SS 2: THIRD TERM

WEEK TOPIC CONTENT

1 Squash Equipment, facilities, skills, rules and
regulations, practical demonstration
2 Nervous system Description of the nervous system, parts of
the human brain, functions of the brain
3 Endocrine system Meaning, description of the endocrine
system, effect of over and under secretion of
hormones

4 Family Planning Meaning, factors that determine family

planning, methods of family planning
5 Sports law Meaning of sports law, tort, instances when
tort could be established, Negligence, legal
liability, defence against charge of
negligence
6 Sports and society Meaning of sports, society, functions/values,
violence in sports, causes, ways of reducing
violence in sports.
7 Drug in sports Definition, use and reason for taking drugs,
how to detect drug users, types of drugs and
their characteristics, doping, effects of using
drugs, prevention
8 Revision Revision of term’s work

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WEEK: ONE LESSON ONE
TOPIC: RACKET GAME
SUB-TOPIC: SQUASH RACKET
DATE:
DURATION:
History
Squash game started at Harrow School over a hundred years ago. The growth of
the game was slow in the area, till 1914 when courts began to spring up in Country
houses and were varied in sizes.
In 1927, Squash Racket Association was formed to take over the administration of
the game from the Tennis and Racket Association starting with a membership of
25 clubs and it spread across the whole of England with over 750 clubs.
In 1966, International Squash Racket Federation was formed with its Headquarter
in England.
The game of Squash is played as singles or doubles.
NATURE OF THE GAME
1 It is a racket game
2 It is a recreational sports
3 It is an indoor game
4 It is played by both males and females
5 It is played as singles and doubles
SERVICE: The ball is served by one player from a service box onto the front wall
above the cut line so that on its rebound it falls into that opposite quarter of the
court bounded by the half court line and the short line.
TYPES OF SERVICE

a. Underhand lob
b. Side service
c. Overhead smash service
d. Lob service

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The server is known as “Hand-in” and the receiver is called “Hand-out”.
Hand-out may either be:
a. Volley the ball
b. Hit the ball after it has bounced once on the floor.
In either case, he plays the ball to the front wall either;
Directly or By way of a side or back wall and the server then receives the return
similarly. Play goes on until a player fails to make a good return, when his
opponent scores a point (if hand-in) or takes over the service if (hand-out).
It is important to note that only the server can score points. A return is good if:
a. The ball remains within the boundaries of the court.
b. The ball hits floor, provided the ball does not bounce on the floor more
than once before it is returned.
DRESS: The official dress of the game is white. For men, a white short, white
canvas with a short-sleeved shirt. Women, white blouse or short with a short white
skirt or short.
THE COURT: The wall of the court should be white. The size of the court must
be standard and the floors and walls are measured from the junction of the floor
and walls. The court may have glass panels on the roof for day light player it must
be properly illuminated for evening player.
THE RACKET: The frame work of the head of the racket is made up of wood
and strung with gut, nylon or similar material. The handle shaft may be of wood,
cane, metal or glass fiber
THE BALL: It is a black rubber ball. It is small and round with even matt surface
and finish. It weighs 360-380 grams.
RULES IN SQUASH
1. Squash can be played as singles, doubles or mixed doubles.
2. You must hit the ball with the racket within the boundaries line at the back
of the court.
3. The ball can hit the side wall at any time as long as at some point it hits the
back wall.
4. A let is called when a player accidentally gets in their opponents way and is
unable to get out of the way
5. If a game gets to 10-10, then a player must win by two clear points to win
that game.

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 6. You cannot hit the ball twice and you cannot carry the ball.
7. When serving one foot must be within the service box; the same goes for
your opponent.
8. Upon returning a serve, you may hit the ball on the volley or after it
bounces.
9. The speed of balls is determined by number of colours of small spots on the
ball.
SCORING IN SQUASH
Scoring a point can come one of 4 ways:
1. The ball bounces twice before your opponent hits the ball.
2. The ball hits the back board (or net).
3. The ball goes outside the outline.
4. Player causes interference purposely to prevent their opponents from getting
the ball.

