Structure of English

Joan Adrian Tabalanza, LPT

 OBJECTIVE
1. Manifest knowledge and understanding of the
grammatical concepts by being able to describe and
analyze the form, meaning and use of various
language structures.
 OVERVIEW
1. Parts of Speech
2. Sentence Structure
3. Verb Tenses
4. Voice of Verbs
5. Direct and Indirect Speech
6. Modal Verbs
7. Conditionals
8. Phrasal Verbs
9. Idiomatic Expressions
10. Punctuations
 OVERVIEW
11. Subject-Verb Agreement
12. Clauses and Phrases
13. Verbals
14. Relative Pronouns
15. Question Tags
16. Articles
17. Prepositions
18. Conjunctions
19. Adjectives and Adverb Order
 Parts of Speech

basic building blocks of language

nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions,
and interjections
 Nouns Ex. "teacher", "school", and "knowledge"

Ex. "he", "she", "it", "they", "this", "those",

Pronouns "who", and "which"

Verbs Ex. "run", "is", "become", and "happen"

Adjectives Ex. "happy", "blue", "five", and "endless"

 Adverbs Ex. "quickly", "never", "well", and "very"

Prepositions Ex. "in", "at", "on", "over", and "through"

Conjunctions Ex. "and", "but", "or", "so", and "because"

Interjections Ex. "oh!", "wow!", "ugh!", and "hurray!"

 Nouns
Common Pertain to general items, not specific ones. Ex: dog,
city.

Pertain to specific names of people, places, or

Proper things. Ex: Sarah, Paris.

Pertain to things that can be counted. Ex: watch,

Count
book.

Pertain to things that can’t be counted. Ex: water,

Non-count blood
 Nouns
Concrete Pertain to things that can be perceived by the
senses. Example: apple, monkey.

Abstract Pertain to intangible ideas or concepts. Example:

love, justice.

Collective Pertain to things that are grouped as one unit. Ex:

team, herd.
Pertain to things that show possession. Ex: Rey’s,
Possessive girls’.
 Functions of Nouns
Subject Does the action or is described by the predicate. Ex:
The cat meowed softly.

Does the action or is described by the predicate. Ex:

Direct Object I hate small wieners.

Indirectly receives the action of a verb. Ex: She

Indirect Object
wrote me a letter.

Follows a linking verb and renames or provides

Predicate
more information about the subject. Ex: They are
Nominative
monsters!
 Functions of Nouns
Object of the Follows a preposition and completes its meaning. Ex:
Preposition Gina sat on the table.

Noun of Direct Used to identify the person being directly spoken to.
Address Ex: Joan, come over here.

Object Follows and modifies the direct object. Ex: We made

Complement him the leader.

Follows another noun in order to define or clarify it.

Appositive
Ex: The CEO, Ms. Sisipi, is a friend of mine.
 Pronouns

Personal Pertain to specific persons or things. Ex: I, you, he,

she, it.

Possessive Pertain to specific persons or things that show

ownership. Ex: my, mine, your, yours.

Demonstrative Point to and identify nouns. Ex: this, that, these,

those.

Interrogative Used to ask questions. Ex: who, what, which.

 Pronouns

Relative Used to link one phrase or clause to another. Ex:

who, whom, that, and which

Indefinite Refer to identifiable but not specified person or thing.

Ex: all, another, any, anyone,

Used when the subject and the object of a sentence

Reflexive are the same. Ex: myself, yourself.
Used to place special emphasis on another noun or
Intensive pronoun. Ex: myself, yourself.
 Verb
Action Express specific actions. Example: run, swim.

Linking/Stative Connect the subject to a state of being. Example: is,

/Copular are.

Auxiliary Help the main verb to express the voice, mood, or

tense. Example: be, have, will.

Modal Express necessity or possibility. Example: can,

might, should.
 Verb
Transitive Have direct objects. Ex: She loves chocolate.

Intransitive Lack direct objects. For example, He arrived.

Regular Follow a regular conjugation pattern. For example,

look, looked, looked.

Irregular Do not follow a regular conjugation pattern. For

example, go, went, gone.
 Verb
A subset of transitive verbs. Followed by both a
direct object and another object or by a direct object
Ditransitive
and an object complement. Ex: They must push her
into the ravine.

