designers evaluate component connection, fastening, material, and
structure. Designers can simplify disassembly by understanding assembly and disassembly barriers. DfD
improves disassembly. Bolts and screws are easier to remove than glue or welding. Removable fasteners let
furniture parts be disassembled without damage for repair, reuse, or remanufacturing. DfD supports
modularity, making furniture parts interchangeable and convenient. This allows you fix damaged pieces
without replacing the whole piece. Modularity simplifies customization, disassembly, and user adaption.
Labeling and arranging aids disassembly. Designers mark and direct furniture disassembly for accuracy and
speed.
DfD lets designers make durable, practical, and easy-to-maintain, repair, and reuse furniture. Improved
resource efficiency and product lifespan make furniture more circular and sustainable. Disassembly designs
improve user experience and let users manage their furniture's lifecycle, promoting sustainability and
responsible consumption.
Scenario Analysis and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) evaluate End-of-Life (EoL) scenarios' environmental and
economic consequences in the fourth step of sustainable furniture design. Reuse or remanufacturing vs.
disposal of EoL. EoL scenarios consider furniture reuse or remanufacturing. Standard disposal methods are

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compared to disassembly ease, material recovery, market demand for reused or remanufactured products,
and environmental impact. Designers can evaluate EoL solutions' feasibility and benefits using these
scenarios. Lifestyle Costing evaluates EoL's economic and environmental implications. For each scenario,
LCC calculates material, production, consumption, and end-of-life processing costs. Reduce virgin material,
EoL processing energy, and component reuse/remanufacturing costs. Comparing EoL scenarios'
environmental and economic benefits helped designers identify the most eco-friendly and cost-effective
furniture design method. The data-driven research helps designers optimize EoL for environmental and
economic purposes.
It emphasizes design cycle. Material and DfD implementation benefit from scenario analysis and LCC. These
stages allow designers to use new data and insights to improve performance and reduce environmental
impact, enhancing furniture sustainability. This method saves resources, reduces environmental impact,
and creates a circular furniture company using data-driven furniture design. Scenario Analysis, Life Cycle
Costing, and iterative refinement can strengthen the furniture industry by producing sustainable products.
All these stages are comprehensively explained in figure 2.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Life Cycle Impact
Goal and Scope
Development Assessment (LCIA

Circular Economy (CE) Integration

Design for Disassembly
Identify EoL options Develop CE strategies
(DfD)

Scenario Analysis and Life Cycle Costing (LCC)

Develop scenarios Life Cycle Costing (LCC) Compare scenarios

Validation and Improvement

Implement the chosen refine the design and CE
Monitor and evaluate
scenario strategies

Figure 1. Model for Designing Furniture for Circularity

4. TRIZ Methodology Analysis And Findings
Environmental Footprint Analysis with LCA Tables
The Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of a typical furniture product includes phases, methods, material kinds and
quantities, energy use, transportation distances, and waste (Table 1). Buying 1 cubic meter of oak lumber
and adhesives during Raw Material Acquisition is wood harvesting. This produces wood waste and sawdust.
Mining waste from steel and aluminum processing. Energy is needed to turn lumber into shavings. Metal
shaping and refining waste energy. It takes energy and packaging to assemble. Delivery of finished furniture
to shops uses gasoline and produces carbon. Distance matters. Minor product maintenance energy
consumption is optional in the Use Phase, depending on user behavior and maintenance practices. Finally,
scenario-specific disposal incorporates End-of-Life (EoL) landfilling, which takes up space and collects
rubbish. Reuse requires travel, but EoL processing always requires transportation, releasing carbon. The
Life Cycle Inventory shows the furniture product's processes, inputs, and outputs at each stage to indicate
its environmental impact and optimization potential.

