PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

1. Create a vector and apply different operations on the vector using r programming

Aim : To create a vector and apply different operations on the vector using r programming

Description :

A vector is a fundamental data structure that represents a sequence of elements of

the same data type. It is a one-dimensional array that can hold multiple values. Vectors in r
can be created using the c() function, where elements are combined and enclosed within
parentheses.

Vectors in r can have a fixed length, and elements can be accessed using indexing.
Operations and functions can be applied to vectors, such as arithmetic calculations, subsetting,
aggregation functions (e.g., sum(), mean()), and various other vectorized operations.

Source code :

# creating a vector

My_vector <- c(2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

# square root of each element

Sqrt_vector <- sqrt(my_vector)

Print(sqrt_vector)

# logarithm of each element

Log_vector <- log(my_vector)

Print(log_vector)

# exponential of each element

Exp_vector <- exp(my_vector)

Print(exp_vector)

# absolute value of each element

Abs_vector <- abs(my_vector)

Print(abs_vector)

Output :

[1] 1.4142136 2.0000000 2.4494897 2.8284271 3.1622777

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[1] 0.6931472 1.3862944 1.7917595 2.0794415 2.3025851

[1] 7.389056 54.598150 403.428793 2980.957987 22026.465795

[1] 2 4 6 8 10

2. Create a matrix and apply different operations on the matrix using r programming

Aim : To create a matrix and apply different operations on matrix using r programming

Description :

A matrix is a two-dimensional data structure that consists of rows and columns. It is a

rectangular arrangement of elements of the same data type. Matrices in r can be created
using the matrix() function, which takes a vector of elements and specifies the number of
rows and columns.

Syntax : Matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow)

Matrices in r can be manipulated and operated upon using various functions and
operations. You can perform operations like matrix addition, subtraction, multiplication,
transpose, matrix multiplication, and more.

Source code :

# creating a matrix

My_matrix <- matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 2, ncol = 3, byrow = true)

Print(my_matrix)

# transpose of the matrix

Transpose_matrix <- t(my_matrix)

Print(transpose_matrix)

# addition of matrices

Addition_matrix <- my_matrix + my_matrix

Print(addition_matrix)

# subtraction of matrices

Subtraction_matrix <- my_matrix - my_matrix

Print(subtraction_matrix)
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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

# element-wise multiplication of matrices

Multiplication_matrix <- my_matrix * my_matrix

Print(multiplication_matrix)

# matrix multiplication

Matrix_product <- my_matrix %*% transpose_matrix

Print(matrix_product)

Output :

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 2 3

[2,] 4 5 6

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 1 4

[2,] 2 5

[3,] 3 6

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 2 4 6

[2,] 8 10 12

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 0 0 0

[2,] 0 0 0

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 4 9

[2,] 16 25 36

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 14 32

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

[2,] 32 77

3. Create a arrays and apply different operations on arrays using r programming

Aim : To create a arrays and apply different operations on arrays using r programming

Description :

Arrays are multi-dimensional data structures that can hold elements of the same data
type. Arrays can have more than two dimensions, whereas matrices are limited to two
dimensions. To create an array in r, you can use the array() function, specifying the data,
dimensions, and optionally, dimension names.

Source code:

# creating an array

My_array <- array(data = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), dim = c(2, 3, 2))

Print(my_array)

# accessing elements in the array

Element <- my_array[1, 2, 2]

Print(element)

# sum of all elements in the array

Sum_array <- sum(my_array)

Print(sum_array)

# mean of all elements in the array

Mean_array <- mean(my_array)

Print(mean_array)

Output:

,,1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 3 5

[2,] 2 4 6

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

,,2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 3 5

[2,] 2 4 6

[1] 3

[1] 36

[1] 3

4. Create a simple list and apply different operations on list using r programming

Aim : To create a simple list and apply different operations on list using r programming

Description :

A list is a versatile data structure that can hold elements of different data types. Lists are
created using the list() function and can contain vectors, matrices, data frames, and even
other lists as elements.