Both intransitive and transitive. This verb may or may

Ambitransitive not require a direct object. Ex: I cooked sinigang. I
cooked nonstop.
 Adjectives
Descriptive Describe qualities of a noun. Example: gay, morose.

Provide information about the quantity of the noun. Example:

Quantitative any, several.

Demonstrative Point out specific nouns. Example: this, that, these, those.

Possessive Show ownership or possession. Example: my, your.

Derived from proper nouns and are always capitalized. Ex:

Proper Filipino, Machiavellian
 Adjectives
Interrogative Used in questions. Ex: which, what

Distributive Refer to individual items among many. Ex: each,

every.

Comparative Compare two things. Ex: bigger, juicier.

Superlative Indicate that something has the most or least of a

specific quality. Ex: longest, girthiest.
 Adjectives
Predicate Follow a linking verb and provide additional
information about the subject of the sentence. Ex: I
am gorgeous.

Compound Made up of more than one word. Ex: good-looking,

high-quality.
Appear in sequence with one another to modify the
Coordinate
same noun. Ex: They live in a big, beautiful house.
Build on each other and must appear in a particular
Cumulative
order. Ex: She was a young British girl.
 Exercises
Direction: Identify what type of adjective is the underlined word.

1. She is a skittish lot. descriptive

2. What puppy are you going to adopt? interrogative
3. They are a lovely French couple. cumulative
4. Don’t buy me those ugly sweaters. demonstrative
5. I have two dollars left in my old billfold. quantitative, descriptive
6. Fidel’s car broke down because it’s possessive, comparative
cheaper than mine.
7. He is gorgeous. predicate
 Exercises
Direction: Identify what type of verb is the underlined word.

1. She is a skittish lot. linking

2. What puppy should I adopt? modal
3. They send me to heaven. ditransitive
4. He bought that ugly sweater still. transitive
5. I have stolen two dollars. auxiliary
6. Fidel’s car suddenly stopped because intransitive, linking
it’s cheaper than mine.
7. He kisses me. action/transitive
 Exercises
Direction: Identify what type of pronoun is the underlined word.

1. Who is the best among you? interrogative

2. Gay did the laundry herself. intensive
3. I cut myself deep. reflexive
4. Look at that. demonstrative
5. She who married you is a beast. relative
6. Anyone who can buy you present indefinite
deserves your love.
7. His kisses are warm and wet. possessive
 Exercises
Direction: Identify the function of noun in the underlined word.

1. Tayo meets Susan, the girl of his dream. appositive

2. Susan, why don’t you see Tayo? direct address
3. Susan finally meets Tayo. direct object
4. Tayo cheats on Susan. subject
5. Susan is a victim of cheating. predicate nominative
6. Susan puts Tayo into her suitcase and object of preposition,
dumps him in the sewer. direct object
7. People regard Tayo a martyr. object complement
 Adverb
Manner Describe how an action is performed. Ex: quickly,
slowly.

Time Indicate when an action happens. Ex: now,

yesterday.

Place Indicate where an action happens. Ex: here, there.

Indicate the extent of an action, adjective, or another

Degree
adverb. Ex: very, quite.
 Adverb
Frequency Tell us how often something happens. Ex: always,
often, rarely.

Conjunctive Connect two independent clauses or sentences. Ex:

therefore, however.

Used to emphasize a particular part of a sentence.

Focusing
Ex: She only eats vegetables for dinner.

Used to ask questions. Ex: How did you answer this

Interrogative
literature question?
 Prepositions
Show when something is happening. Ex: We will be
Time
meeting on Wednesday.

Denote the position or location of an object in the

Place
sentence. Ex: I left my key at your house.

Refer to the direction in which something moves or

Directions
travels. Ex: We sauntered along the road.

Indicate movement from one place to another. Ex:

Movement
She ran into the brick wall.
 Prepositions
Show the manner or way in which something happens. Ex: He
Manner did it with a smile.
Indicate a causal relationship between the doer of an action
Agent and the action itself. Ex: The book was written by the author.

Measure Indicate a measure or quantity. Ex: She is taller than me.

Indicate the source or origin of something. Ex: He comes

Source from Pluto.