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 Table 1: Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
Life Cycle Stage Process Material Type & Energy Transportation Waste Generated
Quantity Consumption Distance (e.g., (e.g., kg)
(e.g., kWh) km)
Raw Material Wood Lumber (1 m³ N/A 500 km Wood scraps (50 kg),
Acquisition harvesting Oak), Adhesives Sawdust (20 kg)
(5 kg)
Raw Material Metal Steel (10 kg), 20,000 kWh 1000 km Mining waste (1 ton)
Acquisition extraction & Aluminum (5 kg)
processing
Manufacturing Wood N/A 1,000 kWh N/A Wood shavings (10
processing kg)
Manufacturing Metal N/A 5,000 kWh N/A Metal scraps (2 kg)
processing
Manufacturing Assembly N/A 500 kWh N/A Packaging materials
(10 kg)
Distribution Transportation Furniture weight 20 L fuel 200 km N/A
to retailer (150 kg)
Use Phase Furniture use N/A (optional) 100 N/A N/A
kWh/year for
minor
maintenance
End-of-Life (EoL) (Scenario - Disposal: N/A Transportation Landfill waste (150
Specific) Landfill space for EoL kg)
used (1 m³) - processing (50
Reuse: km)
Transportation
for reuse (100
km)
Table 2 evaluates environmental indicators, probable repercussions, units of measurement, and outcomes
at each furniture product life cycle stage. Deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions from resource
extraction are indicated by the 2,000 kg CO2 equivalent Raw Material Acquisition Carbon Footprint. Water
loss from extraction processes has a minimal impact of 100 m³. Small manufacturing air pollution from
wood and metal processing is 50 kg. Energy Consumption found 26,500 kWh of non-renewable
manufacturing energy. Product transportation greenhouse gas emissions affect distribution by 100 kg CO2
equivalent. Based on optional maintenance, 100 kWh/year is minimal. Last, End-of-Life examines scenario
implications. Disposal's space utilization raises its Landfill Impact Score. Saving wood and resources
through reuse. Remanufacturing saves energy and helps the environment. To help designers make
sustainable decisions, the Environmental Impact Assessment highlights the environmental impacts of each
furniture product life cycle stage.
Table 2: Environmental Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Stage Environmental Potential Impact Units Results

Impact Metric
Raw Material Carbon Deforestation, kg CO2 2,000 kg CO2 equivalent (high
Acquisition Footprint greenhouse gas equivalent impact)
emissions
Raw Material Water Usage Water depletion for m³ 100 m³ (moderate impact)
Acquisition resource extraction
Manufacturing Air Pollution Emissions from kg pollutants 50 kg pollutants (moderate
processing wood & impact)
metal

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Manufacturing Energy Non-renewable energy kWh 26,500 kWh (high impact)
Consumption use
Distribution Transportation Greenhouse gas kg CO2 100 kg CO2 equivalent (low
Emissions emissions from equivalent impact)
transport
Use Phase Energy Energy used for kWh 100 kWh/year (low impact)
Consumption maintenance (if
applicable)
End-of-Life (EoL) (Scenario - Disposal: Landfill - Landfill impact - Landfill impact score is high
Specific) impact - Reuse: score (high) - kg due to space usage - Reuse
Reduced resource resource saved saves wood resources -
consumption - (significant) - Remanufacturing saves energy
Remanufacturing: kWh energy compared to new materials
Reduced energy use saved
compared to virgin (moderate)
materials
Table 3 shows how TRIZ Inventive Principles are utilized to build structurally sound, easy-to-disassemble
furniture for reuse, recycling, or remanufacturing. Furniture without disassembly is incomplete. Example:
composite materials, intrinsic disassembly materials, pneumatic or hydraulic rapid release systems.
Strength and Disassembly Managing structural integrity and disassembly is hard. To compensate,
parameter variation can change feature scale or layout. Detachable furniture modules are phases with
specific time or space needs. Universality and Specialization acknowledges furniture joint variations.
Nesting makes component storage and disassembly easier. Standardizing joints and disassembly tools
ensures module and component compatibility. Resource Utilization prevents screw and nail removal.
Material separation and reuse are encouraged by homogeneity. Refusal of Substances and Materials
recommends glue-free joinery for disassembly. To support furniture circular economy concepts, TRIZ
Inventive concepts can help designers overcome DfD furniture design inconsistencies and improve
structural integrity and disassembly simplicity.
Table 3. TRIZ Inventive Principles for DfD Furniture Design

TRIZ Contradiction Description Inventive Principles (Examples for DfD)

System The furniture design lacks * Composite Materials (Composite): Combine
Incompleteness features that would different materials with inherent disassembly
facilitate easy disassembly. properties (e.g., wood for strength + self-gripping
fasteners for easy detachment).
* Pneumatic or Hydraulic Drives (PD): Utilize
pressurized air or fluids for quick release
mechanisms (e.g., air pistons to pop open locking
joints).
Strength and Strong joints are necessary * Parameter Variation (PS): Change the scale or
Disassembly for structural integrity, but arrangement of existing features. (e.g., use
Difficulty they can also hinder breakaway tabs on glued joints for easier
disassembly. separation).
* Phasing (Ph): Separate functions or properties in
time or space. (e.g., design furniture with detachable
modules that can be disassembled and reassembled
in different configurations).
Universality and A single joint type might not * Nesting (Ne): Arrange components such that some
Specialization be ideal for all furniture can be housed within others for efficient disassembly
components. and storage. (e.g., design stackable chairs with
nesting mechanisms).
* Compatibility (Cp): Ensure different components or
modules are compatible with various disassembly

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 methods. (e.g., standardize joint types and
disassembly tools).
Resource Traditional fasteners * Homogeneity (HS): Make components from the
Utilization (screws, nails) become same material to simplify separation and potential
waste during disassembly. material reuse. (e.g., use self-locking joints made
from the same wood as the furniture frame).
* Refusal of Substances and Materials (RM):
Minimize the use of materials or components that
hinder disassembly. (e.g., explore glue-less joinery
techniques where possible).

