PHYSICS-II/Chapter 29

MAGNETIC FIELDS

Lecturer: Dr. Emine YILDIRIM

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 Vocabulary of Chapter 29

magnetism=manyetizma

magnet=miknatis

magnetic field=manyetik alan

current carrying loop= akim tasiyan halka

deflect=savrulmak

Right hand rule=sag el kurali

thumb=bas parmak

coil=bobin

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Analysis Model: Particle in a Magnetic Field
●
Magnetic Fields (moving charges): To define magnetic field (B) at a point, we consider a
particle of charge q moving with velocity v.
●
When a moving charged particle enters a magnetic field, the magnetic field exerts a
magnetic force on it.
● The magnetic force (FB) vector acting on q depends on the charge, the velocity of the
charge and magnetic field vector as shown below equation.
FB=magnetic force
v=velocity
q=charge
B=magnetic field

Θ is the angle between v and B

Difference between electric field/force & magnetic field/force:

●
The Electric field is created around the electric charges, while the magnetic field is
created around moving electric charges, current carrying wires and magnets.
●
The electric force vector is along the direction of the electric field, whereas the magnetic
force vector is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
●
The electric force does work, but the magnetic force does no work.

●
The SI units of magnetic field is Tesla (T).

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Analysis Model: Particle in a Magnetic Field (Continued)
●
Direction of magnetic field is determined by “the right hand rule” .

Vector sign: out of page

Into page

Fingers
Thumb Fingers bent
straight

Example: Find the direction of the magnetic field acting on a positively charged particle
moving in the various situations shown in the below Figure. if the direction of the
magnetic force acting on it is as indicated.

●
Hint: Align your fingers along vector v, then curl them around vector B. Your thumb
points in the direction of the magnetic force vector.

Answers:

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 .

Let’s apply right hand rule to each diagram to find direction of F B.

c) No magnetic force. Since v is parallel to B

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 Problem 11: A proton moves perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B
at a speed of 1X 107 m/s and experiences an acceleration of 2 x10 13 m/s2
in the positive x direction when its velocity is in the positive z direction.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the field.
Solution: A magnetic force exerted on the proton.

∑ F⃗ = F⃗B m=1.67 X 10 , v=1 X 10 m/s

-27 7

m ⃗a =q ⃗v X B
⃗ a=2 x10 13 m/s2 q=1.6 x10-19 C
⃗v ⊥ B
⃗ θ =90

What is the direction of B?

● a is in x direction so that FB must be in x direction.
●
v is in z direction
F⃗B =q ⃗v X B⃗
^i= k^ X − ^j

According to cross products of unit vectors,

B is in -y direction 6 / 25
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
●
If the velocity of a charged particle is perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field, the particle moves in a circular path as shown in the
figure.
F⃗B ⊥⃗v ⊥ B
⃗

●
+ charge rotates counterclockwise,.
●
– charge rotates clockwise.
●
The magnetic force cause circular motion so that the centripetal force of
the particle provided by the magnetic force.
●
If we apply Newton’s second law to circular motion;

●
We can obtain radius of the circular path from the above equation as
follows:

●
The angular speed of the particle is:

●
What is the period of the revolution of the motion?
This equation tells us that period of the motion is
independent of the speed of the particle and radius of the circle.

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Solution:

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Solution: The magnetic field points out of page, velocity vector
points downward. Thus the particle rotates clockwise, so it is a
negatively charged particle.

If the particle was positively charged, the magnetic force would

be leftward. However, in this motion it is impossible because
magnetic force must point center.

B=4 mT, FB=3.2 X 10-15 N

e=|q|=1.6 X 10-19 C,

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Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying
Conductor
●
When a current-carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a magnetic force.

●
Since the charged particles in motion makes up the current, the
resultant force exerted by the magnetic field on the wire is the vector sum of
the individual forces exerted on the particles.

A= cross sectional area

L=length of wire
n=the number of mobile charge carriers per unit volume
Vd = drift speed
Volume of the segment =AL
The number of charges in segment= nAL
REMEMBER
The current in the wire is;
●
Thus, the total magnetic force on the segment of wire of length L is: I=nqAvd

●
We can write above equation in terms of current as follows:
Here, L is a length vector pointing the direction of current I.
Magnitude of vector L=length of the segment

Magnitude of the FB
F B =ILB sin θ Here θ is the angle between L(I) and B.
●
Now we consider an arbitrarily shaped wire segment of uniform cross section in a magnetic field as shown in the
figure.

●
The magnetic force exerted on a small segment of vector length ds is:

●
In order to obtain the total magnetic force exerted on the wire in figure above, we
integrate the equation above over the length of the wire as follows:
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.
 Problem 32: A straight wire carrying a 3A current is placed in a Q/C
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.28 T directed perpendicular to the
wire. (a) Find the magnitude of the magnetic force on a section of the wire
having a length of 14cm. (b) Explain why you can’t determine the
direction of the magnetic force from the information given in the problem.

Solution:

B is perpendicular to i.

b) In order to determine direction of F B, we need to know the direction of

B and I . Both of them are not given to us.