There are two methods of scoring squash. The first is called the ‘PAR’
where you play first to 11 points and you can score a point from either four’s
or your opponent’s serve. The second is more traditional style where you
play first to 9 points but can only score points off your serve.
The 11 point PAR scoring system is now the official scoring system is now the
official scoring system in professional ranks and the majority of amateur games.
SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES IN SQUASH
1. The grip
2. Forehand stroke
3. Back hand stroke
4. stance
5. serve
6. Volleying
7. Retrieving the service
8. lobbing
9. Shots;
a. Alley
b. Cross court
c. Drop
d. Corner
e. Angle

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SCORING SYSTEM
A match consist of the best of five games each game is 9 point and the player who
first win nine points wins the game except if there is eight points for all, there will
be need for two more points.
OFFICIALS IN SQUASH
1. Referee
2. Umpire
3. The marker
4. Recorder
1. Referee ; functions
a. His decision is final
b. He settles dispute concerning the rules of the game
c. He is in charge of the game
2. Umpire; functions
a. He assist the referee
b. He tosses for the start of the game
c. He watches for foot fault
3. The marker; functions
a. The marker controls the game
b. He calls for the play and scores
c. In the absence of the referee, he is appointed to exercise all the power of the
referee
TERMINOLOGIES
1. Love all; zero-zero 0-0 this is called at the start of the game or match by the
marker
2. Box; the service area
3. Ace; a point scored on one’s service
4. Drive; a ball hit hard after it has bounced
5. Kill; a hard placement that often results in a point being scored
6. All; scores tied or draw eg 5 all or 5-5
ASSIGHMENT
Explain the following terminologies in the game of squash
1. Nick
2. Lob
3. Out
4. Rally
5. Seeding
6. Out of court
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7. Service
8. Telltale
9. Alley
10.Hand-in

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WEEK: TWO
LESSON ONE AND TWO
TOPIC : NERVOUS SYSTEM
SUB-TOPIC: NERVOUS SYSTEM
DATE:
DURATION:
The nervous system is a system which is concerned with the perception and
transmission of stimuli. The nervous system via the brain is responsible for
keeping all body parts in communication. It is highly organized and very efficient
system. The nervous system controls all the organs of the body and sees that they
work together. It is through this system that the human beings are aware of what is
happening around them and then make response to the various stimuli.
The summary of the nervous system is illustrated below:

Nervous system

TYPES OF NERVES OR NEURONE

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 1. Sensory or afferent nerve or neuron consists of the nerves that transmit
impulse from the receptors or periphery of the body (e.g skin and sense
organs) to the spinal cord and brain.
2. Motor or efferent nerves or neurons are those nerves which transmit stimuli
from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors or periphery of the body (e.g
muscles and glands).
THE HUMAN BRAIN
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAM BRAIN
The brain lies within the skull which gives it a protective covering. The brain is
composed of the following parts:
a. Cerebrum (or big brain)
b. Cerebellum (or lesser brain)
c. Brain stem ( mid brain, pons varolli, medulla oblongata.
The brain is covered inside the skull by membranes called meninges. These
(meninges) coverings have three layers as follows:
(i) The dura mata or outer layer
(ii) The arachnoid mater or middle layer
(iii) The pia mater or inner layer.
CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID: This is the space between the middle (arachoid
matter) and the inner layer (pia matter) is called sub – arachnoid space. The sub-
arachnoid space contains a protective fluid called cerebro-spinal fluid.
THE FUNCTIONS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDS ARE
1. Protects the brain from shock and jars (strain)
3. It helps to carry nutritive materials from the brain
4. Maintains uniform pressure around the delicate structure of the brain.
5. It helps to remove waste materials from brain
THE CEREBRUM: This is the largest part of the brain and it consists of right and
left cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum consists of parts called lobes which are
named according the skull bone under which they lie. It fills upper part of the skull.
It thinks, feels, and decides what individuals will do and govern the whole body.
It is the seat of intelligence, the centre of memory, reason and good judgment. It is
also real origin of human personality which makes human beings different from
other mammals.
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM

