physics practical

jjc SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL
VIJAY NAGAR
Physics project
Topic :- Study various factors on
which the internal
resistance/emf of a cell depends
Submitted To :- krishna
Shrivastava
Submitted By :- kittu gaming
Class :- 12th ‘A’
Certificate
This is to certify that, a
student of class 12th
(science) has successfully
completed his project work
under the guidance of subject
teacher during the year
2024/2025 from Satya
Prakash Public School in
partial fulfilment of physics
practice examination
conducted by CBSE.
Teacher In charge
External Examiner
Acknowledgment
I feel proud to present my Investigatory project in

Physics on the topic "To study the various
factors on which the internal resistance/emf
of a cell depends". This project wouldn't have
been feasible without the proper and rigorous
guidance of my Physics teacherwho guided me
throughout this project in every possible way on
a step-by-step basis and ensuring that I
completed my project with ease. His suggestions
and instructions have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would also like to thank my principal.
Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to
ensure that it proves to be the best. I hope that
this project will prove to be a breeding ground for
the next generation of students and will guide
them in every possible way.
INDEX
S.NO. TOPICS
1. Introduction
 Internal Resistance
2.
Practical Analysis
 Objective
 Apparatus
 Theory
 Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
 Result and Analysis
 Precaution
 Source of Error
3. Flow
Chart Conclusions
4.
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of

batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the
use is increasing every day.
Thus, the batteries need to be
made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased
greatly.
Thus, this project report is
based on practical analysis for
the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of
the cell is decreased we can
increase the potential difference
across it, and hence make it
more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal Resistance is defined as the

resistance offered by the electrolyte of
the cell to the flow of the ions.
 SI unit is Ohm (Ω)
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal

resistance (r), connected to an external
resistance (R) such that (I) is the
current flowing through the circuit,
E = V + Ir
E−V
Internal Resistance, r = I
Practical Analysis
Objective
To study the various factor on
which internal resistance of a
cell depends.
Apparatus
A potentiometer, a battery (or
battery eliminator), two one-way
keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a
resistance box, an ammeter, a cell
(Leclanché cell), a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and
sand paper.
Theory
The internal resistance of a cell is
the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The
internal resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the
distance between the
electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to the
facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
 Decreases with increases in
the temperature of electrode.
 Is inversely proportional to the
concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of the
cell is given by :-
E−V
r=
I
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
I. Clean the ends of the connecting
wire with sand paper and make
tight connections according to
the circuit diagram.
II. Tighten the plugs of the
resistance box.
III. Check the e.m.f. of the battery
and of the cell and make sure
that e.m.f. of the battery is more
than that of the cell, otherwise
null or balance point will not be
obtained.
To study the variation of the
internal resistance with distance of
separation.
IV. Keep both the electrodes at a
distance of 16cm .
V. Take maximum current from the
battery, making rheostat
resistance small.
VI. Without inserting a plug in key
K2, adjust the rheostat so that a
null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer.
VII. Determine the position of the
null point accurately using a set
square and measure the
balancing length (11) between
the null point and the end P.
VIII. Next introduce plugs in both
keys K1 and K2. At the same
time, take out a small resistance
(1-5 W) from the same shunt
resistance box connected in
parallel with the cell.
IX. Slide the jockey along a
potentiometer wire and obtain
the null point.
X. Measure the balancing length
(12) from end P. Record these
observations.
XI. Now keep the electrode 12cm
apart
XII. Then remove the plug of keys K1
and K2 . Wait for some time then
repeat the steps from 7 to 10.
XIII. Next , now keep the electrode
12cm apart to obtain another set
of observations.
To study the variation resistance
with area of electrodes .
XIV. Keeping all the other factors
constant, increase the area of
the electrodes in the electrolyte
by dipping them into the
electrolyte at the different
depths of each observation.
XV. Obtain three such observation
by repeating the steps from 7 to
10 and record your reading.
To study the variation of internal
resistance with concentration of
electrolyte .
XVI. Keeping all the factors
constant, decrease the
concentration of the
electrolyte by adding distilled
water by water for different
observation.
XVII. Obtain three such observation
by repeating steps 7 to 10
and record your reading .
Observation
Result
 Electromotive Force of the cell
is constant and is equal to E =
0.98 volt .
 The internal resistance of a cell
is directly proportional to the
separation between the
electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a
cell is inversely proportional to
the area of the electrodes
dipped in electrolyte.
 The interenal resistance of a
the temperature of
electrolytes.
 The internal resistance of a
the concetration of the
electrolyte.
Precautions
1. The connections should be neat ,
clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced
in the key only when the
observation are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery
E and cells E1 and E2 should , all be
connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be
rubbed along the wire. It should
touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should
remain constant for a particular set
of observation . If the necessary ,
adjust the rheostat for this
purspose.
Sources of Error
1. The auxiliary battery may not be
fully charged .
2. The potentiometer wire may not
be uniform cross-section and
material density throughtout it
length.
3. End resistance may not be zero.
Flowchart Conclusion
Bibliography

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jjc SENIOR SECONDARY

I feel proud to present my Investigatory project in

There is a great need of

Internal Resistance is defined as the

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal

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