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 Problem 39: A wire having a mass per unit length of 0.5 g/cm
carries a 2-A current horizontally to the south. What are (a) the
direction and (b) the magnitude of the minimum magnetic field
needed to lift this wire vertically upward?

Solution: a) The magnetic force must points upward to lift the

wire. A upward magnetic force can balance the downward
gravitational force.

● Let’s apply right hand rule. FB points upward, the current points
south, the magnetic field points east.

b) In order to lift the book,we need to overcome gravitational

force thus the minimum magnetic force must be equal to
gravitational force. As a result the magnetic force balances the
downward gravitational force. m/L=0.5 g/cm
I=2 -A
g=9.81 m/s2
θ=90

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Problem 41: A horizontal power line of length 58 m carries a
current of 2.20 kA northward as shown in Figure . The Earth’s
magnetic field at this location has a magnitude of 5 X10-5 T. The
field at this location is directed toward the north at an angle 65
below the power line. Find (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction
of the magnetic force on the power line.

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 .

Tx=T Sinθ
FB is out of the page. Ty=T Cos θ

The rod is at equilibrium. ∑F=0 Apply Newton’s 2nd law in x and y axes.

Angle between I and B is 90.

m/L=λ

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 0.4 m

0.4 m
Solution:
REMEMBER ! ! !
^j X ^j=0
^i X ^i =0

FB=5(0.4)(0.02)=0.04 N=40 mN
c) The length of the segment cd has the components in -x and y directions.

d) The length of the segment da has the components in x and -z directions.

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 Solution: e)
The net magnetic force acting on any closed current loop in a uniform magnetic field is
zero. Thus, the force on the fourth segment must be the negative of the resultant of
the forces on the other three.

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.

L is in the direction of I.

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Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
●
When a rectangular loop carrying a current is placed in a uniform
magnetic field, a torque is exerted on it.

Let’s determine the magnetic force on each side of the loop.

side 1 : F 1=0 ⃗L∥B⃗ ⃗L x B
⃗ =0
side 3 : F 3 =0 ⃗L∥B
⃗ ⃗L x B
⃗ =0
side 2 : F⃗2=I ⃗L X B
⃗ F 2=IaB sin 90=IaB F 2 is out of the page
side 4 : F⃗4 =I ⃗L X B
⃗ F 4 =IaB sin 90=IaB F 4 is in to the page

●
The net magnetic force acting on the closed loop is ZERO, but there is
a torque produced by F2 and F4 .
●
The magnitude of this maximum torque is:

magnitude of A= area of the loop=ab

If the B is parallel to the plane of the

loop, the torque is maximum.

⃗ XB
τ =I A
In general :⃗ ⃗ τ =IAB sin θ
Θ is the angle between B and plane’s normal A(area vector).
A is perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
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Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
(Continued)
●
The product IA is defined as the magnetic dipole moment μ of the
loop.
We often call magnetic dipole moment simply as
“magnetic moment”.

●
The torque exerted on a current carrying loop in a magnetic field B
is:
●
For a loop consisting of N turns, the torque is:
τ =N μ⃗ X B
⃗ =I μ⃗coil X B
⃗

The potential energy of a system of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic

field is:

We use right-hand-rule to determine the direction of A and μ.

The direction of A is the same as

the direction of μ.
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Problem 46: A 50-turn circular coil of radius 5 cm can be oriented in
any direction in a uniform magnetic field having a magnitude of
0.5T. If the coil carries a current of 25 mA, find the magnitude of the
maximum possible torque exerted on the coil.

Solution:

The range of values of sin θ is –1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1. In order to obtain maximum

torque, value of sinθ must be 1. Thus sin 90=1
A=πr2
r=5 cm,N=50
I=25 mA, B=0.5 T

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 Problem 48: A current of 17 mA is maintained in a single circular
loop of 2 m circumference. A magnetic field of 0.800 T is directed
parallel to the plane of the loop. (a) Calculate the magnetic moment
of the loop. (b) What is the magnitude of the torque exerted by the
magnetic field on the loop?

Solution: a) circumference=2πr=2m r=0.318m

Area of the circular plane=A=πr2

●
The magnitude of the magnetic moment is then

b) ⃗ XB
⃗τ = μ ⃗
τ = μ B sin ( θ )= μ B sin(90)
µ is in the direction of A.
A is perpendicular to the plane.
B is parallel to the plane.
A is perpendicular to B..

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.

A
90

Solution:
⃗τ =N I ⃗
AXB
⃗
Φ=angle between B and A
Φ=90-Θ
N=100
I=1.2 A
B=0.8 T
A=ab

b) When We apply right hand rule, direction of magnetic force is

shown in the below figure. The force exerted on the loop is in
clockwise direction. Thus the coil rotates clockwise.

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.

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 REFERENCES
1) Physics For Scientist and Engineers, SERWAY
and JEWETT, 9th Edition.

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 Recommended problems in chapter
29:

5, 40,45,61,33,6,7,35,49,52,53

These problems are highly recommended. You make a good

practice by solving these problems.
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