Source code:

# creating a list

My_list <- list(

Name = "John doe",

Age = 30,

Scores = c(90, 85, 95),

Is_employed = true

# accessing elements in the list

Print(my_list$name)

Print(my_list$age)

Print(my_list$scores)

Print(my_list$is_employed)
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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

Output :

[1] "John doe"

[1] 30

[1] 90 85 95

[1] true

5. Create a simple data frame and apply different operations on data frame using r
programming

Aim : To create a simple data frame and apply different operations on data frame using r
programming

Description :

A data frame is a two-dimensional tabular data structure that stores data in rows and
columns. Dataframes are commonly used for data manipulation, analysis, and modeling

Source code :

# creating a data frame

My_df <- data.frame(

Name = c("John", "Jane", "Mark", "Emily"),

Age = c(25, 30, 28, 27),

Score = c(90, 85, 95, 88),

Stringsasfactors = false

# printing the data frame

Print(my_df)

# calculating summary statistics

Summary_df <- summary(my_df)

Print(summary_df)

Output :

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

Name age score

1 john 25 90

2 jane 30 85

3 mark 28 95

4 emily 27 88

Name age score

Emily:1 min. :25.00 min. :85.0

Jane :1 1st qu.:26.75 1st qu.:86.8

John :1 median :27.50 median :89.0

Mark :1 mean :27.50 mean :89.5

3rd qu.:28.25 3rd qu.:91.8

Max. :29.00 max. :95.0

6. Create a simple data frame and apply packages on data frame using r programming

Aim : To create a simple data frame and apply packages on data frame using r programming

Description :

To apply packages on a data frame in r, you need to first install the required packages
using the install.packages() function. Once installed, you can load the packages using the
library() function.

The dplyr package is installed using install.packages() and loaded using library(). A
simple data frame called my_df is created. Different functions from the dplyr package, such as
filter(), mutate(), summarize(), arrange(), and select(), are then applied to the data frame to
perform filtering, mutation, summarization, sorting, and column selection, respectively.

Source code :

# installing and loading the dplyr package

Install.packages("Dplyr")

Library(dplyr)

# creating a data frame

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

My_df <- data.frame(

Name = c("John", "Jane", "Mark", "Emily"),

Age = c(25, 30, 28, 27),

Score = c(90, 85, 95, 88),

Stringsasfactors = false

# applying dplyr functions on the data frame

Filtered_df <- filter(my_df, age > 26)

Print(filtered_df)

Mutated_df <- mutate(my_df, doubled_score = score * 2)

Print(mutated_df)

Summarized_df <- summarize(my_df, avg_score = mean(score))

Print(summarized_df)

Output :

Name age score

1 jane 30 85

2 mark 28 95

3 emily 27 88

Name age score doubled_score

1 john 25 90 180

2 jane 30 85 170

3 mark 28 95 190

4 emily 27 88 176

Avg_score

1 89.5

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

7. Create a simple data frame and apply some basic statistics on the data frame using r
programming

Aim : To create a simple data frame and apply some basic statistics on the data frame using r
programming

Description:

Different basic statistical functions such as summary(), mean(), median(), min(), max(),
var(), sd(), and range() are applied to the data frame to calculate summary statistics, mean,
median, minimum value, maximum value, variance, standard deviation, and range of the
score column.

Source code :

# creating a data frame

My_df <- data.frame(

Name = c("John", "Jane", "Mark", "Emily"),

Age = c(25, 30, 28, 27),

Score = c(90, 85, 95, 88),

Stringsasfactors = false

# printing the data frame

Print(my_df)

# calculating summary statistics

Summary_stats <- summary(my_df$score)

Print(summary_stats)

# calculating the mean

Mean_score <- mean(my_df$score)

Print(mean_score)

# calculating the median

Median_score <- median(my_df$score)

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

Print(median_score)

# calculating the minimum value

Min_score <- min(my_df$score)

Print(min_score)

# calculating the maximum value

Max_score <- max(my_df$score)

Print(max_score)

# calculating the variance

Var_score <- var(my_df$score)

Print(var_score)

# calculating the standard deviation

Sd_score <- sd(my_df$score)

Print(sd_score)

# calculating the range

Range_score <- range(my_df$score)

Print(range_score)

Output :

Name age score

1 john 25 90

2 jane 30 85

3 mark 28 95

4 emily 27 88

Min. 1st qu. Median mean 3rd qu. Max.

85.0 86.2 89.0 89.5 92.2 95.0

[1] 89.5

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

[1] 89

[1] 85

[1] 95

[1] 27.66667

[1] 5.259911

[1] 85 95

8. Create a simple data frame and apply basic analysis techniques on data frame using r
programming

Aim : To create a simple data frame and apply basic analysis techniques on data frame using r
programming

Description:

Various analysis techniques are then applied to the data frame, including analyzing the
structure of the data frame using str(), calculating summary statistics using summary(),
calculating the correlation between variables using cor(), performing a linear regression using
lm(), and making predictions using the linear regression model with predict().