Indicate possession or ownership. Ex: This is the heart of my

Possession friend.
 Conjunctions

Connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal

Coordinating grammatical rank in a sentence. Ex: for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, and so.

Join independent and dependent clauses. Ex:

Subordinating because, since, as, although, though, while, and
whereas.

Pairs of conjunctions that work together. Ex:

Correlative
either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.
 Interjections
Words or sounds that can only be used as an
Primary
interjection. Ex: Ugh! That’s gross.

Words that are typically used as another part of

Secondary speech that can also be used as an interjection. Ex:
Goodness!

Express desires, wishes, requests, and intentions

Volitive
explicitly. Ex: Please!
 Interjections

Used to express strong emotions or feelings, such as

Emotive surprise, excitement, or frustration. Ex: wow, oh no,
and hey.

Used to express cognitive or mental processes. They

Cognitive can be used to express doubt, realization, or to draw
attention to something. Ex: Aha! Hmm…
 Sentence Structure
The person, thing, or idea that is doing or being
Subject something in the sentence. Ex: Love takes time.

The part of the sentence that tells us what the

Predicate subject does or is. Ex: I was heartbroken.

Receives or responds to the action of the verb. Ex:

Object They gave me joy.

Completes the meaning of an expression. Ex: Hans

Complement is strong. They voted him the new CEO.
 Sentence Structure
Optional part of a sentence that adds additional
Adjunct information about the subject, verb, or object. Ex:
Jack arrived on time.
Group of words that work together to convey a
Phrase particular concept. Ex: in the building

Group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.

Clause Ex: Jim pays well. Since the day he left…

Words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in

Modifier sentences. Ex: She quickly tumbled over the sturdy
obstacle.
 Sentence Types
Make a statement or express an opinion. Ex: Today
Declarative is the beginning of my life.

Interrogative Ask a question. Ex: How come you’re here?

Imperative Give a command or make a request. Ex: Get here

Exclamatory Express strong emotion. Ex: Ouch!

Express hypotheses. Ex: If I go to heaven, you’ll follow

Conditional soon.
 Sentence Mood

Used to express facts, opinions, and

Indicative general statements. Ex: I did the
laundry today.
Used to express commands, orders,
Imperative
and requests. Ex: Run for your lives!

Used for asking questions. Ex: Why is it

Interrogative
massive?
 Sentence Mood
Used to express various states of
unreality such as doubt, possibility,
Subjunctive necessity, or action that has not yet
occurred. Ex: If I were a witch, I would
make you mine.

Expresses a condition or a hypothetical

Conditional situation. Ex: If you touch me, I will
freeze.
 Exercises
Direction: Identify what part of sentence the underlined word is.

1. Pepe is a strong man. complement

2. Fifi bumped into Pepe. subject
3. Fifi’s and Pepe’s eyes locked. predicate
4. Despite their hesitation the two fell in phrase/modifier
love.
5. Pepe wanted to marry Fifi right away. adjunct
6. Fifi told Pepe she wanted a baby. object
7. Miracles happened that very night. clause
 Exercises
Direction: Identify the mood of the sentence.

1. Carl wished he were a super Saiyan. subjunctive

2. When the sun sets, we will rise again. conditional
3. They rose indeed and terrorized Carl. indicative
4. “Why can’t I transform?” asked Carl. interrogative
5. Don’t you dare bite me! imperative
6. Carl attempted to flee but still met his demise. indicative
7. Had Carl become a Saiyan, he’d still be alive. clause
 Exercises
Direction: Choose the right conjunction to complete the sentence.

1. I love her ___ she wants something bigger. but

2. ___ my love is pure, she is not having it. although
3. ___ you ___ they can console me ___ she’s neither…nor,
the only one I need. because
4. ___ the time is right, I’ll get over her. when/if
5. Moving on is inevitable, ___ I must do it. so
6. I need to find someone else ___ I go crazy. before
7. Please let me have ___ joy ___ peace. I need both…and
them.
 Exercises
Direction: Identify the type of adverb in the sentence.

