PSAD - November 2023

Situation 1 – Refer to the figure below. toward 𝐴. The coefficients of static friction at A and B are 0.4
Given: and 0.2, respectively.
𝑎 = 3 m; 𝑏 = 3 m; 𝑐 = 1 m; 𝑑 = 6 m; 𝑇 = 150 kN Given: 𝜃 = 30°; 𝐿 = 4 m
Slope, 𝑉: 𝐻 = 4:3 7. What is the maximum reaction (N) at 𝐴 before the beam
starts to slide?
Section properties (all members): A. 660 C. 691
Area, 𝐴 = 18,900 mm2 𝑆𝑥 = 3.26×106 mm3 B. 673 D. 642
Determine the following: 8. What is the maximum reaction (N) at 𝐵 before the beam
1. Force 𝐹 (kN) so that the shear stress of column 𝐴𝐶 is zero. starts to slide?
Given: 𝑃 = 60 kN, 𝛽 = 45°. A. 503 C. 540
A. 137.2 C. 120.0 B. 580 D. 493
B. 150.5 D. 127.3 9. Determine the maximum distance 𝑥 (m) before the beam
2. Force 𝐹 (kN) so that the column 𝐴𝐶 is purely axial. Given, 𝑃 = starts to slide.
60 kN. A. 2.5 C. 2.3
A. 100.6 C. 90.0 B. 1.8 D. 3.2
B. 120.0 D. 110.5
3. Maximum compressive stress (MPa) of the column 𝐴𝐶. x
Given: 𝛽 = 0, 𝐹 = 60 kN, 𝑃 = 120 kN.
A. 62 C. 68
B. 13 D. 79
P
a b c F
θ
A B
β

B C D L
T
Situation 4 – The 12-mm-diameter steel rod shown has a length
V
d 𝐿 = 18 m, is subject to its own weight. An ore bucket with
H weight 𝑃 is attached at the end of the rod. Unit weight of
T steel, 𝛾𝑠𝑡 = 77 kN/m3.
10. What is the value of 𝑃 (kN) if the maximum elongation in the
A rod, 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10 mm.
A. 12.410 C. 13.014
B. 12.488 D. 13.448
Situation 2 – Refer to plane truss shown below. 11. If 𝑃 = 20 kN, find the longitudinal strain.
Given: A. 0.00089 C. 0.00075
Dimension: B. 0.00098 D. 0.00057
𝑠 = 3 m; ℎ = 6 m 12. Find the ductility of the rod if due to a heavy load at failure
Wind Load: the diameter of the broken part is 11.25 mm.
𝑃1 = 15 kN; 𝑃2 =7.5 kN A. 6.25 C. 13.8%
A 15-kN gravity load is added at 𝐺. B. 6.67 D. 12.1%
4. Determine the total reaction (kN) at 𝐵.
A. 26.83 C. 24.27
B. 36.18 D. 31.64
5. Determine the force (kN) in member 𝐸𝐹.
A. 53.5 C. 35.5
B. 38.5 D. 57.3
L
6. Determine the force (kN) in member 𝐶𝐺.
A. 12.0 C. 0
B. 15.0 D. 13.0
P2
P1
C
P1
P1
P2 h P
B
A D E F G H I J Situation 5 – A 3-m wooden beam is simply supported at each
ends has a hallow circular cross-section with outer diameter,
s s s s s s s s 𝐷𝑜 = 600 mm and inner diameter, 𝐷𝑖 = 400 m.
Allowable tensile stress, 𝐹𝑡 = 2.75 MPa
Allowable shear stress, 𝐹𝑣 = 0.4 MPa
Situation 3 – The uniform plank in the figure is resting on rough 13. What is the maximum moment capacity (kN-m) based on the
surfaces 𝐴 and 𝐵. A 120-kg man starts walking from 𝐵 allowable tensile stress?
A. 46 C. 24
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Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz
PSAD - November 2023
B. 70 D. 42 22. Factor of safety against overturing.
14. Compute the maximum concentrated load 𝑃 (kN) at the A. 2.1 C. 11.8
midspan based on the allowable shear. B. 1.2 D. 8.7
A. 32 C. 62 23. Factor of safety against sliding.
B. 125 D. 64 A. 2.1 C. 7.8
15. If the hallow is changed to a square hallow section with B. 1.2 D. 8.7
dimensions 250 mm by 250 mm, compute the maximum 24. Eccentricity (m) of the reaction.
moment capacity (kN-m) based on the allowable tensile A. 1.50 C. 1.45
stress. B. 0.53 D. 0.053
A. 3 C. 55 a
B. 7 D. 45