Figure 2. Design for Disassembly by TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving)

The research may show mechanical and design aspects in Figure 2 to demonstrate how TRIZ can aid
disassemble furniture. These methods simplify furniture disassembly for recycling, reuse, and
remanufacturing. A TRIZ principle portrayed in the collage is Composite Materials (CM), which mix
disintegration-prone materials. Wood offers strength while snap-fit connectors divide parts. Separating
functions or qualities in time or space is phasing. Disassembling and moving furniture with removable legs
or arms is easy. PS, another TRIZ approach, improves disassembly by changing feature scale or layout.
Breakaway tabs on bonded connections could separate furniture without damage. The collage may also
represent the Nesting principle (Ne), which allows components to be nested for easier disassembly and
storage. Interlocking stackable chairs are easy to stack and disassemble. To encourage sustainability and
circularity in furniture manufacture, creative furniture design may emphasize material quality, component
arrangement, and ease of separation.
Furniture disposal, reuse, and remanufacturing are compared in Table 3. Every situation requires
sustainable furniture lifespan management. The Disposal scenario entails 50-mile furniture delivery to a
dump. Waste disposal costs $50 per ton landfill tipping. Old furniture is generally discarded this way. Reuse
involves many important tasks to prolong furniture life and prevent landfilling. Use removable fasteners to
disassemble the furniture. Disassembled parts travel 100 miles for reuse. Cleaning and small repairs are
optional for furniture reuse, considering condition. Remanufacturing reuses furniture. Save hardware and
frames after disassembling furniture for reuse or restoration. Disassembled parts are rebuilt 200 miles
elsewhere. Sorting, cleaning, woodworking, and upholstery are examples. Reassembling furniture may
include comfort and style cushions. The chart lists furniture disposal, reuse, and remanufacturing for
sustainability. Each scenario uses circular economy and sustainability principles to improve resource
efficiency, waste reduction, and furniture lifespan.

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 Table 3: End-of-Life (EoL) Scenario Comparison

EoL Scenario Key Activities

Disposal - Transportation to landfill (50 km)
- Landfill tipping fees ($50/ton)
Reuse - Disassembly (focusing on easily detachable fasteners)
- Transportation for reuse (100 km)
- Cleaning and minor repairs (optional, depending on condition)
Remanufacturing - Disassembly (focusing on salvageable components like hardware and frames)
- Transportation for remanufacturing (200 km) - Cleaning and sorting components
- Remanufacturing processes (e.g., refurbishing wooden surfaces, re-upholstery)
- Reassembly of furniture (potentially with new components like cushions)
Figure 3 shows numerous EoL responsibilities in product management. Reuse, remanufacturing, recycling,
and disposal are end-of-life material management options. Reusing products without major changes
improves their lifespan and saves resources. Remanufacturing makes new goods by disassembling,
reconditioning, and reassembling. Reduced waste and resource conservation are emphasized. Recycling
creates raw resources for new goods. The circular economy benefits from reduced virgin material
consumption and environmental effect. A product's life ends with landfill or combustion. This procedure is
sometimes needed but less environmentally friendly and prioritized than other EoL processes.
Transportation expenditures for EoL management may be included. Local processing and EoL condensing
may help transit. These solutions cut transportation fuel use and emissions, lowering EoL management's
environmental impact. Figure 3 depicts EoL actions that promote product reuse, remanufacturing,
recycling, disposal, and transportation efficiency.

Figure 3. Activities of End-of-Life (EoL)

Table 4 compares furniture disposal, reuse, and remanufacturing EoL. Material, energy, transportation,
disposal, and cost savings are considered in each scenario. The disposal scenario includes material
expenses and $100/ton trash disposal. Just 100 kWh is used for landfill transportation by EoL. Remote
landfills impose moderate transportation costs ($1/km). It's not saving money. Furniture is reused without
modification, therefore material expenses are nothing. Simple cleaning (50 kWh) and transit (200 kWh)
use little energy. Reduced reuse distance reduces transportation costs ($0.5/km). $10 per piece of furniture
material savings saves money. In remanufacturing, recycled materials ($20/kg) cost less than raw materials
($30/kg). Remanufacturing (1,000 kWh) and EoL disassembly (500 kWh) use moderate energy.
Transportation costs are moderate ($1/km) due to remanufacturing distance. Cost savings of $30 per unit
material and $20 per unit reuse revenue might be significant. Reuse $130, disposal $250, and
remanufacturing $220 or less. This report says reuse and remanufacturing save money, resources, and the
environment.

