BEC Affiliated by Dhaka University

Department of EEE
PHY 1201: Waves and Oscillations, Optics and Thermal Physics.

Name:

Waves and oscillations

Wave: Wave means energy transfer from one place to another place.

Simple harmonic motion: Simple harmonic motion is any motion where a

restoring force is applied that is proportional to the displacement and in the
opposite direction of that displacement.

Or

Simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion or oscillation motion

where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement and acts in
the direction opposite to that of displacement.

1
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
What is combination of simple harmonic oscillations?
A combination of two simple harmonic motions with arbitrary amplitudes and phases is periodic
only if frequency of one motion is an integral multiple of the other's frequency.
The resultant displacement at any instant is equal to the vector sum of its displacements due to
both the S.H.M.s at that instant.

Lissajous’ figures: An infinite variety of curves formed by combining two mutually

perpendicular simple harmonic motions, commonly exhibited by the oscilloscope, and used in
studying frequency, amplitude, and phase relations of harmonic variables.

A Lissajous figure is displayed on the screen when sinusoidal signals are applied to both
horizontal & vertical deflection plates of CRO. Hence, apply the sinusoidal signals, which have
same amplitude and frequency to both horizontal and vertical deflection plates of CRO.

Some of the usage of Lissajous figure are as follows:

(i) The Lissajous figures are used to determine the unknown frequency by comparing it
with the known frequency.
(ii) Verifying audio oscillator with a known-frequency signal.
(iii) Monitoring audio amplifiers and feedback networks for phase shift.
2
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
Differential equation of Simple Harmonic Motion: If the force acting on a particle executing
SHM & y its displacement from its mean position then,

F = −ky (1)

According to Newton’s Law of motion

𝑑2 𝑦
F = ma = 𝑚 (2)
𝑑𝑡 2

From equation (1) & (2)

𝑑2 𝑦
−ky = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑘
+ 𝑚 y = 0 which is the required differential equation of SHM
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑘
Again, = - 𝑚 y = - 𝜔2 y (3)
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑘
where 𝜔 = √𝑚 is the angular velocity of the particle.

To find the general Solution. We have

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 . = - 𝜔2 y. 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

Integrating with respect to t we have

𝑑𝑦 2
( 𝑑𝑡 ) = −𝜔2 𝑦 2 + c

𝑑𝑦
When = 0 at y = a, the velocity is zero at maximum displacement.
𝑑𝑡

Or, 0 = −𝜔2 𝑎2 + c

Or, c = 𝑎2 𝜔2

3
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
 𝑑𝑦 2
Or, ( ) = −𝜔2 𝑦 2 +𝑎2 𝜔2 = 𝜔2 (𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑡

dy 𝑘
𝑆𝑜, = ± 𝜔√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 = ±√𝑚 √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
dt

𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, = 𝜔. dt
√𝑎2 −𝑦 2

Integrating again with respect to t we have

𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎 = 𝜔t + 𝜑

Or, y = a sin (𝜔t + 𝜑) which is the general solution of the differential equation of Simple
Harmonic Motion (SHM).

Problem 1: Show that for a particle executing SHM, the instantaneous velocity is
𝜔√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 and instantaneous acceleration is -𝜔2 𝑦.

Solution:

For a particle executing SHM,

y = a sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)……………………………………..(1)

The instantaneous velocity,

𝑑𝑦
𝑣= = 𝑎𝜔 cos((𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)…………………………….(2)
𝑑𝑡

From equation (1),

𝑦
. sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼) =
𝑎

Again, cos((𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼) = √1 − sin2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)

𝑦2
= √1 −
𝑎2

𝑦2
From equation (2), 𝑣 = 𝑎𝜔√1 −
𝑎2

𝑣 = 𝜔√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 (Showed)

4
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
The instantaneous acceleration,

𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= = −𝑎 𝜔2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
= − 𝜔2 [a sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼)]

= −𝜔2 𝑦 (Showed)

QM 1 : An oscillator consists of a block of mass 0.500 kg connected to a spring. When set into
oscillation with amplitude 35.0 cm, the oscillator repeats its motion every 0.500 s. Find the (a)
period, (b) frequency, (c) angular frequency, (d) spring constant, (e) maximum speed, and (f)
magnitude of the maximum force on the block from the spring.