1. Toyo is so in love with Adrian. degree

2. Adrian wanted to have baby soon. time
3. Toyo and Adrian suddenly made love. manner
4. Their baby was born in the cave. place
5. Why was the baby born there? interrogative
6. The cave is dark; however, it is conducive. conjunctive
7. Toyo only wanted the cave as a refuge. focusing
 Verb Tenses

Present Used to express actions happening now,

general truths, and habitual actions. Ex: I
swim every day.

Used to express actions that have already

Past
happened. Ex: I died yesterday.

Used to express actions that will happen in

Future
the future. Ex: I will explode tomorrow.
 Simple Tense

Present I dance.

Past I danced.

Future I will dance.

 Continuous Tense

Present I am dancing.

Past I was dancing.

Future I will be dancing.

 Perfect Tense

Present I have danced before.

Past I had danced before he left.

Future I will have danced tomorrow before I turn go

crazy.
 Perfect Continuous Tense

Present I have been dancing since this morning.

Past I had been dancing before you passed out.

Future I will have been dancing “Gento” by the time

you tell me you love me.
 Voice of Verb
The subject performs the action expressed
Active
by the verb. Ex: I touch the balls.

The subject receives the action expressed

Passive by the verb. Ex: The balls are touched by
me.
 Exercises
Active Passive
He writes a novel. A novel is written by him.
She cooked adobo. Adobo was cooked by her.
I will eat you. You will be eaten by me.
Jan is singing “Someday.” “Someday” is being sung by Jan.
Joe had scored a goal before you A goal had been scored by Joe
did. before you did.
 Direct and Indirect Speech
When you quote someone’s exact words.
Direct Ex: The president said, “I will travel again to
Pluto.”

Also known as reported speech. When you

report what was said without using the
Indirect speaker’s exact words. Ex: The president
said that he would travel again to Pluto.
 Exercises
Direct Indirect
“He loves me,” Adrian confessed. Adrian confessed that he loved
me.
“Why do you love me?” Adrian Adrian asks why I love him.
asks.
“Stop it,” ordered Adrian. Adrian ordered to stop it.
Adrian exclaimed “What a beauty!” Adrian exclaimed that it was
beautiful.
 Modal Verbs

Most commonly used modal verbs. Ex: can,

Core could, may, might, will, shall, would, should,
and must

Can function either as main verbs or as

Semi-Modal modal auxiliaries depending on the context.
Ex: dare to, need not, ought to, used to

Less Common Less frequently used. Ex: had better

 Modal Verbs

Relate to speculation or probability. Ex:

Epistemic
might, must

Deontic Relate to ideals or regulations. Ex: should,

must

Dynamic Relate to performance. Ex: can, will

 Exercises

Likelihood His lovers must be so proud.

Possibility It might rain tonight.

Ability I can’t whistle.

Permission May I go to the loo.

Request Could you unzip me?

 Conditionals
To talk about things that are generally true, especially for
Zero laws and rules. Ex: If you drink bleach, you die.

When we talk about future situations we believe are real or

First possible. Ex: If it snows tomorrow, we will stay here.

Used to imagine present or future situations that are

Second impossible or unlikely in reality. Ex: If I had a car, I would
burn it.

Used to talk about things that did not happen in the past. Ex:
Third If had studied hard yesterday, I would have been a doctor.
 Phrasal Verbs

Transitive Require a direct object. Ex: He turns down my affection.

Do not require a direct object. Ex: He carried on

Intransitive nonetheless.

The verb and particle can be separated. Ex: We called the

Separable wedding off.

The verb and particle can’t be separated. Ex: I will look

Inseparable after you.

Consist of a verb followed by two particles. Ex: I have come

3-Part up with that concept.
 Idiomatic Expressions
Whose original meaning is lost to the extent that there is no
Pure possible way to analyze the phrase logically to come to an
understanding of its meaning. Ex: It’s raining cats and dogs.

Involve two parts that work together or in contrast to

Binomial construct an expression. Ex: black and white

Contains a literal part and a non-literal part. Ex: Storm

Partial brewing in his eyes.

Combines a verb and a preposition to create a verb with a

Prepositional distinct meaning. Ex: Agree on
 Idiomatic Expressions
Traditional sayings that offer advice or wisdom. Ex:
Proverbs
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

Polite, indirect expressions that replace words and

phrases considered harsh and impolite, or which
Euphemisms
suggest something unpleasant. Ex: Passed away
instead of died.