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 Table 4: Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
Cost Category Disposal Reuse Remanufacturing Units
Material Costs N/A N/A Recycled materials $/kg
($20/kg) vs. Virgin
materials ($30/kg)
Energy Low Low (transportation: Moderate (disassembly: kWh
Consumption (transportation: 200 kWh + minor 500 kWh, remanufacturing:
(EoL) 100 kWh) cleaning: 50 kWh) 1,000 kWh)
Transportation Moderate (landfill Low (reuse distance: Moderate $/km
Costs distance: $1/km) $0.5/km) (remanufacturing distance:
$1/km)
Disposal Fees High ($100/ton) N/A N/A $/ton
Potential Cost N/A Reduced material Reduced material costs $/unit
Savings costs ($10 per unit of ($30 per unit) + Potential
furniture) revenue from reuse ($20
per unit)
Total LCC $250 $130 **$220 (potentially lower ****
than disposal)** \$

Figure 4 may include all eco-friendly furniture materials. These aspects determine furniture materials'
longevity, sustainability, and environmental impact. Key factors include renewability. The substance's
replenish ability is shown here. Wood, bamboo, and cork are sustainable furniture materials. Other
important figure properties include recyclability. Create new goods from end-of-life resources. Recycling
aluminum, steel, and some plastics cuts furniture manufacture waste and resources. Whether discarded
goods spontaneously decompose to reduce environmental impact may also be asked. Cotton, wool, and
hemp are used in eco-friendly furniture design. Durability impacts material choice. Material durability and
environmental resilience. Durable hardwoods, metals, and synthetic fibers are common furniture materials.
The graphic also shows VOC-free, low-toxicity products. Untreated textiles and non-toxic solid wood
improve indoor air quality and occupant health, making them pleasant. Promoting ethically managed
woods, eco-friendly manufacturing, and fair labor are also options. Display FSC or GOTS-certified materials.
Figure 4 provides an overview of material properties to help designers and manufacturers choose
sustainable furniture materials. It emphasizes furniture's environmental, social, and functional impacts
from material choices.

Figure 4. Material Properties for Sustainable Furniture Design

Environmental furniture manufacturing material selection variables are shown in Figure 4. First column
rates cloth, metal, plastic, and wood. Each material has furniture-making and environmental needs. For
sustainable sourcing, the second column lists material origin. Materials from ethically managed forests,
recycled, or renewable sources lessen environmental impact and encourage supply chain ethics. This
column evaluates material toxicity. Natural textiles and solid wood improve indoor air quality and

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manufacturer and customer health. Durable materials are needed for furniture. Woods, metals, and some
polymers wear less, decreasing replacements. End-of-life disassembly ease for repair, reuse, or recycling is
examined in this column. Modular design, standardized fasteners, and replaceable parts boost circular
economy and resource efficiency.
Table 5: Material Properties for Sustainable Furniture Design

Material Source Toxicity Durability Ease of Additional

Disassembly Considerations
Wood (Oak) Virgin or Low (if High Moderate Slow-growing
Recycled properly (depends on hardwood, consider
treated) joinery fast-growing
techniques) alternatives for virgin
wood
Steel Virgin or Moderate High Low (welded Heavy material,
Recycled (requires joints difficult to transportation impacts
proper disassemble)
handling)
Aluminum Virgin or Low High Moderate (riveted Energy-intensive
Recycled joints easier to production for virgin
disassemble than aluminum
welded)
Adhesives Virgin or Varies N/A Low (often creates Look for low-VOC
Bio-based (check permanent bonds) (volatile organic
specific compound) adhesives
product) for better indoor air
quality
Natural Virgin or Low Moderate to High (easily Requires proper care
Fibers (e.g., Recycled High separated from and maintenance
Cotton, (depends on frames)
Wool) quality)
Recycled Recycled Varies Moderate Moderate Can be susceptible to UV
Plastic (depends on (depends on degradation outdoors
plastic type) joining method)

