Bio

Biology
1. Describe the process of photosynthesis in plants.

What are the key factors influencing this process?
● Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy
into chemical energy stored in glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts
of plant cells, specifically in the presence of chlorophyll, a green
pigment that absorbs sunlight.
● There are four factors which are necessary for the process of
photosynthesis, water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, and chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll pigments are present in the plant, carbon dioxide is
obtained from the atmosphere, and water is absorbed from the soil by
the roots. Many other factors affect the rate of photosynthesis like
temperature.
2. Explain the role of different organs involved in

human digestion. How are nutrients absorbed in the
small intestine?
Digestion in humans is a process of breaking down food into simpler
substances to absorb essential nutrients. The main organs involved are:
● Mouth: Digestion begins here. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme

that starts breaking down carbohydrates.
● Esophagus: It transports food from the mouth to the stomach
through a process called peristalsis.
● Stomach: Gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and pepsin
break down proteins. The stomach also churns food to form
chyme.
● Small intestine: This is the primary site of digestion and nutrient
absorption. Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
further break down food. The walls of the small intestine are lined
with villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients
like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins pass into the
bloodstream through these villi.
3. What is the role of respiration in living organisms?
Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration with
examples.
Respiration is the process by which living organisms release energy from
food. The energy is used for various life functions like movement,
growth, and reproduction.
● Aerobic respiration: This occurs in the presence of oxygen. Glucose

is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing a large
amount of energy. The equation is:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Example: Humans and animals perform aerobic respiration.
● Anaerobic respiration: This occurs in the absence of oxygen. It

produces less energy compared to aerobic respiration. In humans,
it results in the formation of lactic acid. In yeast, it results in
ethanol and carbon dioxide. The equation for anaerobic respiration
in humans is:
Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + Energy
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP
Example: Yeast cells perform anaerobic respiration during

fermentation.
4. Describe the structure and functioning of the

human circulatory system. How does the heart pump
blood?
The human circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen,
nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It
consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
● Heart: The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers: two atria
(upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). The right
side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the
left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
● Blood vessels: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the
heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
nutrients between blood and tissues.
● Functioning of the heart: Blood enters the right atrium, flows to
the right ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs. Oxygenated blood
returns to the left atrium, passes into the left ventricle and is
pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body.
5. Explain the process of excretion in humans. How

does the kidney help in maintaining homeostasis?
Excretion is the process by which waste products are removed from the
body. In humans, the kidneys are the primary organs responsible for
excretion.
● Kidneys: They filter blood to remove waste products like urea,

excess salts, and water, forming urine. This helps in maintaining
the balance of water, salts, and other substances in the blood
(homeostasis).
● Process: Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries. Inside
the kidneys, blood is filtered in the nephrons. Waste products are
reabsorbed into the bloodstream, while excess water, urea, and
salts form urine, which is then excreted through the ureters to the
bladder and finally out of the body.
6. Discuss how the nervous system coordinates the

activities of the body. Explain the structure and
function of neurons.
The nervous system coordinates the body's activities by transmitting
electrical signals through neurons. It consists of the central nervous
system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
● Neurons: Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system.

They have three main parts:
○ Cell body: Contains the nucleus.
○ Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons.
○ Axon: Transmits electrical impulses to other neurons or
muscles.
● Coordination: The CNS (brain and spinal cord) processes sensory
information and sends signals to the body’s muscles and organs via
the PNS. For example, if you touch something hot, sensory neurons
send a signal to the brain, and motor neurons send a response to
your hand to pull away.
7. What are hormones? Explain the role of hormones

in regulating bodily functions.
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands. They
regulate various physiological processes in the body, such as growth,
metabolism, and reproduction.
● Insulin: Produced by the pancreas, it helps regulate blood sugar

levels.
● Thyroxine: Produced by the thyroid gland, it regulates metabolism.
● Adrenaline: Produced by the adrenal glands, it prepares the body
for "fight or flight" responses by increasing heart rate and blood
flow to muscles.
8. What is asexual reproduction? Discuss its various

types with examples.
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the
fusion of gametes. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Types
of asexual reproduction include:
● Binary fission: The parent organism splits into two identical

organisms. Example: Amoeba.
● Budding: A new organism grows from a bud on the parent’s body.
Example: Hydra.
● Regeneration: A part of the organism regenerates into a new
individual. Example: Planaria.
9. Describe the process of sexual reproduction in

humans. What is the significance of meiosis?
Sexual reproduction in humans involves the fusion of male and female
gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote. The process occurs in the
following stages:
● Fertilization: Sperm meets the egg in the fallopian tube, and

fertilization occurs.
● Embryonic development: The zygote undergoes cell division,
forming a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus for further
development.
Significance of meiosis: Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the

chromosome number by half, ensuring that the offspring have the same
number of chromosomes as the parents. It also introduces genetic
variation through recombination and independent assortment of
chromosomes.
10. What is the role of DNA in heredity?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the hereditary material in all living
organisms. It carries genetic information that is passed from parents to
offspring. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the traits an
organism will inherit. DNA is organized into chromosomes, and during
reproduction, it is replicated and passed on to the next generation.

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Biology

1. Describe the process of photosynthesis in plants.

2. Explain the role of different organs involved in

● Mouth: Digestion begins here. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme

● Aerobic respiration: This occurs in the presence of oxygen. Glucose

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Example: Humans and animals perform aerobic respiration.

● Anaerobic respiration: This occurs in the absence of oxygen. It

Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy

C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + Energy

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP

Example: Yeast cells perform anaerobic respiration during

4. Describe the structure and functioning of the

5. Explain the process of excretion in humans. How

● Kidneys: They filter blood to remove waste products like urea,

6. Discuss how the nervous system coordinates the

● Neurons: Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system.

7. What are hormones? Explain the role of hormones

● Insulin: Produced by the pancreas, it helps regulate blood sugar

8. What is asexual reproduction? Discuss its various

● Binary fission: The parent organism splits into two identical

9. Describe the process of sexual reproduction in

● Fertilization: Sperm meets the egg in the fallopian tube, and

Significance of meiosis: Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the

10. What is the role of DNA in heredity?

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