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 (i) It receives and controls all voluntary movements.
(ii) It receives all messages of sensation and makes us aware of their
Existence.
(iii) It coordinates the activities of all other parts of the brain and maintains
unconscious control of the general activities of the body.
(iv) It co-ordinates, compare and retain impulses received, hence, it acts as
the center of memory and thoughts.
THE CEREBELLUM: This is the second largest part of the brain and it occupies
the posterior part of the skull just below the cerebrum.
THE FUNCTIONS ARE:
(i) It regulates the activities of the muscles of the body in order to
maintain body balance, posture and equilibrium.
(ii) It helps to maintain muscles tone by regulating the readiness of
muscle to act.
(iii) It co-ordinate muscular movement initiated by the cerebrum.
THE BRAIN STEM: The brain stem lies at the base of the skull and consists of
the mid-brain, the pons varoli and the medulla oblongata which tapers to form the
spinal cord.
FUNCTIONS OF THE OBLONGATA
(I) It controls the expansion and contraction of blood vessels.
(II) It controls the rate of heart beats
(III) Controls special centers responsible for swallowing, vomiting,
secretion of saliva and gastric jui
(IV) ces and controlling the act of choking.
SPINAL CORD: The spinal cord is inside the vertebral column and extends from
the medulla through the foremen magnum ( a large opening in the occipital bone)
and ends at the level of the first lumber vertebra from 45 to 50cm in length. It is a
cylindrical cord of soft nerve tissue about 1cm across with thick walls. The spinal
cord is regarded as the simplest part of the central nervous system.
LESSON THREE
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord has two enlargements, one at the cervical region and the other at
the other at the lumber region. Nerves fibres that supply the arms arise from the
cervical region while nerves fibres supplying the legs arise from the lumber region.
The spinal cord gives off 31 pairs of Nerves altogether arranged as follows

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8 pairs of cervical nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair of Coccygeal nerves
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD
A cross section or transverse section of the spinal cord shows its internal structure.
The nerve cells (grey matter) are situated centrally while the nerve fibres (white
matter) are situated in the outside and a carnal called the central canal runs through
the mid line of the whole length of the spinal cord.
The nerve cells are arranged in the form of the capital letter H. The anterior arms
are shorter and are called the anterior horns. They are composed entirely of motor
nerves. The posterior arms are longer and are called the posterior horns. They are
composed entirely of sensory nerves. The nerve fibres (white matter) are arranged
in three columns namely anterior column, posterior column, and two lateral
column.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD
(I) It forms a connecting link between the brain and organs and structures
of the body.
(II) It is concerned with reflex action.
EFFECT OF TRAINING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerves and muscles work together because the muscles are controlled by
nerves. Messages are relayed by the nerves to the muscles which react in the way
the individual wishes whether by running, playing a musical instrument or hitting a
tennis ball.
Further more, nervous fatigue maybe by pleasant physical activity because
the nervous fatigue that has accumulated lessened as a result of anxiety or mental
work is offset through muscular activity.
ASSIGMENT:
1. State the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous
system
2. Mention the effects of training on the nervous system
3. List 5 each of the functions of parasympathetic nervous system and
sympathetic nervous system

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WEEK: THREE
TOPIC: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
SUB-TOPIC: MEANING ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
DATE:
DURATION: 80 MINUTES
HORMONAL / ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS

Endocrine system carries out co-ordination by secreting hormones into the blood
stream as chemical messengers to the body organs.
Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands which help to
co-ordinate the functions of the body. They regulate metabolism, control growth,
sexual maturity and bring about response to internal stimulus.
TYPES OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
The pineal gland
The thymus glands
The pituitary gland
The thyroid glands
The parathyroid glands
The adrenals glands
The Pancreas
The Gonads( Testicles and ovaries)
(A) PITUITARY GLAND: It is called the master gland because it secretions
controls the activities of other hormones or glands.
(1) Pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin): it is produced by the pituitary
gland and it is concern with normal growth in human beings. It controls growth of
bones and muscles. Over secretion of this hormone before maturity leads to
gigantism, while deficiency of this hormone at early age leads to dwarfism. Over
secretion of growth hormone in adulthood leads to acromegaly. (Coarse skin, large
nose, thick lips, huge hand and feet’s).
(2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (A.C.T.H): This hormone stimulates the
adrenal cortex to produce its hormone corticosteroids or corticoids which controls
carbohydrates metabolism and maintaining proper distribution of sodium and

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potassium ions. Corticoids are subdivided into mineral corticoids and
glucocorticoids.
(i) Mineral corticoids: it regulates the level of sodium ions and potassium ions in
the body fluids. e.g aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium ions by the
kidney tubules.
(ii) Glucocorticoids : it raises blood glucose level by conversion of non-
Carbohydrates to glucose. e.g. amino acids to glucose

3. Adrenaline and noradrenalin: They are produced by the adrenal glands. They
prepare the body for immediate actions in cases of danger. It is called the fight
and flight hormone (emergency hormone). It increases heartbeat and respiration.
4. Antidiuretic Hormone (A.D.H): It stimulates water Reabsorption by
the kidney tubule, thus promoting Osmoregulation.
5.Oestrogen: This is a female hormone, it increases the size of the vagina
and uterus. It also stimulates the development of breast, smooth skin and
round bodies, development of hairs in the armpits and private parts,
enlargement of the pelvic girdle. It is produce by the ovaries.