QM 2: A body is vibrating with SHM of amplitude 15 cm & frequency 4 Hz. Compute (a) the
maximum Acceleration & velocity (b) The acceleration & velocity when the displacement is 9
cm.
Solution:

(a) 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜔 a Here, a = 15 cm

n = 4 Hz
Again,
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛

= 2× 3.14 × 4

= 25.12 rad/s
5
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 25.12×15 cm/s

= 376.8 cm/s

(Acceleration)max = - 𝜔2 𝑎 = −(25.12)2 × 15 = −9470 cm/𝑠 2

(b) When y = 9 cm.

V = 𝜔√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2

= 25.12 √(15)2 − 92 = 300𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Acceleration = - 𝜔2 𝑦

= - (25.12)2 × 9

= - 5680 cm/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝜋
QM 3: A Simple harmonic motion is represented by 𝑦 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛 (10𝑡 − 6 )

Calculate (i) the frequency (ii) the time period, (iii) the maximum displacement, (iv) the
maximum velocity (v) the maximum acceleration (iv) displacement, velocity and acceleration at
time t = 0 and t = 1second.

Solution:
𝜋
Here, 𝑦 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛 (10𝑡 − 6 ) (1)

Comparing equation (1) with y = a sin (𝜔t+𝛿) (2)

We have,
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛 = 10
10
or, n = 2𝜋 =1.6 Hz

1 2𝜋
Time period T= 𝑛 = 10 = 0.63 s

Maximum displacement is amplitude y = a = 10 m

Maximum velocity, Vmax. = 𝜔a = 10× 10 = 100 m/s

Maximum Acceleration = -𝜔2 𝑎 = -102 × 10 = -1000 m/s2

𝜋
At t = 0, y = 10 sin (10× 0 − 6 )

6
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
 1
= 10× (− 2)

=-5m
𝑑𝑦
Velocity, = a 𝜔 cos (𝜔t+𝛿)
𝑑𝑡

𝜋
= 10× 10 cos (0 − 6 )
𝜋
= 100.cos 6

100√3
= 2

𝑑2 𝑦
Acceleration, = - a𝜔2 sin(𝜔t+𝛿)
𝑑𝑡 2

𝜋
= -10× 102 sin(− )
6

1000
= 2

= 500 m/s2
𝜋
At t = 1, y(1) = 10sin(10× 1 − 6 )

60−3.14
= 10sin ( )
6

36.858
= 10sin ( )
6

= 10sin3𝜋
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Velocity, = a𝜔 cos(10t - 6 )
𝑑𝑡

= a𝜔 cos𝜋

= -100 m/s
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
Acceleration, = - a𝜔2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (10𝑡 − 6 )
𝑑𝑡 2

= - a𝜔2 sin 𝜋(app) = 0

Energy of the body Executing SHM: Since there exists acceleration. So, force for
executing SHM. Consequently, work is done during the displacement of the particle. Hence, the
particle possesses potential energy (P.E.). As the particle have velocity so it possesses kinetic
energy (K.E.). So, if no frictional force on the particle the sum of the K.E.+ P.E. will remain
constant.

7
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
 or, E = K + U = constant.
𝑦
Total potential energy U = ∫0 𝐹. 𝑑𝑦 F = ma

𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= ∫0 𝑚𝜔2 𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = m 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑦2 𝑦
= m𝜔2 [ ⁄2]0 = m (-𝜔2 𝑦)

𝑦 2⁄
= m 𝜔2 2 = -m𝜔2y

1
= 2 m𝜔2a2 sin2(𝜔t+𝜑) Energy cannot be (-) ve

1
= 2 k a2sin2 (𝜔t+𝜑) Since, k = 𝜔2 m

& the kinetic energy of the particle is

1
K.E.= 2 mv2

1 𝑑𝑦 2
= 2 m( )
𝑑𝑡

1
= 2 m {𝜔a cos (𝜔t+ 𝜑)}2

1
= 2 k a2cos2(𝜔t+𝜑)

1 1
Total energy E = K+U = 2 k a2cos2(𝜔t+𝜑)+ k a2sin2 (𝜔t+𝜑)
2

1 1
E = 2 ka2 = 2 m𝜔2a2

2𝜋
Again, 𝜔= 𝑇

1 2𝜋
Total Energy, T.E. = 2 m ( 𝑇 )2a2

2𝜋 2 𝑚𝑎2 1
= = 2𝜋 2 𝑚𝑛2 𝑎2 [ n = 𝑇]
𝑇2

K.E max. at the equilibrium position but P.E. is zero.