Overused expressions that have lost their impact

Cliches
over time. Ex: Time heals all wounds.
 Punctuations
Period To mark the end of a sentence. Ex: We’re here.

To make clear that what is said is a question. Ex: Are we

Question Mark here?

Exclamation Mark To indicate an exclamative clause or expression in informal

writing. Ex: Listen!

To separate a list of similar words or phrases. Ex: Give me

Comma house, cars, and babies.
To introduce a list, a quote, or a second clause that clarifies
Colon the first. Ex: Buy the following items: house, cars, and
babies.
 Punctuations
To denote speech, quotations, titles of short works, and to
Quotation Mark highlight special words and phrases. Ex: “Love me” he
cried.

to indicate possession and to mark the omission of letters or

Apostrophe numbers. Ex: Joe’s love is for sale.

To join words together and to separate syllables of a single

Hyphen
word. Ex: mother-in-law

To indicate a range or a pause. Ex: The witch—otherwise

Dash known as Adrian—casts a spell on James Reid.
 Punctuations
To enclose information that clarifies or is used as
Parenthesis an aside. Ex: Postcolonialism (i.e., a literary
approach) is mind-boggling.

To enclose words added by someone other than

Bracket the original writer or speaker. Ex: He said, “I [love]
you.”

To connect closely related ideas in a sentence. Ex:

Semi-colon
He cooked me; I died then.
 Exercises
Direction: Write the correct punctuation mark that is missing.

1. Joseph exclaimed, Ugh! quotation mark

2. He saw Adrian but he was speechless. comma
3. Josephs fear got the best of him. apostrophe
4. His love for him gets stronger he must semicolon
overcome his fear.
5. Why was I doubting myself interrogative
6. Being in love is earthshattering. hyphen
7. Joseph and Adrian or, rather, Panginoo are parenthesis
now married.
 Exercises
Direction: Identify the type of phrasal verb in the sentence.

1. Baby got up late as usual. intransitive

2. Daddy ran out of milk for Baby. 3-part
3. Baby can’t deal with this problem. inseparable/transitive
4. Daddy looked up the solution on the internet. separable/transitive
5. Has Baby torn up the wire? separable/transitive
6. Because of that Daddy broke down. intransitive
7. Baby looked down on Daddy and laughed 3-part
maniacally.
 Exercises
Direction: Identify the type of conditional in the sentence.

1. If it rains later, I will wreak havoc. first conditional

2. If he had kissed me, I would have not third conditional
wreaked havoc on Earth.
3. If it rains, my bushes get wet. zero conditional
4. If I were you, I would keep watering my bush. second conditional
5. Had I watered his bush, I would have not third conditional
been jinxed by the witch.
6. If it snows, the temperature gets colder. zero conditional
7. If I get cold, Baby will hug me tight. first conditional
 Subject-Verb Agreement
Subjects and verbs must
agree in number
Ex: He splits. They split. I split.

Words between the

subject and verb do not Ex: The dog, along with his fleas, loves me.
affect agreement

Prepositional phrases
between the subject and
verb usually do not affect Ex: The crown on my freaking head is posh.
agreement
 Subject-Verb Agreement
Sentences starting with 'there' or
'here' have the subject after the Ex: There she goes. Here they come.
verb

Subjects don't always come before

Ex: Is she a witch? Are they wackos?
verbs in questions

Two subjects joined by 'and'

require a plural verb Ex: The witch and the wizard are lovers.

The verb is singular if the two

subjects separated by 'and' refer Ex: The witch and fairy is Adrian.
to the same person or thing
 Subject-Verb Agreement
If the words 'each', 'every', or
Ex: Each bird flies. No love and peace is
'no' come before the subject,
given.
the verb is singular

If the subjects are both

singular and are connected
Ex: He or she is fine. Either June or May
by 'or', 'nor', 'neither/nor',
is coming.
'either/or', and 'not only/but
also' the verb is singular
 Subject-Verb Agreement
The object of the preposition
determines the form of the verb
when noun and pronoun subjects Ex: Some of the papers are lost. None of
like 'some', 'half', 'none', 'more', it is mine.
'all', etc. are followed by a
prepositional phrase