6. Testosterone: it is the male sex hormone produce by the testis. It controls male
secondary sexual characteristics such as enlargement of the shoulders, breaking
and deepening of voice, enlargement in size of the penis and testis, development
of hairs in the armpits, private parts, beards and mustache. It stimulates the
production of spermatozoa by the testis.
7. Oxytocin: It induces uterus contraction (induces birth). It also induces milk
secretion from the nipples
8. Prolactin hormone : It induces milk production in pregnant women and it’s
secretions
9. Progesterone: It inhibits or prevents egg production (ovulation). It helps in
placenta production, prevention of uterus contractions and plays an important
role in menstrual cycle. It is produced by the ovary.

WEEK: THREE LESSON TWO

PANCREATIC HORMONES: The islets of langarhans (cells) in the
pancreas produces two hormones called insulin and glucagon. They maintain
proper glucose concentration in the blood.
1. Insulin: It converts excess glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and

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muscles.
2 Glucagon: It converts excess glycogen to glucose.
NOTE: Deficiency of insulin causes a disease called diabetes mellitus. This is as
a result of too much sugar in the blood. There is also lost of sugar through urine.
THYROID GLANDS: It secretes thyroxin which contains iodine. Thyroxin
speeds up the rate of body metabolism and aerobic respiration. It controls
metamorphosis in frogs. Deficiency of thyroxin causes CRETINISM, a person
with thyroxin deficiency is called a cretin, loose puffy skin, prominent facial
features, sex organs will not develop, mental retardation. Under secretion of
thyroxin after maturity leads to myxoedema ( physical and mental sluggishness).
Over secretion of thyroxin result to exophthalmic goiter in the neck region.
Deficiency of iodine in diet result to under secretion of thyroxin and this
result to hyperplastic goiter.(swellings in the front part of the neck)
PARATHYROID HORMONE: it regulates calcium level in the blood.
Calcitonin lowers the level of calcium ions in the blood

LUTEINIZING HORMONES (L.H) : This causes ovulation and also stimulates

the secretion of testosterone in the testes
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (F.S.H) : It causes follicles in the
ovary to ripens and produce matured eggs. It also initiates sperm formation in the
testis.

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DIAGRAM OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT /STUDY QUESTIONS

A. Copy and complete the table below

Hormones Site of functions Over Under secretion

production secretion
Adrenalin

Insulin
Oestrogen
Thyroxin
Progesteron
e

B. What is a hormone?
ii. Outline the role played by adrenaline in an emergency situation.

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iii. In a tabular form, list five differences between hormonal co-ordination and
nervous co-ordination.
Iv. Name two animal hormones and two plant hormones.
(WASSCE JUNE 2006)

EFFECT OF OVER SECRETION AND UNDER SECRETION OF

HORMONES
HORMONES EFFECTS of OVER- EFFECTS OF UNDER
SECRETION SECRETION
1. Pituitary(a In children, it leads to In children, it leads to
growth hormone) gigantism while in adults it dwarfism a situation of
somatotropin leads to acromegaly retarded growth
A situation which leads to
increase in size of head,
hand, body and legs
2. adrenalin 1. It increases excitement It leads to low blood
and anxiety. pressure
2. It increases blood
It leads to low heart beat
pressure ad heartbeat
3. It increases dilation of It brings about slow
the pupil response to emergency.
4. It leads to heavy
breathing
5. It results in profuse
3. insulin 1. it leads to fall in blood 1. it causes diabetes
sugar level 2. it leads to high blood
2. it results in hypo pressure.
glycermia 3. It leads to less
3. it leads to incessant appetite and great
hunger thirst
4. It leads to general
weakness
4. thyroxin 1. it results in 1. It leads to
hyperthyroidism, i.e hypothyroidism I.e
increase in metabolic decrease metabolic
rate rate or (myxoedema)

