Biology Project_DNA Finger Printing

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT OF BIOLOGY
ON THE TOPIC
“DNA Finger Printing”
SUBMITTED BY:
CLASS: XII
Roll No:
1
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this dissertation is a bonafide
record of the biology investigatory project work done
by _____________________ of Class XII under guidance of
Jagjeevan RD Dash, Biology teacher of Balangir Public
School, Balangir.
PRINCIPAL TEACHER IN CHARGE
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take the opportunity to express my gratitude in

few words and respect to all this who helped me in
completion of this project.
It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep

senses of gratitude to our Biology teacher, Jagjeevan
Sir for his valuable support, constant help and
guidance at each and every stage.
I would also like to thank my friends and my family

for encouraging me during the course of this project.
DECLARATION
3
I hereby declare that the project work entitled
“DNA FINGER PRINTING” submitted to Balangir Public
School, Balangir for the subject Biology under the
guidance of Jagjeevan RD Dash is a record of original
work done by me.
I further declare that this project or any part of it

has not been submitted where for any other class.
Name:
Class: XII Roll No:
PRINCIPAL TEACHER IN CHARGE
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
CONTENT
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INTRODUCTION
What is DNA Fingerprinting?
DNA Fingerprinting Technology
Biological material used for DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting : Methods
DNA Fingerprinting : Applications
 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec Jeffrey at the University of
Leicester in 1985. He was knighted in 1994.
DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling, any of several similar techniques for analysing
and comparing DNA from separate sources, used especially in law enforcement to
identify suspects from hair, semen, or other biological material found at the scene of a
violent crime. It depends on the facts that no two people, save identical twins, have
exactly the same DNA sequence, and that although only limited segments of a
5
person’s DNA are scrutinized in the procedure , those segments will be statistically
unique.
History of DNA fingerprinting:
 Up to 1984, the only method of establishing and authenticating personal

identification was by the fingerprinting process.
 DNA fingerprinting technique was devised in 1985 by Alec Jeffrey at the
University of Leicester in England, while working on the sequence within the
myoglobin gene.
What is DNA fingerprinting?
It is a technique, by which an individual can be identified at molecular level. With the

advancement of science and technology STR analysis has become very popular in
forensic laboratories. Scientists have chosen repeating sequences in the DNA, which
are present in all individuals on different chromosomes, and are know to vary from
individual to individual expect in identical twins. These are used as genetic markers
to identify the individuals.
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DNA fingerprinting technology
DNA fingerprinting technology has made it possible to identify the source of

biological samples found at scenes of crime. This will solve disputes of maternity/
paternity, identification of missing child, exchange of babies in hospital wards,
forensics wildlife, protection of farmer’s rights and biodiversity. This remarkable
technology provides exclusion as well as positive identification with 100% precision.
BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL USED FOR DNA FINGERPRINTING:
 Blood/ Hair/ Saliva

 Semen
 Body tissue cells
DNA Fingerprinting: methods
A common procedure for DNA fingerprints for DNA fingerprinting is restriction

fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). In this method, DNA is extracted from a
restriction enzymes. RFLP focuses on contain sequences of repeated DNA bases
which vary separated using a laboratory technique called electrophoresis, which sorts
the fragments by length. The segments are radioactively tagged to produce a visual
pattern known as an autoradiograph, or DNA fingerprint, on X ray film. A newer
method known as short tandem repeats (STR) analyses DNA segments for the
number of repeats at 13 specific DNA sites. The chance of misidentification in this
procedure is one in several billion. Yet another process, polymerase chain reaction, is
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used to publish multiple copies of segments from a very limited amount of DNA (as
little as 50 molecules) , enabling a DNA fingerprinting to be made from a single hair.
Once a sufficient sample has been produced, the pattern of the alleles (see genetics)
from a limited number of genes is compared with the pattern from the reference
sample. A non-match is conclusive, but the technique provides very less certainty
when a match occurs.
DNA fingerprinting: Applications
DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following scenarios
1. Establishment of PATERNITY and MATERNITTY

2. Establishment of the parentage for child swapping cases.
3. Establishments of identities of the rapist in rape cases.
4. Identification of the mutilated remains in murder, bomb blast, air crashes.
5. Wild life identification and
6. Seed authentication.
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DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cells transferred to the outside of a
condom during sexual intercourse.
STAGES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING:
 Cells broken to release DNA
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 DNA stands cut into fragments
 Fragments separated
 Pattern of fragments analyzed
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 In India the technique of DNA fingerprinting was started by Dr V.K.Kashyap
and Dr Lalaji singh.
CONCLUSION:
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In conclusion while the evidences can be tampered with and witnesses can turn
hostile, DNA will never lie. It will indeed, unravel the truth even after several
decades after a crime has been committed.
Such a power of DNA printing.
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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT OF BIOLOGY

“DNA Finger Printing”

PRINCIPAL TEACHER IN CHARGE

I take the opportunity to express my gratitude in

It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep

I would also like to thank my friends and my family

I further declare that this project or any part of it

PRINCIPAL TEACHER IN CHARGE

What is DNA Fingerprinting?

DNA Fingerprinting Technology

Biological material used for DNA Fingerprinting

DNA Fingerprinting : Methods

DNA Fingerprinting : Applications

History of DNA fingerprinting:

 Up to 1984, the only method of establishing and authenticating personal

What is DNA fingerprinting?

It is a technique, by which an individual can be identified at molecular level. With the

DNA fingerprinting technology has made it possible to identify the source of

BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL USED FOR DNA FINGERPRINTING:

 Blood/ Hair/ Saliva

DNA Fingerprinting: methods

A common procedure for DNA fingerprints for DNA fingerprinting is restriction

DNA fingerprinting: Applications

DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following scenarios

1. Establishment of PATERNITY and MATERNITTY

STAGES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING:

 Cells broken to release DNA

Such a power of DNA printing.

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