Table 5 lists eco-friendly furniture materials. The source, toxicity, durability, disassembly ease, and other
features of wood (oak), steel, aluminum, adhesives, natural fibers (cotton, wool), and recycled plastic are
evaluated. Oak wood is nontoxic after treatment. Joinery is robust but difficult to disassemble. Fast-growing
wood alternatives must be considered to reduce slow-growing hardwood's environmental impact. Unsafe
to handle raw and recycled steel. Steel is robust but hard to disassemble due to welded seams. Weight
impacts transport. Aluminum, created from virgin or recycled resources, is robust and non-toxic. Riveted
connections break easier than welded ones. Virgin aluminum manufacturing is energy-intensive. The
toxicity of virgin or bio-based adhesives varies by product. Although adhesives do not affect durability, they
can produce persistent connections that hamper disassembly. Low-VOC adhesives improve indoor air. Some
cotton and wool are non-toxic and durable. They may be removed from furniture frames but are sturdy.
Recycled plastic may be harmful. Connection mechanism helps disassembly, moderate durability. Outdoor
recyclable plastic furniture may need UV protection. In conclusion, Table 5 provides material property
insights to help designers and manufacturers construct sustainable furniture designs that promote
environmental responsibility, durability, and easy disassembly throughout the product lifecycle. Innovation
in TRIZ-based sustainable furniture design is shown in Figure 5. These photographs illustrate furniture
designers using TRIZ for sustainability. Sketches can demonstrate creativity, problem-solving, circular
economy, user-centricity, and environmental impact reduction. These pictures inspire sustainable furniture
design with their creative design, problem-solving, and sustainability stories.

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 Figure 5. Sustainable Furniture Design Using TRIZ
Sustainable Furniture Table 6 compares the pros and downsides of DfD methods for each furniture
component. Oak chair frames are checked for seat screws and leg and backrest dowel joints. Dowel joints
and screws are robust and adaptable, but drilling and disassembly require accuracy. Self-centered dowel
jigs improve accuracy; however screw type depends on wood and load. Designs use cam locks to link the
table's recovered wood top and base allowing tool-free removal. Cam locks can loosen and wobble, so select
robust ones with dowel pins and latches.
Groove and dado joints give plywood cabinet doors sturdy, clean connections. The technique is accurate and
time-consuming, so routers speed groove carving and improve connections. Maintaining solid wood
drawers is easy with quick-release slides and dovetail connectors. However, carpentry skills and
consideration for lighter quick-release levers are crucial, as is practicing dovetail joints on scrap wood
before integration and picking slides based on drawer needs. Finally, zippered cushion borders make fabric
sofa cushions easy to replace, wash, and repair. Visible zippers can be unattractive, requiring fabric
reinforcement or hidden zippers. For maximum functionality, zipper size and strength should match
cushion and fabric weight. Sustainable furniture designers and manufacturers employ DfD to promote
careful material selection and assembly throughout the design process to ensure product durability,
simplicity of maintenance, and sustainability.
Table 6: DfD Technique Selection for Sustainable Furniture Design

Furniture Function DfD Advantages Disadvantages Considerations

Component Techniques
Chair Frame Structural - Dowel - Strong and - Requires precise - Use self-centering dowel
(Oak) support joints (for secure for drilling for dowel jigs for accurate drilling
legs and structural joints -- Select screw type based
backrest) support - Screws require tools on wood type and load (e.g.,
- Screws - Disassembly for disassembly coarse thread for oak)
(for seat possible for
attachment) repair or
remanufacturing
- Screws allow
for some
adjustability
Table Top Surface, - Cam locks - Easy - Cam locks might - Choose high-quality cam
(Recycled support (connecting disassembly loosen over time, locks with locking
Wood) top to base) without tools impacting stability mechanisms
- Allows for - Consider adding dowel
potential future pins for additional strength
top
replacements

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Cabinet Doors Enclosure, - Groove - Strong and - Requires precise - Ensure tight-fitting joints
(Plywood) access and dado stable woodworking skills for a secure closure -
joints connection - Time-consuming to Consider using a router for
- Clean aesthetic assemble/disassemble faster and more precise
with hidden groove cutting
joinery
Drawer (Solid Storage - Dovetail - Very strong - Requires advanced - Practice dovetail joints on
Wood) joints (for and durable woodworking skills scrap wood before applying
drawer joint for dovetails to final design
front and - Easy drawer - Quick-release levers - Choose slides based on
sides) removal for might have lower drawer size and weight
- Slides with cleaning or weight capacity
quick- repairs
release
levers
Sofa Cushions Comfort - Zippers - Easy removal - Zippers might - Use concealed zippers for
(Fabric) (along and replacement require additional a cleaner look
cushion of cushions fabric reinforcement - - Select zipper size and
edges) - Allows for Visible zippers might strength based on cushion
cleaning or affect aesthetics size and fabric weight
future
reupholstery

Figure 6 shows DfD strategy selection for sustainable furniture design. Examples show DfD on furniture
parts. These examples may demonstrate DfD testing and implementation of dowel joints, screws, cam locks,
groove and dado joints, dovetail joints, and zippers. Each example likely shows DfD furniture, its purpose,
and its pros and downsides. This visual guide shows designers and manufacturers how DfD can maintain
furniture by enabling disassembly, repair, and recycling. Figure 6 shows how DfD may be used to create
durable, practical, and environmentally friendly furniture by considering material selection, assembly, and
end-of-life.