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 2. it leads to over-activity 2. It leads to
or hyperactivity sluggishness
3. it leads to excessive (physical or mental in
growth or gigiantism. adults)
4. It leads to loss of 3. It leads to cretinism
weight or dwarfism in
5. It leads to enlarged children
thyroid gland or 4. It leads to over-
exothalmic goiter weight or obesity.
6. It leads to increased 5. It leads to reduced
heart beat heart rate
6. It leads to goiter
formation
(hyperplastic goitre
5. testosterone 1. it results to excessive 1. it leads to
development of sexual underdevelopment of
organs and secondary sexual organs
2. it leads to abnormal 2. it leads to low urge
urge for sex in males for sex in males
6. oestrogen 1. it results in abnormal 1. there is poor
urge for sex for sex in development of
female reproductive system.
2. it leads to early 2. There is also delayed
maturity of secondary secondary sexual
sexual characters in maturation
females
7. parathormone 1. it causes the softening 1. it leads to tetani
of the bones (muscle spasms) and
2. it brings about possibly death.
increased loss of
phosphate

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WEEK: FOUR LESSON
ONE
TOPIC : FAMILY PLANNING AND BIRTH CONTROL
SUB – TOPIC: MEANING OF FAMILY PLANNING
DATE:
DURATION:
Meaning:
Family planning is a device by which a couple (husband and wife) determine the
number of children they want and when they want them.
Birth control on the other hand, refers to the method used to prevent a woman
from becoming pregnant, for as long as she wishes.
Family Planning is centered on prevention of pregnancy rather than termination of
life.
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
1. Rhythm method or Safe Period: This involves the calculation of safe periods
for each woman. To avoid getting pregnant, a woman should not have sex
with a man during the fertile days. i.e days mid way between her menstrual
periods which usually starts ten days after the first day of menstruation. This
method is also not reliable as ovulation can take place at irregular intervals.
2. Withdrawal Method: By this method, the man pulls his penis out of the
woman vagina before the ejaculation of spermatozoa occurs. These methods
are not very reliable because some cells may be released without the man
knowing.
3. Use of Condom: This is a rubber sheath which the man wears over the penis
before sexual intercourse. This is not completely reliable some condoms
could have tiny holes that the sperm cells could pass through.
4. Spermicidal cream/tablet: A Spermicidal cream/tablet is one that kills
spermatozoa, a woman applies such a cream right inside the vagina 5-10
minutes before sexual intercourse. This could lead to vagina infection.

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 5. Contraceptive pill: This is a tablet which is taken daily by the woman. The
pill contains hormones which prevent ovulation or the release of egg from
the ovary. The tablet must be described by a qualified doctor.
6. Injection: An injection is usually given to the woman every three to six
months intervals. Such injection must be given by a qualified doctor because
it has side effects.
7. Abstinence: This is when both the male and the female stay away
completely from having sex. This is the best method so far.
IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY PLANNING
1. It promotes maternal or mother’s health
2. It equally promotes the health of the child
3. It prevent population explosion
4. It makes child’s spacing possible
5. It prevents indiscriminate abortion in women.
ASSIGNMENT: Mention five reasons why family planning is important to a
Nation.

WEEK: FOUR
LESSON TWO
TYPES OF FAMILY PLANNING
1. Cervical cap
2. Implantable rod (inserted by the doctor in the clinic)
3. IUD (Inserted by a doctor in the clinic)
SIDE EFFECTS OF FAMILY PLANNING

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1. Most commonly is changes in bleeding pattern, eg lighter bleeding and fewer
days of bleeding, no monthly bleeding, prolonged bleeding
2. Acne
3. Headache
4. Nausea
5. Weight gain
6. Dizziness
7. Mood changes