Situation 6 – An element is subjected to the stresses as

presented in the Mohr’s circle shown.
Given: 𝑎 = 100 MPa; 𝑏 = 30 MPa; 𝑐 = 19 MPa
16. Determine the minimum principal stress (MPa). H1
A. 39.8 C. 20.1 H2
B. 25.2 D. 31.2
17. Determine the shear stress (MPa) at failure at the 𝑦-axis of
the element.
A. 25 C. 15
B. 19 D. 12
18. Determine the maximum shear stress (MPa). b
A. 39.8 C. 20.1
B. 25.2 D. 31.2 Situation 9 – For the continuous beam shown, 𝐿1 = 𝐿, 𝐿2 =
0.75𝐿, and 𝐿3 = 0.6𝐿. Use the modified stiffness for hinge or
roller ends.
a 25. What is the distribution factor at 𝐵 for beam 𝐴𝐵. Assume 𝐸𝐼
is constant.
E A. 0.36 C. 0.43
B. 0.64 D. 0.56
c 26. What is the distribution factor at 𝐶 for beam 𝐶𝐷. Assume 𝐸𝐼
A C
is constant.
B A. 0.25 C. 0.52
B. 0.84 D. 0.48
D 27. If the flexural rigidity, 𝐸𝐼 for each length is 𝐿1 = 1, 𝐿2 = 1.2
and 𝐿3 = 1, what is the distribution factor at 𝐵 for beam 𝐵𝐶?
b A. 0.36 C. 0.51
B. 0.49 D. 0.68
A B C D
Situation 7 – A prestressed concrete beam is 250 mm wide by
450 mm deep. The initial prestressing force is 600 kN.
Assume that there is a loss of prestress of 15% at service
loads. L1 L2 L3
19. What is the final compressive stress (MPa) in the beam if the
prestressing force is applied at the centroid of the beam?
A. 5.33 C. 4.80 Situation 10 – The compound bridge girder shown is to be
B. 4.53 D. 5.65 analyzed using highway moving loads, consisting
20. What is the final compressive stress (MPa) in the beam if the concentrated and uniformly distributed loads.
prestressing force is applied at 100 mm below the centroid Given: 𝑎 = 5 m; 𝑏 = 20 m; 𝑐 = 10 m
of the beam? 28. For the maximum reaction at 𝐵, what length of the beam
A. 1.51 C. 11.20 should be applied with uniformly distributed load?
B. 12.44 D. 10.58 A. 20 C. 30
21. What is the maximum eccentricity (mm) at which the B. 25 D. 45
prestressing force can be applied without producing tensile 29. For the maximum reaction at 𝐶, what length of the beam
stress in the beam? should be applied with uniformly distributed load?
A. 75 mm below the centroid A. 5 C. 40
B. 75 mm above the centroid B. 20 D. 35
C. 150 mm below the centroid 30. For the maximum reaction at 𝐹, what length of the beam
D. 150 mm above the centroid should be applied with uniformly distributed load?
A. 5 C. 40
Situation 8 – Refer to the earth dam shown in the figure. B. 20 D. 35
pin
Given:
Unit weight, 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 17.3 kN/m3 B C F G
Dimension:
𝑎 = 2m; 𝑏 = 14 m; 𝐻1 = 12 m; 𝐻2 = 9 m
Coefficient of friction, 𝜇 = 0.45
Determine the following: a b a c a b

