Here are 20 more challenging multiple-choice questions based on the lecture content:
1. What is the key distinction between open and closed systems in energy exchanges? a) Open systems exchange only energy, not matter b) Closed systems exchange both matter and energy c) Open systems exchange both matter and energy d) Closed systems allow no energy or matter exchange
Answer: c
2. Which of the following statements about energy degradation in open systems is true? a) Energy is always conserved without loss b) Useful energy increases over time c) Total usable energy decreases due to dissipation d) Energy degradation is exclusive to isolated systems
Answer: c
3. What is the relationship between the mass of air and its kinetic energy in wind turbines? a) Kinetic energy is independent of air mass b) Kinetic energy depends linearly on mass c) Kinetic energy depends on the square of the air mass d) Kinetic energy is inversely proportional to air mass
Answer: b
4. The mathematical model of energy conservation predicts:
a) Energy is fully transferred with no losses b) All forms of energy are equally efficient c) Total system energy remains constant in closed systems d) Theoretical efficiency always matches real-world data
Answer: c
5. Betz’s Law states that the theoretical maximum efficiency of wind turbines is approximately: a) 50% b) 59% c) 72% d) 85%
Answer: b
6. In thermodynamic terms, work done on a gas during compression is:
a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) Dependent only on the temperature Answer: b
7. Which parameter is critical for calculating gravitational potential energy in hydropower plants? a) Velocity of water flow b) Height of the water reservoir c) Density of the dam materials d) Diameter of the turbine blades
Answer: b
8. The efficiency of hydropower systems can be reduced by:
a) Increasing the reservoir volume b) Decreasing the flow rate c) Energy losses in the form of heat or friction d) Using larger turbines
Answer: c
9. Entropy is a measure of:
a) Energy efficiency b) System order c) System disorder d) Thermal capacity
Answer: c
10. During an isothermal process:
a) The volume of the system is constant b) The pressure of the system is constant c) The internal energy of the system remains unchanged d) The temperature of the system changes
Answer: c
11. Adiabatic processes differ from isothermal processes because:
a) They involve constant heat exchange b) Heat transfer is zero, causing temperature changes c) No work is performed during adiabatic processes d) They occur only in closed systems
Answer: b
12. The second law of thermodynamics implies that:
a) Heat flows from cold to hot spontaneously b) All processes in nature are reversible c) Heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold d) The total entropy in a system decreases over time
Answer: c 13. What is the primary limitation of using Uranium-238 in nuclear reactors? a) It is less stable than Uranium-235 b) It has lower neutron absorption properties c) It is highly radioactive and dangerous d) It undergoes spontaneous fission frequently
Answer: b
14. In nuclear fission, the missing mass after a reaction is:
a) Converted into another form of mass b) Released as electromagnetic radiation only c) Converted into energy according to E=mc2E = mc^2 d) An experimental artifact
Answer: c
15. The PV diagram of an isochoric process is represented by:
a) A horizontal line b) A vertical line c) A parabola d) An exponential curve
Answer: b
16. What determines the temperature gradient in conduction heat transfer?
a) Thermal conductivity b) Cross-sectional area c) Thickness of the material d) The ratio of ΔT/d\Delta T / d
Answer: d
17. Which process in a nuclear power plant generates thermal energy?
a) Turbine rotation b) Nuclear fission reactions c) Electromagnetic radiation absorption d) Convection within the reactor core
Answer: b
18. Which environmental concern is most prominent for hydroelectric dams?
a) Carbon emissions during operation b) Disruption of fish migration routes c) High initial construction costs d) Dependence on weather patterns
Answer: b
19. The half-life of Plutonium-239, a nuclear waste product, is approximately:
a) 2,000 years b) 5,000 years c) 24,000 years d) 50,000 years
Answer: c
20. The Stefan-Boltzmann law primarily explains energy transfer through:
a) Conduction b) Convection c) Radiation d) None of the above