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WEEK: FIVE
LESSON ONE
TOPIC: SPORTS LAW
SUB-TOPIC: MEANING OF SPORTS LAW
DATE:
DURATION:
INTRODUCTION:
Every teacher has the moral responsibility towards the child under his care and
because of the nature of teacher’s work in schools, every activity must be guided,
otherwise students might sustain injuries and teachers might be held liable.
In order to avoid being liable and to fulfill these responsibilities in schools which is
hazard prone, it is good for teachers to observe the following:
TORT: A tort or tortuous act is one in which a Physical Education teacher
knowingly or unknowingly, behaves in a way that exposes students to injuries. A
tort liability arises when there is a wrongful act of commission or omission which
might cause injury directly or indirectly to a person’s properties or reputation. In
determining a school liability on the basis of tort, the following conditions should
be fulfilled:
1. An act or omission which shows any harm, but should have been foreseen
or prevented but although carried out without any harm unintended
2. Doing what is contrary to the law.
3. An act that is ‘deliberate’ or that is intended to cause harm and actually
cause the harm.
INSTANCES WHEN TORTS COULD BE ESTABLISHED.
1. A Physical Education teacher permitting students to engage in a new
physical activity without properly instructing the students, thereby
sustaining injuries.
2. The home economics teacher who fails to warn the students about the
dangers that could result from improper use of equipment in the laboratory.

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 3. The integrated science teacher who leaves the students alone in a laboratory
while experiment is going on.
4. For a case of tort to be established (the plaintiff) person reporting/suing must
prove that the teacher is neglect.

NEGLIGENCE:
Negligence is when the physical education teacher fails to perform his/her
functions or duties effectively as and when due thereby exposing others to risk or
injury. Or negligence is an act of carelessness ,where there is a failure to act in a
way a reasonably careful person would have acted under a normal situation. A
person whose negligence is proven to have harmed, caused death of another or
damage to someone else’s property must pay compensation.
CONTRIBUTIVE NEGLIGENCE; this is a situation whereby the injured
person was partly responsible for the outcome that led to his/her injury, in
such circumstance the injured person may either lose the compensation or
have the compensation reduced
SOURCES OF NEGLIGENCE
1. Failure of a teacher or spotter to give adequate instructions on
how to use equipment in the gymnasium
2. Allowing a sick child perform strenuous exercise which could
harm the child
3. Allowing a beginner to be involved in gymnastic exercise without
guidance and support
4. Failure of a teacher to examine a piece of equipment and remove
bad ones before been use by students

LEGAL LIABILITY: Legal liability is a condition of affairs which gives rise to

court action.
PRINCIPLES OF LEGAL LIABILITY
Before a legal liability could be established against a teacher and the pupil, there
must be the following conditions:
a. DUTY: The teacher stands in place of the parents in school (in loco-
parentis), he owes him/her duty to take care and not to injure the student.
b. A breach of duty must be the cause of the injury.
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 c. A violation of the right, resulting in injury.
DEFENCE AGAINST CHARGE OF NEGLIGENCE
1. Act of God: This is when an injury is caused by something beyond the
control of human beings.
2. Contributory Negligence: If a student who sustains injury contributes to the
cause.
3. Assumption of risk: This covers the events where inherent risks exist.
4. Proximate cause: This means that the negligence was not directly concerned
with the injury.
5. Sudden/ Emergency Act: This legal defense is necessary where the situation
requires immediate action by teacher and As a result, an accident occurs.
OCCASION WHEN LEGAL LIABILITRY OF NEGLIGENCE COULD BE
ESTABLISHED
1. When inadequate facilities and equipment are used
2. When students play in an unsafe ground.
3. When there is unequal competition marching of students.
4. When there is poor supervision of students activities or exercises
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID LEGAL LIABILITY
1. Clear all play grounds of dangerous materials/objects
2. Inspect the facilities/equipment on regular basis
3. Keep accurate records of all students
4. Avoid over crowded classes.
IMPLICATION OF LEGAL LIABILITY FOR SPORTS
DEVELOPMENT
1. To help refine play in sports
2. It makes officiating officials perform their duties with
sincerity and seriousness
3. It makes personnel and accompanying officials to act in the
safest manner in sporting activities to prevent being liable
4. It allows managers of sports to ensure that sports facilities
and equipments are in good condition for sporting activities.
5. It makes sports organizers to provide medical personnel to
take care of players and officials during sporting
competitions

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 ASSULT IN SPORT; this is a physical or an action or threat to injure a
person. An act of assault puts the person involved in fear of bodily harm,
actual harm or emotional instability
WAYS ASSAULT OCCURS IN SPORTS
1. Hit or kicks another player intentionally with or without obvious
injury
2. Tears another players jersey by holding the player
3. Athlete is raped
CAUSES OF ASSAULT IN SPORTS
1. Poor officiating
2. Fear of losing a match or to win at all cost
3. Use of drugs
4. Inadequate knowledge of rules of sport by the officials
5. Poor security network

CLASS WORK:
As a Physical Education teacher, a student from SSS 2 class who got injured
during an inter-class friendly match organized among the senior classes in the
school threatens to sue you. State your possible defense.