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Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz
PSAD - November 2023
𝑆 = 6.18×105 mm3
Situation 11 – A 4-m cantilever beam is subject to a uniformly 34. Determine the moment (kN-m) at 𝐷.
distributed load of 20 kN/m. A. 56 C. 48
Refer to the table below. B. 8 D. 12
31. If 𝑥 = 4 m, what is 𝑃 (kN) to eliminate the deflection at the 35. Determine the maximum bending moment (kN-m) in the
free end? beam 𝐴𝐶.
A. 30 C. 40 A. 17.8 C. 16.0
B. 35 D. 45 B. 18.7 D. 10.6
32. If 𝑥 = 2 m, what is 𝑃 (kN) to eliminate the deflection at the 36. Determine the maximum flexural stress (MPa) in the beam
free end? 𝐴𝐶.
A. 69 C. 75 A. 30 C. 29
B. 96 D. 57 B. 17 D. 26
33. If 𝑥 = 2 m, what is 𝑃 (kN) if the deflection at the free end is
P
10 mm? Use 𝐸𝐼 = 1200 kN-m2.
A. 42.9 C. 94.2
B. 85.6 D. 65.8 A B D
L
C
w

x Situation 13 – A gusset plate is bolted to larger plate by four 16-

P mm-diameter bolts in single shear as shown.
Given:
𝑃 = 40 kN
Cantiliver Beams 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 𝑠3 = 75 mm
𝑒 = 100 mm
37. Determine the maximum shear stress (MPa) in the bolts.
A. 80 C. 98
B. 94 D. 89
38. Determine the minimum shear stress (MPa) in the bolts.
A. 56 C. 40
B. 27 D. 49
39. If the allowable shear stress of the bolt is 69 MPa, what the
maximum 𝑃 (kN)?
A. 36 C. 21
B. 25 D. 29
s1 s2 s3