K.E is zero at the max. displacement where P.E. is max.

8
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
QM 4: An oscillating block–spring system has a mechanical energy of 1.00 J, an
amplitude of 10.0 cm, and a maximum speed of 1.20 m/s. Find (a) the spring
constant, (b) the mass of the block, and (c) the frequency of oscillation.

1.
1 . .1

a
( . )
2
(0.100)
( )
e a i u s ee is a e re a e s a e

( . )
1.
(1.20)
= 11.9 s
.

9
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
QM 5: A 0.2 kg mass suspended from a spring with SHM, where T= 3s, amplitude a = 10cm.
Find (i) the force constant k of the spring (ii) Find the displacement, Velocity & acceleration at t
1
=1s (iii) Show that P.E.+K.E. = 2 ka2 at t =1 s.

Solution:

𝑘
(i) We know, 𝜔 = √𝑚

𝑘
or, 𝜔2 = 𝑚

2𝜋 𝑘
or, ( 𝑇 )2 = 𝑚

4𝜋 2
or, k = m
𝑇2

4𝜋 2
= ×0.2
32

Force Constant, k = 0.88 N/m

(ii) Consider upward direction as the positive direction,

Then from y = a sin 𝜔t

We have

At t = 0, y = 0 Here,
2𝜋
At t = 1s, y = 0.10 sin ( 3 ) . 1 a = 10 cm

= 0.1 sin1200 = 0.1 m

= 0.0866 m T = 3s
𝑑𝑦 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Velocity, v = = a𝜔 cos𝜔t = a cos 𝑇 (1) = (0.1) cos1200 = - 0.105 m/s
𝑑𝑡 𝑇 3

𝑑2 𝑦
Acceleration = = - 𝜔2a sin 𝜔t = - 0.38 m/s2
𝑑𝑡 2

E = P.E. + K.E.
1 1 1
or, ka2 = 2 ky2 + 2 kv2
2

1 1 1
or, 2 (0.88) (0.1)2 = 2 (0.88)(0.0866)2+ 2 (0.88) (0.105)2

or, 4.4× 10−3J = 4.4× 10−3 J

10
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
QM 6: A 5.00 kg object on a horizontal frictionless surface is attached to a spring
with k = 1000 N/m. The object is displaced from equilibrium 50.0 cm horizontally
and given an initial velocity of 10.0 m/s back toward the equilibrium position.
What a (a) th otion’s f qu n y ( ) th initial pot ntial n y of th lo –
sp in syst ( ) th initial in ti n y and (d) th otion’s a plitud ?

( ) i i 12

( ) i i 2

(d) i i

a iu e ai u is a e e

( )
. . onstant

11
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
QM 7: If the phase angle for a block–sp in syst in S M is π ad and th
lo ’s position is iv n y m os (ωt +φ) what is th atio of th in ti
energy to the potential energy at time t = 0?

QM 8: A sinusoidal wave travels along a string. The time for a particular point to
move from maximum displacement to zero is 0.170 s. What are (a) the period and
(b) frequency? (c) The wavelength is 1.40 m; what is the wave speed?

Show that the spring mass system is Simple Harmonic Motion

Consider the situation as shown in figure. Let at any instant the mass is at B. The distance is AB
= y. Let the tension per unit displacement of the spring be k. Force exerted by the Spring = ky.

12
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
 𝑑2 𝑦
A o din to wton’s 2nd law 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 2 𝛼 – 𝑦

𝑑2 𝑦
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝑘𝑦

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑘
or , +𝑚𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2 𝑦
or, + 𝜔2 𝑦 = 0 which is the equation of SHM.
𝑑𝑡 2

2𝜋 𝑚
Time period of oscillation is T = 𝜔
= 2𝜋√ 𝑘

𝑘
Thus the body oscillates simple harmonically with angular frequency 𝜔=√𝑚 or time period

𝑚
T = 2𝜋√ 𝑘 where k is the spring constant can be found k = mg/x .