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WEEK: SIX LESSON ONE
TOPIC: SPORTS AND SOCIETY
SUB-TOPIC: MEANING OF SPORTS AND SOCIETY
DATE:
Sports can be defined as a competitive event/activity that involves vigorous
physical exertion or the use of complex physical skills by individuals.
Sport has become an integral part of the modern society and a major avenue for
the societies of the world to project themselves internationally.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORTS
1. There must be physical exertion
2. Sport has up-to-date history and development of rules and regulations
3. Sport is aimed towards winning something eg medals, trophy.
4. Participants are representations of groups or nations
5. There are organized association

Society can be defined as a group of a nation living together in an organized

community.
FUNCTIONS/VALUES OF SPORTS IN THE SOCIETY
1. It serves as an avenue to unite various ethnic groups.
2. It is used to reduce tension
3. It is used to divert aggressive behavior to an object instead of towards a
friend or fellow.
4. It brings to limelight country that records spectacular victory at International
competition.
5. It is used for both economy and political gain
MANAGEMENT OF SPORT IN THE SOCIETY
1. Sport is used as a tool to control and equally curb youth restiveness
and further strengthen the fabric of the society.
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 2. Sports has been effectively deployed to curb crime rate among youths
3. Sports leads to effective cooperation in the society
4. Sport is a unifying factor throughout the world
5. Sport is also used as an avenue to ease tension of various sorts
WEEK ; SEVEN
LESSON ONE
TOPIC: VIOLENCE IN SPORTS
SUB – TOPIC: MEANING OF VIOLENCE IN SPORTS
DURATION: 40 MINS
WHAT IS VIOLENCE IN SPORTS?
Violence in sports can be defined as behavior which causes harm to the spectators,
players and officials. This occurs outside the rules of the sports. It is also an act of
thuggery and willful disruption of sports fans or other spectators which arises out
of the perception of poor officiating or administration, leading to loss of life or
dander to life and properties.
Violence is one of the major problems facing sports today. Electronics and media
houses, television and news papers give a regular account of daily happenings in
the world of spots. Violence is particularly common in sports such as football
(soccer). Volleyball, Athletics, etc or during inter house sports meeting, and extra –
mural sports programmes
TYPES OF SPORTS AGGRESSION
There are two forms of aggression that was identified by leonard. These are
1. Instrumental aggression
2. Reactive aggression
1.Instrumental Aggression is non-emotional and task oriented. It is stimulated by
external factors or element
2. Reactive Aggression is as a result of hidden emotional situation which has harm
as its goal. Violence is an out come of reactive aggression
Theoretical explanations of sports violence, there are three major theories that seek
to explain violence in sport. These are;
1.the biological theory; it is believed that aggression is an inherent human
characteristics that , that in sports, it is an avenue to discharge built up aggression.

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2. the psychological theory; it states that aggression is caused by frustration.
Situational frustration results when one’s efforts to reach a particular goal is
blocked. Furthermore, questionable calls by an official, heckling from spectators or
taunts by player or coaches occurs as a result of this theory
3. The social theory; it sees aggression as behavior that is learned through
modeling and reinforced by rewards and punishments

CAUSES OF VIOLENCE IN SPORTS

1. Inadequate provision or lack of security personnel- Army, Police, Man O’ war
etc
2. Overcrowding of the spectators at the stadium
3. Bad officiating of the game
4. Allowing spectators to enter into the stadium with dangerous weapons
5. Poor sitting arrangement
6. Lack of information during competition
7. Inadequate knowledge of the rules of the game by the officials – referee,
linesmen, umpire etc
8. General administration problems e.g poor funding
9. Poor facilities and equipment
10. fear of losing a match

WAY OF REDUCING OR ERADICATING VIOLENCE IN SPORTS

1. Always avoid overcrowding of spectators in the stadium
2. Provide heavy security personnel e.g Army, Police, Man O’ War
3. Ensure good officiating of the match
4. There should be demarcation of supports of opposing team
5. Officials must have good knowledge of the rules of the game

