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IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL
DOHA-QATAR
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL
Name: Mohammed Elamin

Class: XII – A
Roll no: 23
IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL
P.O.BOX.2836
DOHA-QATAR
SUBJECT:…………………………….
PROJECT WORK
DONE AND SUBMITTED BY:
…………………………………………………………………….
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS

FOR CLASS XII COURSE
2024-2025
SUPERVISED BY:
…………………………………………….
TEACHER-IN-CHARGE
1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to convey thanks to ………………………………………………………………
my ................................................................................... Teacher, Ideal Indian School, Doha

–
Qatar for immense help and guidance in the completion of my project. It is only due to his
efforts my project could be completed successfully.
This report is submitted as a part of practical examination included in the curriculum of
CBSE for all India senior secondary examination to be held in the year March 2025.
Name of the student: - …………………………………………………
Roll No: -………………………………………………………….
Signature: -…………………………………………………
2
PROJECT FILE
INTRODUCTION
NAME :-
GUIDE/TEACHER IN CHARGE :-
SCHOOL : - IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOOL, DOHA-QATAR
CLASS :-
ROLL NO :-
PROJECT TITLE :-
IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA – QATAR
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Miss/Master ………………………………… of class XII
…………… has done the ................................................................. project work
during the academic year 2024– 2025 at Ideal Indian School, Doha – Qatar.
His/her examination Roll No is
SCHOOL SEAL: -
SUBJECT TEACHER HOD SCIENCE PRINCIPAL
Submitted to all India Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination in

……………………….. (Practical) conducted in Ideal Indian School, Doha –
Qatar.
INTERNAL EXAMINER
SIGNATURE:
NAME:
DESIGNATION:
SCHOOL:
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
SIGNATURE:
NAME:
DESIGNATION:
SCHOOL:
INDEX
SL NO Page No.
DESCRIPTION From- To
1.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
2.  INTRODUCTION 6
3.  About the topic: Internal resistance of a cell 7
4.  Practical Analysis: Experiment 8-15
5.  Observation Table 13
6.  Result 15
7.  Questionnaire 16
8.  Conclusion 17
9.  Bibliography 18
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use

electronic appliances and the use is increasing every
day.
Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis
for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a
cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased,
we can increase the potential difference across it, and
hence make it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF CELL
Internal resistance typically means the electrical resistance inside
batteries and power supplies that can limit the potential difference that
can be supplied to an external load.
The electric current in an external circuit flow from the positive
terminal to the negative terminal of the cell, through different circuit
elements. To maintain continuity, the current must flow through the
electrolyte of the cell, from its negative terminal to the positive
terminal.
During this process of flow of current inside the cell, resistance is
offered to current flow by the electrolyte of the cell. This is termed as
the internal resistance of the cell.
The relationship between internal resistance (r) and emf (e) of cell s
given by.
e = I (r + R)
Where, e = EMF i.e. electromotive force (Volts), I = current (A), R =

Load resistance, and r is the internal resistance of cell measured in
ohms.
On rearranging the above equation, we get.

e = IR + Ir or, e = V + Ir
Given by r = (E-V)/I
In the above equation, V is the potential difference (terminal) across the

cell when the current (I) is flowing through the circuit.
EMF (E): Potential difference of a cell in an open circuit i.e., when no

current is drawn from it.
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT:
• AIM:
To study various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell
depends.
• APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Potentiometer, battery, three one-way keys, a rheostat of low
resistance, a galvanometer, a high resistance box, a fractional
resistance box, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a voltaic cell,
electrolytes of different concentrations, a jockey, connecting
wires and sandpaper.
• THEORY:
Principle of a potentiometer: Potential difference across the
length of a conductor of uniform area of cross-section carrying
steady current is directly proportional to its length.
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its

electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
depends on:
i.distance between the plates (electrodes).
ii.common area of the electrodes immersed in the electrolyte.
iii.concentration of the electrolyte.
iv. Temperature of electrolyte
• PROCEDURE
• Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sandpaper and
make tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
• Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
• Check the EMF of the battery and of the cell and make sure
that EMF of the battery is more than that of the cell,
otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.
To see the effect of the distance between the electrodes on

internal resistances while keeping the other factors constant,
vary the separation between electrodes and measure internal
resistance in each case.
• Keep both the electrodes at 16 cm.
• Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat

resistance small.
• Without inserting a plug-in key K2, adjust the rheostat so

that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
• Determine the position of the null point accurately using a