Figure 6. DfD Technique Selection for Sustainable Furniture Design Samples

4.1 Discussion
We used TRIZ and DfD to build sustainable furniture. We wanted to improve furniture sector environmental
challenges by increasing resource efficiency, waste minimization, and product lifespan. Using imaginative

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problem-solving, TRIZ increased furniture sustainability while maintaining usability and beauty. We
created a furniture circular economy by making components easy to disassemble, repair, and recycle using
DfD. We achieved our aim using a systematic approach with key phases. A thorough literature review helped
us understand sustainable furniture design processes, challenges, and opportunities. TRIZ theory helped
us innovate furniture manufacturing sustainability solutions. Our DfD design approach covered material
selections, joinery methods, and end-of-life situations. We improved our real-world furniture design with
iterative design and prototyping. Designers and manufacturers can create sustainable furniture that meets
environmental, consumer, and commercial standards with our strategy.
Table 1 shows the life cycle impact of sustainable furniture design and its environmental effects. The table
depicts important procedures, material kinds and quantities, energy consumption, transportation
distances, and waste generation during raw material acquisition, manufacturing, distribution, use, and end
of life. Table 1 methodically maps these aspects to assess each stage's environmental impact, allowing
designers and manufacturers to improve. This table illustrates how transportation distance and waste
affect the environmental impact of acquiring furniture raw materials. Table 1 examines the environmental
impact of furniture design by calculating carbon footprint, water usage, air pollution, energy consumption,
transportation emissions, and disposal costs. Throughout the furniture life cycle, quantitative analysis
assists stakeholders in prioritizing environmental initiatives. The table shows that manufacturing is
energy-intensive and polluting, emphasizing the need for energy-efficient technologies and emission
reductions. The table demonstrates how discarding, reusing, and remanufacturing are sustainable beyond
furniture use. Table 1 demonstrates how sustainable furniture makers improve circularity and
environmental efficiency.
Table 2 shows a full life-cycle Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for sustainable furniture design. The
table shows the carbon footprint, water usage, air pollution, energy consumption, and transportation
emissions for furniture manufacturing. Table 2's metrics and structures assist decision-makers in
minimizing their environmental impact. The environmental impact parameters in the table allow for
environmental solutions tailored to each step of the life cycle. Because of their high carbon footprint and
water consumption, wood harvesting and metal extraction necessitate sustainable raw material sourcing
and conservation. Manufacturing process assessments prioritize energy-efficient manufacturing and
pollution control in order to reduce air pollution and energy consumption. Table 2 examines environmental
implications across the furniture life cycle to help designers and manufacturers prioritize environmental
actions. Table 2 allows participants to compare the environmental consequences of disposal, reuse, and
remanufacturing. Decision-makers could weigh disposal and material costs against environmental effect
reduction. The table also demonstrates how circular economy remanufacturing conserves energy and
resources. Table 2 demonstrates how sustainable furniture design benefits the business.
Table 3 lists TRIZ Inventive Principles for Sustainable Furniture Design for Disassembly. Through design
disputes, imaginative concepts, and examples, the table presents novel furniture disassembly efficiency and
sustainability solutions. A systematic presentation explains how TRIZ may improve furniture design and
disassembly for faster end-of-life management. The chart defines design inconsistencies by System
Incompleteness, Strength and Disassembly Difficulty, Universality and Specialization, and Resource
Utilization to inspire creativity. The System Incompleteness table describes disassembling Composite
Materials and Pneumatic or Hydraulic Drives. Strong joints prevent disassembly. Variable parameters and
phasing are innovative. The table offers new concepts and DfD examples to help designers use TRIZ for
sustainable furniture design. In TRIZ design for manufacture, Table 3 emphasizes material quality, joinery,
and end-of-life scenarios. Furniture disassembly is easier by choosing materials with inherent disassembly
qualities and appropriate connecting ways. The table's TRIZ resource efficiency and circular economy
design enhance furniture sustainability. Table 3 illustrates designers and manufacturers how to use TRIZ to
DfD plans for furniture circularity and sustainability.
Table 4 uses sustainable furniture design LCC characteristics to indicate environmental sustainability
economics across the product's life cycle. To evaluate end-of-life scenarios and design modifications, the
chart classifies material prices, energy usage, transportation expenses, disposal fees, and potential cost
savings. This organized presentation helps stakeholders evaluate sustainability projects' economic pros
and cons and plan actions. The table's disposal, reuse, and remanufacturing costs demonstrate circular