e
P

Situation 14 – A 𝑊360 × 216 is used as a column having an

unsupported lengths about the major and minor axes equal
to 8 m and 6 m respectively. Use effective length factors 𝐾𝑥 =
1.0 and 𝐾𝑦 = 0.7.
Properties of the 𝑊360 × 216:
𝐴 = 27500 mm2; 𝐸 = 200 GPa; 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa
𝑟𝑥 = 161 mm; 𝑟𝑦 = 110 mm
Use the table below.
40. Determine the effective slenderness ratio about the major
axis.
A. 54.5 C. 34.8
B. 49.7 D. 38.2
41. Determine the effective slenderness ratio about the minor
axis.
A. 54.5 C. 34.8
Situation 12 – The beam 𝐵𝐷 shown is fixed at 𝐷 and is supported B. 49.7 D. 38.2
by girder 𝐴𝐶 at 𝐵 with load 𝑃 = 14 kN as shown. 42. Calculate the maximum compressive load (kN) the column
Given: can carry.
𝐿1 = 4 m; 𝐿2 = 2 m; 𝐿3 = 4 m A. 3485 C. 3418
Section Modulus for both members about the plane of B. 3667 D. 3718
bending:
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Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz
PSAD - November 2023
Allowable compressive stress (MPa) for compression members of 248 Mpa Specified Yield Stress P
KL/r Fa (Mpa) KL/r Fa (Mpa) KL/r Fa (Mpa) KL/r Fa (Mpa) e
1 148.70 41 131.79 81 105.13 121 69.92
2 148.42 42 131.23 82 104.35 122 68.92
3 148.13 43 130.67 83 103.57 123 67.92
4 147.84 44 130.10 84 102.79 124 66.91
5 147.53 45 129.52 85 102.00 125 65.89 2L 75×75 ×10
6 147.22 46 128.94 86 101.20 126 64.87
7 146.90 47 128.35 87 100.40 127 63.85 fillet weld Beam fillet weld
8 146.58 48 127.76 88 99.59 128 62.86
9 146.24 49 127.16 89 98.78 129 61.89
10 145.90 50 126.56 90 97.96 130 60.94
11 145.55 51 125.95 91 97.14 131 60.01 4-d1
Beam 4-d1
12 145.19 52 125.33 92 96.31 132 59.11
13 144.83 53 124.71 93 95.48 133 58.22
Girder
14 144.45 54 124.08 94 94.64 134 57.36
15 144.07 55 123.45 95 93.80 135 56.51 Girder
16 143.69 56 122.81 96 92.95 136 55.68
17 143.29 57 122.17 97 92.10 137 54.87
18 142.89 58 121.52 98 91.24 138 54.08
19 142.48 59 120.86 99 90.37 139 53.30
20 142.06 60 120.20 100 89.50 140 52.54 Situation 16 – Refer to the figure shown.
21
22
141.64
141.21
61
62
119.54
118.87
101
102
88.63
87.74
141
142
51.80
51.07
Given:
23 140.77 63 118.19 103 86.86 143 50.36 𝐿1 = 5.6 m; 𝐿2 = 5.8 m
24
25
140.33
139.88
64
65
117.51
116.83
104
105
85.97
85.07
144
145
49.67
48.98
Column dimension = 400 mm × 400 mm
26 139.42 66 116.13 106 84.17 146 48.31 Factored load, 𝑤𝑢 =24.5 kN/m
27
28
138.96
138.49
67
68
115.44
114.73
107
108
83.26
82.34
147
148
47.66
47.02
𝑈 = 1.2D + 1.6L
29 138.01 69 114.03 109 81.42 149 46.39 46. Determine the moment (kN-m) at B in beam AB.
30 137.53 70 113.31 110 80.50 150 45.77 A. 76.8 C. 85.4
B. 79.6 D. 88.4
31 137.04 71 112.60 111 79.56 151 45.17
32 136.54 72 111.87 112 78.63 152 44.58
33 136.04 73 111.14 113 77.68 153 43.99 47. Determine the moment (kN-m) at 𝐸.
34
35
135.53
135.01
74
75
110.41
109.67
114
115
76.73
75.78
154
155
43.43
42.87 A. 74.9 C. 51.5
36 134.49 76 108.93 116 74.82 156 42.32 B. 58.9 D. 69.4
37
38
133.96
133.43
77
78
108.18
107.42
117
118
73.85
72.88
157
158
41.78
41.25
48. Determine the moment (kN-m) at C.
39 132.89 79 106.66 119 71.90 159 40.74 A. 51.5 C. 33.2
40 132.34 80 105.90 120 70.91 160 40.23
B. 49.8 D. 34.3
spandrel beam
Situation 15 – Refer to the figure shown. A B C

Masonry wall
COLUMN

COLUMN
The beam W410 × 67 kg/m with 9 mm web thickness
subjects the girder W530 × 109 kg/m with 12 mm web
thickness to a shear load P (kN). 2L – 75 mm × 75 mm × 10
mm with 4 – 22 mm diameter bolts frame the beam to the D E
girder by fillet welds on both sides.

Given: L1 L2
𝑆1 = 40 mm; 𝑆2 = 40 mm; 𝑆3 = 75 mm; 𝑆4 = 40 mm
Allowable Stresses are as follows: NSCP COEEFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS
Yield Stress, 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa Section 408.4 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following
Bolt Hole Diameter = 25 mm approximate moment and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams
Allowable weld shear stress, 𝐹𝑣𝑤 = 145 MPa and one-way slabs (slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one
43. Given 𝑃 = 280 kN and 𝑒 = 0, determine the required weld direction), provided:
(a) There are two or more spans,
size (mm). (b) Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans not
A. 8 C. 4 greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent,
B. 9 D. 5 (c) Loads are uniformly distributed,
44. Given 𝑃 = 280 kN and 𝑒 = 45 mm, determine the critical (d) Unit live does not exceed three times unit dead load, and
shear (N/mm) in the weld. (e) Members are prismatic,
A. 406 C. 459 Positive moment
B. 613 D. 641 End spans
45. If the bolt capacity in double shear is 𝑉𝑢 = 173.2 kN and 𝑒 = Discontinuous end unrestrained………................𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /11
Discontinuous end integral with support.,,…...𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /14
45 mm, determine the required weld size (mm). Interior spans……………………………...………...…............𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /16
A. 3 C. 6
B. 4 D. 7 Negative moment of exterior face of first interior support
Two spans ……………………………………………..…,………𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /9
More than two spans………………………….………………𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /10