The singular verb form is usually Ex: Four quarts of oil was needed to
used for units of measurement lubricate that which cannot be named.
 Subject-Verb Agreement
If the subjects are both plural and
are connected by 'or', 'nor', Ex: Neither we nor they are freaks.
'neither/nor', 'either/or', and 'not
only/but also', the verb is plural

If one subject is singular and one

plural and the words are
connected by 'or', 'nor',
'neither/nor', 'either/or', and 'not
Ex: Not only he but also they are cocky.
only/but also', you use the verb
form of the subject that is nearest
the verb
 Subject-Verb Agreement
Indefinite pronouns typically take Ex: Everyone is welcome. Nothing is
singular verbs wasted.

Except for the pronouns (few,

many, several, both) that always Ex: Few are qualified. Several have left.
take the plural form

If two infinitives are separated by Ex: To love and to hold you are my only
'and' they take the plural form of
the verb
goal.
 Subject-Verb Agreement
When the subject is 'all', 'any',
'more', 'most', 'none', or 'some',
this is the ONLY time you must Ex: Most of food is pricey. Some of the
look at the object of the boys are shirtless.
prepositional phrase to determine
whether it is singular or plural

Collective nouns are usually

singular, but can be plural if the Ex: The herd is feeding on the grass.
individuals within the group are The team are arguing all day.
acting separately
 Subject-Verb Agreement

Ex: News is on at half past five.

Some nouns that end in 's'
Economics is my favorite subject just like
but are actually only one
Laila De Lima being the apple of the eye
single thing are singular
of Duterte.
 Clauses
Contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete
Independent thought. Ex: He is mad.
Contains a subject and verb but does not express a
Dependent complete thought. Ex: Although he is mad
A type of dependent clause that modifies a noun. Ex:
Relative The guy who is mad is Adrian.
A type of dependent clause that acts as a noun. Ex:
Noun What he did is ticklish.
A type of dependent clause that acts as an adverb. Ex:
Adverbial They will go when I go ballistic.
 Phrases
A group of words that acts as a noun. Ex: The yellow
Noun brick road
A group of words that acts as a verb. Ex: is making me
Verb feisty

A group of words that acts as an adjective. Ex: glad

Adjective about her improvement

Adverb A group of words that acts as an adverb. Ex: too big

A group of words that begins with a preposition and

Prepositional ends with a noun or pronoun. Ex: into the wall
 Verbals
Ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Ex:
Gerund Kicking his ball is rewarding. I like touching their
balls.
Functions as an adjective. Ex: The twerking kids
Participle got a word from their parents. I felt her broken
spirit.
Functions as a noun, although it can also
Infinitive function as an adjective or adverb. Ex: To die for
you is divine. I did it to hurt you.
 Relative Pronouns

Refers to a person (as the verb’s subject). Ex: The man

Who who drills me is no one but you.

Refers to a person (as the verb’s object). Ex: I am sure

Whom
whom this wiener belongs to.

Shows possession; used for people, animals, and

Whose sometimes things. Ex: I know whose undies are these.

Refers to an animal or thing. Ex: I love singing which is

Which my forte.
 Relative Pronouns

Refers to a person, animal, or thing. Ex: I hate singing

That that is out of tune.

Applies universally to a number of people. Ex: Ask

Whoever whoever is here to leave.

Used in formal styles or in writing; often with a

Whomever preposition; rarely in conversation. Ex: Ask whomever
sings to shut up.

Applies universally to a number of things. Ex: Whichever

Whichever bag you choose does not matter.
 Relative Pronouns

Applies universally to a number of things. Ex:

Whatever
You will succeed whatever you do.
 Question Tag

Positive Statement,
Ex: He is a fireball, isn’t he?
Negative Tag

Negative Statement,
Ex: They don’t speak English, do they?
Positive Tag

Auxiliary Verb in
Ex: We are survivors, aren’t we?
Statement
 Question Tag
No Auxiliary Verb in
Ex: April went nuts, didn’t she?
Statement

Statement with 'I am' Ex: I am super happy, aren’t I?