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economy furniture design's financial impact. While disposal costs money and shipping, reuse and
remanufacturing save resources and may produce income from reused components. The table calculates
each end-of-life scenario's total LCC, helping stakeholders assess methodology's economic viability and
choose the most cost-effective furniture design sustainability options. In Table 4, LCC calculation priority
include material selection, energy use, and transportation logistics. Recycling is cheaper than virgin
resources, and the graphic explains ways to reduce energy use during end-of-life processing. The table also
shows how circular economy furniture design cuts reuse and remanufacturing expenses. Table 4 advises
stakeholders on sustainable furniture design to maximize environmental and economic performance
throughout the product's life cycle.
Table 5 contrasts sustainable furniture design resources with production materials. The chart helps
designers and manufacturers find sustainable furniture materials by source, toxicity, durability,
disassembly, and more. This methodical presentation lets stakeholders evaluate material choices'
environmental, health, and practical impacts on furniture design sustainability and utility. Finally, the chart
lists wood, steel, aluminum, adhesives, natural fibers, and recycled plastic. The analysis recommends oak
for furniture structural components due to its low toxicity and durability. The table indicates that wood and
natural fibers are easier to disassemble than steel and aluminum furniture frameworks. Table 5 shows
material qualities, supply, toxicity, and recycling. The table indicates that virgin aluminum manufacturing is
energy-intensive and environmentally harmful, underlining the need for recycled materials. The chart
shows material disassembly ease and challenges to help furniture designers increase circularity and end-
of-life management. Using Table 5, furniture designers and manufacturers choose useful and appealing
sustainable materials.
Design for Disassembly (DfD) strategies for sustainable furniture component design are listed in Table 6
with their advantages, cons, and difficulties. The table categorizes furniture components, functionality, DfD
technique, and pros and disadvantages to enable designers and manufacturers pick sustainable and circular
disassembly methods. To help furniture designers enhance disassembly efficiency and end-of-life
management, stakeholders can evaluate many DfD approaches' trade-offs and practical implications in this
organized presentation The table shows how difficult and harmful disassembling chair frames, table tops,
cabinet doors, drawers, and sofa cushions is. The study indicated that chair frame dowel joints and screws
are strong and easy to disassemble for repair or remanufacturing. Precision drilling and equipment may
complicate disassembly. Beyond DfD, Table 6 emphasizes carpentry, materials, and aesthetics. Routers cut
plywood cabinet door grooves faster and more accurately, saving assembly/disassembly time. A graphic
shows DfD pros and cons to help furniture designers manage end-of-life and reduce environmental impact.
Table 6 helps furniture designers and manufacturers choose sustainable, useful, elegant, and affordable DfD
processes. DfD can help stakeholders improve furniture sustainability and circularity by examining
component attributes and disassembly.
TRIZ for Furniture DfD results are shown in Figure 2. First, it solves system incompleteness, strength, and
disassembly problems creatively. The examples demonstrate how TRIZ increases DfD furniture disassembly
efficiency and sustainability. For holistic sustainable design, TRIZ furniture design must include material
quality, joinery techniques, and end-of-life. Complete findings include reuse, remanufacturing, recycling,
and disposal at the end of the furniture product life cycle (Figure 3). The picture shows circular economy
benefits like energy savings, resource conservation, and money reuse/remanufacturing. EoL efficiency and
sustainability depend on transit logistics and local processing. Sustainable furniture design requires
consideration of prevalent furniture manufacturing materials (Figure 4). Low-toxicity, durable, and
disassembleable materials must be used in furniture design to increase sustainability and circularity. When
choosing materials, it considers source, recyclability, energy intensity, and transportation.
Figure 5 depicts sustainable furniture design DfD approach selection and the pros, disadvantages, and
concerns of various furniture component DfD methods. To increase furniture disassembly efficiency and
end-of-life management, consider woodworking abilities, material properties, and aesthetics while
adopting DfD techniques. Figure 6 shows practical implementations of DfD technique selection for
sustainable furniture design samples. DfD methods for furniture components are illustrated, with benefits
and cons. It promotes DfD in furniture design for circularity and sustainability.