Show that the average value of K.E. and P.E. is equal to the half of
the total energy
Solution:

The potential energy (P.E.) of the particle at a displacement y is given by

PE = ½ 𝑚𝜔2 𝑦 2

= ½ m𝜔2 a2 sin2(𝜔t+𝜑)

So the average potential energy of the particle over a complete cycle or a whole time period T

13
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
 𝑇
= 1/𝑇 ∫0 1/2 𝑚𝜔2 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜔t + 𝜑)𝑑𝑡

𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2 𝑇
= 1/𝑇 4
∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜔t + 𝜑)𝑑𝑡

𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2 𝑇
= 1/𝑇 ∫0 (1 − cos2(𝜔t + 𝜑))𝑑𝑡
4

The average value of both a sine and a cosine function for a complete cycle is zero. Therefore
the average potential energy of the particle
𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2
= 1/𝑇 𝑇
4

𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2 𝑘𝑎2
= =
4 4

Again, The kinetic energy of the particle at displacement y is

1 1 𝑑𝑦 2
K.E.= 2 mv2 = 2 m( )
𝑑𝑡

1
= 2 m {𝜔a cos(𝜔t+ 𝜑)}2

1
= 2 𝑚𝜔2a2cos2(𝜔t+𝜑)

So the average kinetic energy of the particle over a complete cycle or a whole time period T
𝑇1
= 1/𝑇 ∫0 𝑚𝜔2 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔t + 𝜑) 𝑑𝑡
2

𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2 𝑇
= 1/𝑇 4
∫0 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔t + 𝜑)𝑑𝑡

𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2 𝑇
= 1/𝑇 ∫0 (1 + cos2(𝜔t + 𝜑))𝑑𝑡
4

The average value of both a sine and a cosine function for a complete cycle is zero. Therefore,
the average kinetic energy of the particle
𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2
= 1/𝑇 𝑇
4

𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2 𝑘𝑎2
= =
4 4

Thus, the average value of potential energy = the average value of kinetic energy of the particle
𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2
= 4

𝑘𝑎2
= = half of the total energy.
4

14
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
Damped and Forced Harmonic Oscillation:
When a simple Harmonic oscillator vibrates in a resisting medium (like air, oil etc)
then the energy is dissipated in each vibration and the amplitude of vibration is
decreasing progressively with time. The force resists the vibration is known as
damping force.

Thus, a body executing SH oscillation in a damping medium there exists two

opposite forces.
1. The restraining force acting on the body which is proportional to the
displacement of the body and acts in a direction opposite to the
displacement. This force is -ay where a is the force constant.
2. A resistive force which is proportional to the velocity of the oscillating body.
The resistive force can be written as
𝑑𝑦
F= −𝑏𝑣 = −𝑏
𝑑𝑡

Where b is called the damping coefficient of the medium. The (−) ve sign
signifies a restraining influence on the vibration of the particle.
The differential equation of motion of a body executing damped harmonic
oscillation can be written as,
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
m = −𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
=> + + 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=> + 2𝜆 + 𝜔2 𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
15
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
 𝑏 𝑎
where, 2𝜆 = & 𝜔2 =
𝑚 𝑚

which is the differential equation of a damped harmonic oscillation.

Torsion pendulum: A torsion pendulum consists of a mass of rotational inertia I
hanging by a thin wire from a fixed point.

Two body oscillation: The two-body coupled oscillator is the simplest coupled-

oscillator system that illustrates the general features of coupled oscillators.

Two masses attached to a spring are oscillating on a smooth horizontal surface. The
spring is initially in an elongated state and pressing start button releases the masses.

16
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
What is meant by reduced mass?
The equations of motion of two mutually interacting bodies can be reduced to a single
equation describing the motion of one body in a reference frame centered in the other
body. The moving body then behaves as if its mass were the product of the two
masses divided by their sum. That quantity is called the reduced mass.

What do you mean by resonance?

Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when the matching vibrations of another object
increase the amplitude of an object's oscillations. One use for resonance is to establish a
condition of stable frequency in circuits designed to produce AC signals.