Statement with
Ex: We shall forge ahead, shan't we?
Modal Verb

Pronoun in Question
Ex: You love me to death, don’t you?
Tag
 Question Tag
Noun in Question
Ex: Jose likes the whole of me, doesn’t he?
Tag

Question Tag with

Ex: There are buses, aren’t there?
'there'
 Articles
Used when referring to something specific. Ex: The cat
Definite is barking.

Used when referring to something for the first time or

Indefinite something that is not specific. Ex: A cat is twerking.
No article is used before plural and uncountable nouns
Zero when referring to things in general. Ex: Water is
universal.
'The' with
Superlatives and Ex: He is the love of my life. He is the first to love me.
Ordinal Numbers
 Articles
'A/An' with Singular Nouns
When the Exact Identity Isn't Ex: A ghost will haunt whoever is
Known reading this.

Ex: The Pacific Ocean is indeed pacific.

'The' with Names of
The Boracay Island is swarmed by
Geographic Areas and Oceans
tourists.
'The' with Countries That Ex: The Republic of the Philippines is
Include the Words 'republic', the next global superpower.
'kingdom', or 'states'
 Articles
'A/An' Before a Single Noun to
Ex: They have a house. He has a wife.
Mean 'One of Many

'The' Before a Single Noun to Ex: They have the house right there.
Mean 'This One Exactly' He has the wife in green blouse.
 Adjective Order
Opinion Ex: weird, deft, fantastic

Size Ex: tiny, huge, gargantuan

Physical Quality Ex: thick, smooth, supple

Shape Ex: circular, rectangular, triangular

Age Ex: adolescent, adult, elderly

 Adjective Order
Color Ex: pink, amber, bluish

Origin Ex: Swedish, Arabian, Filipino

Material Ex: glass, leather, wood

Type Ex: two-headed, three-legged, L-shaped

Purpose Ex: dancing, walking, cleaning

 Examples
I love wearing an expensive, medium-sized, oil-based
perfume.

Kids who are but disgusting, little, and blue-skinned pricks

irritate me.

Let’s buy something massive, thick, elongated, young, pinkish,

and Dutch.
 Adverb Order
Manner Ex: Sandy sings well.

Place Ex: Juan takes me everywhere.

Frequency Ex: Pedro kills me every time.

Time Ex: Luna bit me yesterday.

Purpose Ex: They left to catch some air.

 Examples
Paolo kicks the ball hard into the hole every day.

Jose often touches my eggplant too hard to stimulate its

growth.

Wally sometimes talks idly in the room at this hour to summon

his fairy godmother who loves huge eggplant.
 Exercises
Direction: Write the correct article to complete the sentence.

1. He used to work for __ evil boss. an

2. __ boss in boots has just arrived. the
3. Shouldn’t we all love __ peace and justice. zero
4. __ Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is rich. the
5. An apple __ day keeps __ doctor away. a, the
6. Let’s make __ love not war. zero
7. __ frosty ice cream mom just bought is the, the
decadent and __ best!
 Exercises
Direction: Write the correct question tag in the sentence.

1. Boy used to work for an evil boss, _____? didn’t he

2. The boss in heels has just arrived, _____? hasn’t she
3. We shouldn’t all love peace, _____? should we
4. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is rich, ____? isn’t it
5. An apple a day keeps the doctor away, ____? doesn’t it
6. Let’s make love not war, ____? shall we
7. I am as frosty as the ice cream that mom aren’t I
bought, ____?
 Exercises
Direction: Write the correct relative pronoun in the sentence.

1. The machine ___ is expensive does not work. that/which

2. ___ gets to kiss me will be promoted. whoever
3. Choose ___ is available at the store. whichever
4. I will reward ___ I see performing well. whomever
5. ___ are these dirty undies? whose
6. Only love I can offer ___ is all I have. that
7. I’m a hopelessly devoted man ___ knows who
nothing but to love you.
 Exercises
Direction: Write the correct type of verbal in the sentence.

1. I love collecting her shattered dreams. participle

2. I love collecting her shattered dreams. gerund
3. My only goal is to see her suffer. infinitive
4. Watching her fumble is giving me chills. gerund
5. The chilling effect of her suffering is nothing participle
but rewarding.
6. Someday I’ll move on from this hurt feeling. particle
7. For now I’ll nurture this lingering feeling to participle, infinitive
start the healing process.
Thank you, Eagles!