set square and measure the balancing length (l1) between the
null point and the end P.
• Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the same
time, take out a small resistance (1 – 5W) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
• Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the

null point.
• Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P. Record these

observations.
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolytes on internal
resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in a water bath to heat the electrolyte.
Determine the internal resistance at various temperature.
• Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
• Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait for some
time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
• Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of

observations.
To see the effect of area of electrodes on internal resistance:
• Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of

electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on
internal resistance by:
• Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the

concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating step.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE
The internal resistance of the cell
TABLE FOR INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE
CELL
To study the effect of separation between

the electrodes
TABLE FOR THE EFFECT OF SEPARATION
BETWEEN ELECTRODES
S.NO. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
Between Point Point Resistance
Electrodes L1(cm) L2(cm) r(ohm)
d(cm)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
TABLE FOR EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
• PRECAUTIONS:
1) The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2) The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
3) The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the
wires.
4) The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
5) The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular
set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1) Potentiometer wire may not be of uniform area of
crosssection throughout its entire length.
2) The emf of the auxiliary battery producing the fall of
potential along the potentiometer may not be constant
throughout the course of experiment.
3) End resistance of potentiometer wire are not considered.
4) Heating of the potentiometer wire due to current, may
introduce some error.
RESULT
The internal resistance\EMF of the cell is constant and is
equal to E = 0.98 volt.
QUESIONNAIRE
1. What is internal resistance?
o Internal resistance is the opposition that a battery or cell
presents to the flow of current within itself.
2. How does temperature affect internal resistance?

o Higher temperatures generally decrease internal resistance,
while lower temperatures increase it.
3. What role does electrolyte concentration play in internal

resistance?
o A higher concentration of electrolyte typically reduces internal
resistance.
4. How does the age of a battery influence internal resistance?

o An older battery usually has higher internal resistance due to
degradation of materials.
5. What is the effect of battery size on internal resistance?

o Larger batteries often have lower internal resistance than
smaller ones, due to greater surface area for reactions.
6. Does the type of materials used in a battery influence internal

resistance? o Yes, different materials have different
conductivities, affecting internal resistance.
7. How does the state of charge impact internal resistance?

o Internal resistance can change with the state of charge; it may
increase at low charge levels.

CONCLUSION
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly

proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCERT textbook class 12th
NCERT physics lab manual

http.\Ncert.nic.in
www.google.com
www.academia.edu.com
www.qsstudy.com
PROJECT EVALUATION PROFORMA
IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA- QATAR
STUDENT’S NAME:
ROLL NO:
CLASS:
DIVISION:
1. Content accuracy and originality:

2. Creation & Methodology:
3. Process of project completion:
4. Findings
5. Conclusion:
6. Viva-Vice:
OVERALL
REMARK:
TEACHERS’S SIGNATURE: DATE:

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IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL

Name: Mohammed Elamin

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS

I would like to convey thanks to ………………………………………………………………

my ................................................................................... Teacher, Ideal Indian School, Doha

efforts my project could be completed successfully.

This report is submitted as a part of practical examination included in the curriculum of

Name of the student: - …………………………………………………

Roll No: -………………………………………………………….

SCHOOL : - IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOOL, DOHA-QATAR

SUBJECT TEACHER HOD SCIENCE PRINCIPAL

Submitted to all India Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination in

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use

Where, e = EMF i.e. electromotive force (Volts), I = current (A), R =

On rearranging the above equation, we get.

In the above equation, V is the potential difference (terminal) across the

EMF (E): Potential difference of a cell in an open circuit i.e., when no

• APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED:

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its

• Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

To see the effect of the distance between the electrodes on

• Keep both the electrodes at 16 cm.

• Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat

• Without inserting a plug-in key K2, adjust the rheostat so

• Determine the position of the null point accurately using a

• Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the

• Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P. Record these

• Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

• Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of

To see the effect of area of electrodes on internal resistance:

• Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of

• Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the

• Obtain three such observations by repeating step.

To study the effect of separation between

presents to the flow of current within itself.

2. How does temperature affect internal resistance?

while lower temperatures increase it.

3. What role does electrolyte concentration play in internal

4. How does the age of a battery influence internal resistance?

5. What is the effect of battery size on internal resistance?

smaller ones, due to greater surface area for reactions.

6. Does the type of materials used in a battery influence internal

7. How does the state of charge impact internal resistance?

increase at low charge levels.

• The internal resistance of a cell is directly

NCERT physics lab manual

1. Content accuracy and originality:

TEACHERS’S SIGNATURE: DATE:

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