17
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
Wave motion: Wave motion is the transport of energy and momentum from one
point in space to another without the transport of matter.

Types: 1. Mechanical wave

2. Electromagnetic wave.
Media is necessary for mechanical wave motion (sound, water wave) whereas no media is
necessary for electromagnetic wave motion (light, radio).
There are two types of wave motion:
1. Transverse WM
2. Longitudinal WM

1. Transverse Wave Motion: In this motion the particles of the medium oscillate up and
down about their mean & equilibrium position in a direction right angle to the direction of
propagation of wave motion.

Ex: wave travelling along a stretched string, water liquids etc.

2. Longitudinal Wave Motion: Here the particles of the medium oscillate to and for about their
mean or equilibrium position along the direction of propagation of the wave motion.

Ex: Wave produced in a spring or helix when one end of it is suddenly compressed or pulled out
& then released or sound waves in air.

18
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
Wave length: The distance travelled by the wave in the time in which the particle completes one
vibration.

Amplitude: Amplitude is the maximum displacement of the particle.

Time Period(T): It is the time to complete one vibration.

Frequency(f): The number of complete oscillations made by a particle of the medium.

Let,

Frequency = f

Time taken to complete n vibrations = 1 sec.

Time taken to complete 1 vibration T = 1/f sec.

By Definition,
1
T= 𝑓

𝑜𝑟 , fT=1

𝑜𝑟, Frequency × Time period =1

Angular Frequency (𝝎): The rate of change of phase with time is called angular frequency.
Sin in on o pl t y l phas han of 2π o u s in a time T,

Angular frequency
2𝜋
𝜔= 𝑇

2πf. [unit: rad/sec.]

Velocity: The distance traveled by the wave in time period T,

𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜆
Velocity V = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 𝑇

=>V = fλ f =1/T]

Group and phase velocities: Waves can be in a group and such groups are called
wave packets, so the velocity with which a wave packet travels is called group velocity.
The velocity with which the phase of a wave travels is called phase velocity. Relation
between group velocity and phase velocity is that they are proportional to each other. we
see that in some case the group velocity is always half the phase velocity

19
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
Expression for the plane progressive wave: A plane progressive wave is one which
travels onward through the medium in a given direction without attenuation.

Consider a wave started at the point 0 and moves along x-axis as shown in figure.

The equation of the motion of the particle:

𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡 (1)

Wh y is th displa nt of th pa ti l at ti t a is its a plitud ω is it’s an ula v lo ity.

Fo a pa ti l at P at a distan fo This phas diff n is φ.

The equation of the particle at P is,

𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙) (2)

For a path diff n λ th phas diff n is 2π.

20
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
 2𝜋
For a distance x the phase difference is 𝜑 = 𝑥
𝜆

Now from equation (2) we have,

2𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑥)
𝜆

a sin (ωt – kx) (3)

[ k = 2π λ is th an ula wav no.

We know, Here,

ω 2π T V nλ

= 2πn >n=Vλ

= 2πV λ

From equation (3)

𝑉 2𝜋
y a sin (2π 𝜆 t - x)
𝜆

2𝜋
= a sin (vt – x)
𝜆

y = a sin k (vt – x)

Again,
2𝜋𝑉 𝑥
y = a sin (𝑡 − 𝑉) [ n = 1/T]
𝜆

𝑡 𝑥
a sin 2π(𝑇 − 𝜆) v λ = n = 1/T]

If the wave travels towards the left, x becomes negative & we have
2𝜋
y = a sin (𝑉𝑡 + 𝑥)
𝜆

QM 9: The displacement of a particle executing SHM at any instant of t, time is given by,

y .1 sin 2π ( 4 t – 0.15)

Calculate the amplitude, wave velocity, wavelength, frequency, & time period.

Solution:

The general equation of a SHM is given by,

2𝜋
y = a sin (vt – x) (1)
𝜆

21
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
Here,

y .1 sin 2π ( 4 t – 0.15) (2)

Comparing equation (1) & (2)

Amplitude, a = 0.1 meter

Wav l n th λ 1 t

Wave velocity, V = 340 m/s

F qu n y n Vλ 4 1 4 z
1
Time period, T = 1/n= 340 sec

QM 10: The velocity of a simple harmonic wave is 30 cm/s. At a time, t = 0 the displacement
of a particle is given by,
𝑥
y 4 sin 2π (100 )

Find the equation for the displacement at a time t = 2 sec.