Source code :

# creating a data frame

My_df <- data.frame(

Name = c("John", "Jane", "Mark", "Emily"),

Age = c(25, 30, 28, 27),

Score = c(90, 85, 95, 88),

Stringsasfactors = false

# printing the data frame

Print(my_df)

# analyzing the structure of the data frame

Str(my_df)
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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

# analyzing the summary statistics of the data frame

Summary(my_df)

# calculating correlation between variables

Correlation <- cor(my_df$age, my_df$score)

Print(correlation)

# performing a linear regression

Linear_model <- lm(score ~ age, data = my_df)

Print(linear_model)

# predicting values using the linear regression model

Predicted_scores <- predict(linear_model, newdata = data.frame(age = c(26, 29)))

Print(predicted_scores)

Output :

Name age score

1 john 25 90

2 jane 30 85

3 mark 28 95

4 emily 27 88

'data.frame': 4 obs. Of 3 variables:

$ name : Chr "John" "Jane" "Mark" "Emily"

$ age : Num 25 30 28 27

$ score: Num 90 85 95 88

Name age score

Emily:1 min. :25.00 min. :85.0

Jane :1 1st qu.:26.50 1st qu.:86.8

John :1 median :27.50 median :89.0

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Mark :1 mean :27.50 mean :89.5

3rd qu.:28.50 3rd qu.:91.2

Max. :30.00 max. :95.0

[1] -0.1951801

Call:

Lm(formula = score ~ age, data = my_df)

Coefficients:

(intercept) age

94.7647 -0.5294

1 2

92.82353 90.70588

9. Create a simple data frame and apply data analysis techniques on data frame using r
programming

Aim : To create a simple data frame and apply data analysis techniques on data frame using r
programming

Description :

Linear regression is applied using the lm() function to model the relationship between
score, age, and income variables. The output shows the regression coefficients. Then,
clustering techniques (specifically k-means clustering) are applied using the kmeans() function.
The selected variables for clustering are scaled using the scale() function. The result shows the
cluster means, clustering vector, within-cluster sum of squares, and available components.

Output :

# creating a data frame

My_df <- data.frame(

Name = c("John", "Jane", "Mark", "Emily", "Adam", "Sarah"),

Age = c(25, 30, 28, 27, 35, 32),

Score = c(90, 85, 95, 88, 75, 80),

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

Income = c(50000, 60000, 70000, 55000, 80000, 75000),

Stringsasfactors = false

# printing the data frame

Print(my_df)

# applying linear regression

Linear_model <- lm(score ~ age + income, data = my_df)

Print(linear_model)

# applying clustering techniques (k-means)

# selecting the variables for clustering

Cluster_data <- my_df[, c("Age", "Score", "Income")]

# scaling the variables

Scaled_data <- scale(cluster_data)

# applying k-means clustering

Set.seed(123)

Kmeans_result <- kmeans(scaled_data, centers = 3)

Print(kmeans_result)

Output :

Name age score income

1 john 25 90 50000

2 jane 30 85 60000

3 mark 28 95 70000

4 emily 27 88 55000

5 adam 35 75 80000

6 sarah 32 80 75000

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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

Call:

Lm(formula = score ~ age + income, data = my_df)

Coefficients:

(intercept) age income

73.30916 -0.16718 0.00020

K-means clustering with 3 clusters of sizes 2, 2, 2

Cluster means:

Age score income

1 0.09535 0.091184 -0.177227

2 -1.14506 -1.170470 -0.371391

3 1.04912 1.079293 1.299576

Clustering vector:

John jane mark emily adam sarah

1 1 1 1 3 3

Within cluster sum of squares by cluster:

[1] 0.08847817 0.20005543 0.24097499

(between_ss / total_ss = 98.4 %)

Available components:

[1] "Cluster" "Centers" "Tot.withinss" "Betweenss"

[5] "Size" "Iter" "Ifault"

10. Create a simple data frame and apply data visualization techniques heatmap on data
frame using r programming

Aim : To create a simple data frame and apply data visualization techniques heatmap on data
frame using r programming

Description :

Heatmap is a type of data visualization that represents data in a tabular format using colors to
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PRAGATI WOMENS DEGREE COLLEGE R Programming II BCA – IV SEM

indicate the relative values of the data points. It is a useful tool for exploring and analyzing
complex data sets, particularly those with large numbers of variables or observations.

Source code :

Data(mtcars) # load the dataset

Cor_mat <- cor(mtcars) # create a correlation matrix

# create the heatmap

Heatmap(cor_mat, col = colorramppalette(c("#d7191c", "#ffffbf", "#2c7bb6"))(50),

scale = "None", margins = c(5,10))

Output :

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