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6. Provide good sitting arrangement
7. There must be free flow of information i.e Media reports/coverage must be
moderate
8. The players or athletes should display good spirit of sportsmanship
9. The players or athletes must obey the officials
10. Coaches/officials should not emphasize winning at all cost

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WEEK: EIGHT
LESSON ONE
TOPIC: SUB- TOPIC: DRUG EDUCATION
SUB- TOPIC: DRUGS IN SPORTS
DURATION:
DEFINITION OF TERMS
MEANING OF DRUGS
Drugs are substances which alter the behavior of the living organism. Drugs can be
defined as any type of chemical substance or agent that can influence the structure
and functions of the body.
WHAT IS A HARD DRUG?
A Hard drug is any substance which when taken into a living organism may
modify or alter one or more of its functions substances such as Cocain, nicotine in
cigarette (Sedative), Alcohol in beer, caffeine and Kolanut are all classified as hard
drugs.
WHAT IS MISUSE OF DRUGS?
A misuse of drugs is an indiscriminate use of drugs by a person
WHAT IS SELF MEDICATION?
Self medication simply means treating oneself with drugs without the doctor
prescription or recommendation.
WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE?
Drug abuse can be defined as excessive or inappropriate use of substance by a
person, which is considered to be illegal by culture which could also result to harm
a person or society.
DANGERS OF SELF MEDICATION
1. It causes death
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2. It may result to overdose
3. It may be ineffective for the illness
4. It can lead to toxic/ poison
5. It may complicate the ailment

WHAT IS NORMAL DRUGS

This is when drugs are taken as medically prescribed by a doctor. Normal use
restores good health and also produces the desired effects on the individual/ users.
TYPES OD DRUGS
1. Common drugs
2. Hard drugs
USES OF DRUGS
1. Used for medical purposes
2. To reduce weight
3. To relief pains
4. To induce sleep
5. To keep awake (stimulant)
6. To cure illness or ailments
ASSIGNMENTS
1. list five each of the characteristics of hard drugs and common drugs
2. mention five signs of drug abuse

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WEEK: EIGHT
LESSON TWO
INTRODUCTION
It has been discovered that there are numerous varieties of athletes’ diet.
The criteria for good food are the same for athletes as for non – athletes except
that the athletes must consume additional calories to compensate for greater energy
used.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN CONSIDERING ATHLETES

NUTRITION
1. Daily food requirements based on individual athlete’s energy needs
2. Food requirement before, during and after activity
3. Season or climate
4. Individual health status/state of health
UNREGISTERED SOURCES OF HARD DRUGS SUPPLY
1. Herbs sellers
2. Supermarket and provisions sellers
3. Traditional medicine clinic or Native hospital
4. Beer parlous
5. Motor parks
6. Road side hawkers
7. Drug peddlers
8. Hotels
9. Club houses
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SOURCES OF HYDRATION
Water is the best source of hydration and is the best quencher. Sports drinks are
also good because they contain glucose which fuels exercise and sodium which
aids fluids retention. Sports drinks are especially good for distance event.
There are three main types of sports drinks in the market with specific purposes.
1. Isometric drinks
2. Hypertonic drinks
3. Hypotonic drinks.
DOPING
Doping can be defined as the use of drugs in form of stimulants. It is used as a
muscle builder to enhance ones performance in a competition. Doping test involves
testing of athlete’s urine, faeces and blood. The test s carried out in a laboratory
with the aid of computerized equipment designed for such purpose.
REASONS FOR CONDUCTING DOPING TEST
1. To obtain information about an athletes who may have used drugs
2. To avoid cheating
3. To encourage discipline
4. To discourage the use of hard drugs
5. To enhance the healthy condition among the athlete
6. To ensure all athlete compete on the same conditions
7. To encourage hard work on the part of the athletes.
AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR ENFORCING DRUG LAWS
1. National Drug Law Enforcement Agency(NDLEA)
2. Nigeria Custom Service
3. Nigeria Police Force
4. National Agency for Food, Drugs Administration and Control
5. Federal and State Ministries of Health
ASSIGNMENTS
1. State 5 effects of drugs
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2. State 5 consequences of drug abuse

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