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5. Conclusion
TRIZ and DfD increase furniture design sustainability in this study. This study investigates the intricate
interaction between environmental, economic, and design factors in furniture. Results show that circular
economy concepts, material selection, and optimal end-of-life management reduce environmental impact
and maximize resource efficiency. Holistic and integrated sustainable design and TRIZ and DfD processes
in furniture manufacturing innovation and circularity are stressed in the study. Combining TRIZ with DfD
creates innovative sustainable furniture designs. TRIZ principles enable furniture makers identify unique
environmental solutions throughout the product life cycle. TRIZ principles help designers eliminate
discrepancies and maximize sustainability without losing beauty or usability. For environmental
sustainability, circular economy and material selection are emphasized. Reusing and remanufacturing save
money and resources. Furniture designs' environmental impact depends on material toxicity, durability,
and disassembly.
The research emphasizes holistic design, which considers environmental, economic, and social concerns.
TRIZ and DfD assist designers make eco-friendly, profitable, and socially responsible furniture. Finally,
sustainable furniture design should use TRIZ and DfD to maximize environmental, economic, and social
impacts. Innovative design and circular economy practices can make furniture more resilient and
sustainable. This initiative uses TRIZ and DfD to develop sustainable furniture. This unique combination
solves furniture manufacturing sustainability challenges. Combining TRIZ problem-solving with DfD to
increase furniture design sustainability improves the field. Environmental issues throughout the furniture
product life cycle are carefully studied in this research. Through tables, statistics, and arguments, the study
highlights furniture manufacturing and usage environmental footprints, impact evaluations, and end-of-life
possibilities. This extensive analysis helps stakeholders identify key areas for intervention and
improvement, supporting sustainable design. This research helps create sustainable furniture. The study
reveals material qualities, life cycle costing, and DfD approach choices to help furniture designers and
manufacturers improve environmental, economic, and social outcomes. With this information, stakeholders
may make sustainable decisions without sacrificing functionality or beauty. Our study enhances the
furniture industry's circular economy. Through new design ideas, the study creates a more sustainable and
resilient furniture manufacturing future by improving resource efficiency, waste reduction, and product
durability. This research improves sustainable furniture design with in-depth analysis and practical
guidance.
This comprehensive analysis has limitations. The study's focus on TRIZ and DfD may overlook other
sustainable design principles. More study could improve sustainable furniture design in numerous ways.
Regional boundaries, commercial variables, and technical constraints may limit research generalizability.
To apply the study's conclusions to other sectors or locations requires caution. Environment and design
methods are covered in the study, however social and economic sustainability in furniture design may not
be. Studying these factors can help determine furniture sector sustainability. Psychologists, sociologists,
and economists could investigate furniture design sustainability and solve the above problems. In future
researches, several concepts help researchers create more complete sustainable design frameworks.
Sustainable furniture design could be studied longitudinally. Researchers can evaluate furniture sector
sustainability by examining environmental, economic, and social impacts. Scientific, corporate, and
government collaboration can scale sustainable design. Partners and information sharing can change
furniture manufacture and achieve sustainability. Beyond this study, sustainable furniture design requires
more research and ingenuity. Addressing restrictions and adopting future recommendations will help
researchers save the furniture industry and make it more robust and equitable.
5.1 Research Implications
This research aids green furniture design and manufacturing. Furniture makers can improve
environmental, economic, and social consequences via TRIZ and DfD problem-solving and design. This
research can help sustainable furniture designers choose materials, fabrication processes, and end-of-life.
The study's circular economy focus impacts furniture sales. Manufacturing should use a circular business
model to enhance resource efficiency, waste minimization, and product lifetime to reduce environmental
impact and resource consumption. Circularity saves money, advances environmental goals, and

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differentiates enterprises in green markets. Sustainable furniture design can be informed by this research.
The study's recommendations can help stakeholders innovate in material procurement and end-of-life
management. Sustainability improves furniture companies' competitiveness, brand awareness, and
industry sustainability.
Practical and theoretical consequences of sustainable furniture design are important. DfD and TRIZ help
green design. This study uses these two methodologies to create new product design sustainability
solutions. Furniture industry and circular economy theories are covered in this subject. For circularity-
based sustainable development, research stresses resource efficiency, waste reduction, and product
longevity. To support furniture manufacturing circular economy claims, the study investigates end-of-life,
material, and life cycle costs. Research shows how design promotes sustainable consumption and behavior.
Holistic design, material selection, and end-of-life management emphasize design's theoretical impact on
society and the environment. This philosophy emphasizes how sustainable design empowers and equalizes
societies. This practice-based study supports circular economy, sustainability, and design innovation by
demonstrating sustainable furniture design's theoretical foundation and environmental and social benefits.
Funding
This work was supported by General project of Hunan Provincial Social Science Achievement Review
Committee in 2023 (Project No.: XSP2023YSC123); The construction of the first-class school level offline
course furniture design of Hunan University of international economics in 2022.
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