PHYSICS PROJECT

INDEX
S.No.
Topic Pg.
No.
1 Introduction includes Internal 04
resistance definition
2 Practical Analysis includes 06
• Objective
• Apparatus
• Theory
• Circuit diagram
• Procedure
• Result and Inferences
• Precautions
• Sources of error
3. Conclusion 16
4. Acknowledgment and bibliography 17
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic
appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus, the
batteries need to be made more powerful so that their potential
can be increased greatly. This project report is based on
practical analysis for the factors affecting the internal resistance
of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can
increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it
more reliable.
Internal Resistance
The resistance within a battery, or other voltage source, that
causes a drop in the source voltage when there is a current.
Internal resistance
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the
electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω).
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to an
external resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing through
the circuit,
E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance r = E–V

I
Practical analysis
 OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a
cell depends.
 APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way
keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter, a
cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare, connecting wires and
sand paper.
 THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
• Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
Let x be the distance between the electrodes, then,
rαx
• Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte. Let A be the surface area of the
electrodes, then,
r α 1
A
• Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
• Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r = (E-V)/I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The above circuit includes:
 A power supply
 Two one way keys
 A galvanometer
 A Resistance Box
 A Leclanche cell
 A shunt resistance
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and
make tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure
that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the cell,
otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.
to study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.

5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat
resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that
a null point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set
square and measure the balancing length (l 1) between the
null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K 1 and K2. At the same
time, take out a small resistance (1 – 5W) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the
null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K 1 and K2. Wait for some time
and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of
observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of

electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of

electrolyte.
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the

concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
S.No. Ammeter Position of null Shunt Internal

Reading point (cm) Resistance Resistance
(R) (r)
With R Without
(l1) R (l2)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
Table for effect of separation between electrodes:
S. No. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal R

between point l1 point l2 resistance (Ω) d
electrodes (cm) (cm)
(cm)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.45 0.38
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
Table for effect of temperature:
S.R. Temperature l1 l2 Resistanc Internal Tr

No. (oC) (cm) (cm) R (Ω) Resistance r
(Ω) (ΩK)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
 RESULT AND INFERENCES

• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to
E = 0.98 Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation

between the electrodes.
rαd
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of
the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
r α 1/A
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes. r α 1/T
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

concentration of the electrolyte.
r α 1/ C
 PRECAUTIONS
• The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
• The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations
are to be taken.
• The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
• The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the
wire gently. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
• The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
• The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material
density throughout its length.
• End resistances may not be zero.
Bibliography

www.google.com www.docfoc.com www.wikipedia.com
www.meritnation.com www.topperlearning.com
www.quora.com www.academia.edu www.ask.learncbse.in
www.bing.com
THEORY OF PHYSICS BY DR.AZAMAHMAD

PHYSICS PROJECT

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INDEX

Internal Resistance r = E–V

The internal resistance of a cell is given by:

The above circuit includes:

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.

To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes

14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of

To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of

16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the

S.No. Ammeter Position of null Shunt Internal

S. No. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal R

S.R. Temperature l1 l2 Resistanc Internal Tr

1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44

 RESULT AND INFERENCES

• The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation

• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

• End resistances may not be zero.

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