Negative moment at other faces of interior support…..𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /11

Negative moment at interior face of exterior

support for members built integrally with supports
Where support is a spandrel beam………….……..…..𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /24
When support is column…………………………….……...𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /16

Shear in end members at face of

first interior support……………………………………………1.15𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 /2

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Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz
PSAD - November 2023
Shear at face of all other supports……………………………..𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 /2 Y
Where 𝑙𝑛 = clear span for positive moment or shear and average of adjacent
clear spans for negative moment. Vu y

Situation 17 – The pile cap shown in the figure supports a 500-

mm square column.
Given
Dimensions: L X
𝑎 = 0.9 m; 𝑏 = 2.4 m Vux
Effective depth, 𝑑 = 600 mm
Diameter of pile = 350 mm

Column factored loads:

𝑃𝑢 = 1800 kN; 𝑀𝑢 = 180 kN-m
Strength Reduction Factors B
0.75 for Shear
0.90 for Moment
Load combinations, 𝑈 = 1.2D + 1.6L Situation 19 – A reinforced concrete cantilever beam has a span
of 3 m. The beam supports total uniform dead load of 𝑤 =
49. Compute the punching shear stress (MPa) of the column. 13.5 kN/m and a concentrated live load of 𝑃𝐿 (kN) at its free
A. 0.73 C. 1.5 end.
B. 0.55 D. 1.1
50. Compute the punching shear stress (MPa) of the most Given:
heavily loaded pile. Beam dimension, 𝑏 × ℎ = 250 mm × 500 mm
A. 0.19 C. 0.30 Effective cover to centroid of tension steel = 70 mm
B. 0.22 D. 0.27
Effective cover to centroid of compression steel = 70 mm
51. Compute the punching shear stress (MPa) of the least loaded
pile. Longitudinal reinforcement, 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
A. 0.18 C. 0.20 Transverse reinforcement, 𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 275 MPa
B. 0.23 D. 0.24
a b a Concrete strength, 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 MPa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75
a Reduction factor for moment = 0.90
𝑈 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿

55. If 𝑃𝐿 = 25 kN, compute the number of 22-mm bars required

in the tension side.
b A. 3 C. 5
B. 4 D. 6
56. If 𝑃𝐿 = 45 kN, compute the number of 22-mm bars required
in the tension side.
a A. 5 C. 7
B. 6 D. 8
57. If 𝑃𝐿 = 45 kN, what is the required spacing (mm) of the 12-
Situation 18 – Given the following data of the column shown: mm U-stirrups at the critical section.
Dimensions, 𝐵 × 𝐿 = 600 mm × 500 mm A. 215 C. 105
Longitudinal bars = 10 pcs of 25-mm-diameter B. 480 D. 150
Ties = 12 mm-diameter spaced at 100 mm
Steel strength: Situation 20 – A 400 mm × 400 mm square column is subject to
𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa; 𝑓𝑦ℎ = 275 MPa a factored shear 𝑉𝑢 = 170 kN
Given:
Concrete strength, 𝑓𝑐′ = 27.5 MPa
Longitudinal bars: 8 -25 mm diameter bars
Allowable concrete shear stress = 0.89 MPa
Lateral ties, 𝑑𝑡 = 12 mm
Effective cover to centroid of longitudinal bar = 70 mm
Clear concrete cover = 40 mm
Shear reduction factor = 0.75
Allowable concrete shear stress = 0.89 MPa
52. Find the shear strength (kN) of the column along the 𝑦-axis.
Concrete strength: 𝑓𝑐′ = 27.5 MPa
A. 548 C. 765
B. 573 D. 730 Steel strength: 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa; 𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 275 MPa
53. Find the shear strength (kN) of the column along the 𝑥-axis. Strength reduction factor for shear = 0.75
A. 548 C. 765 58. Determine the shear stress (MPa) in the column.
B. 573 D. 730 A. 0.9 C. 0.5
54. If 𝑉𝑢𝑦 = 525 kN, calculate the required spacing of the ties. B. 1.3 D. 1.7
A. 170 C. 105 59. Determine the required spacing (mm) of the shear
reinforcement of one set of closed hooks.
B. 120 D. 110
A. 190 C. 165
B. 195 D. 80