Solution:

The general equation of a SHM is

2𝜋
y = a sin (vt – x)
𝜆

At t = 0 ,
−2𝜋𝑥
y = a sin ( )
𝜆

2𝜋𝑥
= − a sin ( ) (1)
𝜆

At t = 0, the given equation is

𝑥
y 4 sin 2π (100 ) (2)

Comparing equation (1) & (2)

a=-4 λ 1

At t = 2 sec, Here,
2𝜋
y = a sin (vt – ) λ 1
𝜆

22
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
 2𝜋
= −4 sin 100( 30×2 – x) a = −4

𝑥 6𝜋
y = 4 sin{2π ( 100) − } v = 30 cm/s
5

which is the displacement at a time t = 2 sec.

Power of a wave: The power of a wave is therefore energy transported per unit
time by the oscillations of a particular wave.

Wave is oscillatory disturbances in physical quantities, like light waves, sound

waves, or transverse oscillations of a string. These disturbances take energy to
create and propagate, to move the constituent particles or change the electric or
magnetic fields.

Intensity of a wave:

The intensity (I) of any wave is the time-averaged power (⟨P⟩) it transfers per area
(A) th ou h so ion of spa . That iv s us an quation that loo s li this…
𝑃
𝐼=𝐴

The SI unit of power is the watt; the SI unit of area is the square meter, so the SI
unit of intensity is the watt per square meter.

23
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
Stationary and standing wave: Standing wave, also called stationary wave,
combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, each having the same
amplitude and frequency. The phenomenon is the result of interference that is,
when waves are superimposed, their energies are either added together or
cancelled out. Or.

Stationary wave: The result of the interference of the two waves above is a new
wave pattern known as a standing wave pattern. Standing waves are produced
whenever two waves of identical frequency interfere with one another while
traveling opposite directions along the same medium.

Progressive wave: Waves move energy from one place to another. In a

progressive wave the wave front moves through the medium. There are two types
of waves, transverse and longitudinal.

24
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
Difference between Progressive waves and Stationary waves

Progressive waves

(i) The disturbance produced in the medium travels onward, it being handed
over from one particle to the next. Each particle executes the same type
of vibration as the preceding one, though not at the same time.
(ii) The amplitude of each wave is the same but the phase changes
continuously,
(iii) No particle is permanently at rest. Different particles attain the state of
momentary rest at different instants,
(iv) All the particles attain the same maximum velocity when they pass
through their mean positions.
(v) In the case of a longitudinal progressive wave all the parts of the medium
undergo similar variation of density one after the other. At every point
there will be a density variation.
(vi) There is a flow of energy across every plane in the direction of
propagation.

Stationary waves

(i)) There is no onward motion of the disturbance as any particle transfers its
motion to the next. Each particle has its own characteristic vibration.

(ii) The amplitudes of the different particles are different, ranging from zero at the
nodes to maximum at the antinodes. All the particles in each segment vibrate in
phase but in opposite phase relative to the particles in the adjacent segment.

(iii) The particles at the nodes are permanently at rest but other particles attain their
position of momentary rest simultaneously.

(iv) All the particles attain their own maximum velocity at the same time when
they pass through their mean positions.

(v) In the case of a longitudinal stationary wave the variation of density is different
at different points being maximum at the nodes and zero at the antinodes.

(vi) Energy is not transported across any plane

25
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC
QM 11: It is known that a load with a mass of 200 g will stretch a spring 10.0 cm.
The spring is then stretched an additional 5.00 cm and released. Find:
a. the spring constant
b. the period of vibration and frequency
c. the maximum acceleration
d. the velocity through equilibrium positions
e. the equation of motion

H.W 12: The displacement of a particle executing simple harmonic motion at any
instant of time is given by
y = EEE sin 2 (100t − 0.15)

Calculate the amplitude, wave velocity, frequency, and time-period.

26
Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain, Head (GSH), Director (RTC), BEC