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Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz
PSAD - November 2023
60. Determine the required spacing (mm) of the shear Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
reinforcement of one set of closed hooks with an additional 64. Determine the weight (kN) of cement needed.
tie bar in the middle. A. 9.20 C. 2.90
A. 290 C. 165 B. 15.4 D. 14.5
B. 295 D. 190 65. Determine the weight (kN) of the dry-rodded coarse
aggregate needed.
A. 54.7 C. 86.5
Situation 21 – Refer to the rectangular footing shown. B. 75.4 D. 56.8
Given: 66. Determine the weight (kN) of the fine sand needed.
Dimensions: A. 39.7 C. 54.8
𝐵 = 4 m; 𝐿 = 3 m; 𝑡 = 700 mm; 𝐻 = 1.8 m B. 74.9 D. 84.5
Unit weight:
Concrete = 24 kN/m3 Situation 23 – A pendulum is rotated in a conical manner at a
Soil = 17 kN/m3 constant velocity of 2.5 m/s. The length of the string cable is
61. Given:
Column load, 𝐷 + 𝐿 = 1370 kN 450 mm and the weight of the pendulum bob is 450 N. Given
Moment, 𝑀𝑦 = 276 kN-m 𝑀𝑣 2
Centrifugal Force = ,
Determine the eccentricity (m) of the resultant of the gross 𝑟
soil pressure. 67. What is the angle of the string from the vertical?
A. 0.145 C. 0.154 A. 58.8° C. 45.0°
B. 0.776 D. 0.667 B. 49.9° D. 38.0°
62. Given: 68. Calculate the tension (N) in the string.
Column load, 𝐷 + 𝐿 = 1370 kN A. 385 C. 870
Moment, 𝑀𝑦 = 276 kN-m B. 583 D. 780
Determine the maximum soil gross pressure (kPa). 69. If the angle of the string from the vertical is 30°, and the
A. 216.2 C. 148.2 maximum tension in the cable is 1250 N, determine the
B. 184.2 D. 261.2 maximum weight (N) of the pendulum bob.
63. Given: A. 1440 C. 2500
Column load, 𝐷 + 𝐿 = 1280 kN B. 220 D. 1082
Moment, 𝑀𝑦 = 1300 kN-m
Determine the maximum soil gross pressure (kPa).
A. 307.4 C. 304.7
B. 302.6 D. 306.2
Y

L X

B
P

M
ground surface

soil
H
t concrete

Situation 22 – For a 5 m3 of concrete with an average

compressive strength of 35 MPa at 28 days, the data for a
trial batch are as follows:
slump = 7 mm to 100 mm
Water-cement ratio = 0.62
Water (net mixing) = 1.8 kN/m³
Volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate = 0.71 m3
Unit weight of dry-rodded coarse aggregate = 16 kN/m3
Entrapped air = 1%

6
Prepared by:
Engr. Jobert S. De La Cruz