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    23453425 Fff We Dgs Dr

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    23453425 Fff We Dgs Dr

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    23453425 Fff We Dgs Dr

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    Decibel Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

    • A base 10 logarithmic measure is used.

    • Definition. The decibel signal-to-noise ratio (S/R, SNR) is:

    Where, Signal Power (S) =

    And, Noise Power (N) =


    So, definition is equivalent to

    1
    Decibel with Mili watt Reference (dBm)

    • Definition. The decibel power level with respect to 1 mW is:

    = 30 + 10 log (Actual Power Level (watts))

    • Here the “m” in the dBm denotes a milliwatt reference.

    E.g.: If an antenna receives a signal power of 0.3W, what is the


    received power level in dBm?

    dBm = 30 + 10xlog(0.3) = 30 + 10x(-0.523)3 = 24.77 dBm


    2
    Fourier Transform of a Waveform
    Definition: Fourier transform (FT) is a method for
    finding frequencies that are present in a waveform.
    The Fourier Transform of a waveform w(t) is:

    where ℑ[.] denotes the Fourier transform of [.]


    f is the frequency parameter with units of Hz (1/s).

    3
    Fourier Transform of a Waveform
    - For a single sinusoidal signal, we can find the frequency by f=1/T
    where T is the period.
    - Frequency is the number of cycles of periodic signal per one
    second.

    - FT finds sinusoidal type components included in w(t) and


    corresponding frequencies:

    - To see which frequency components are included, we look at


    𝑊 𝑓 .
    4
    Evaluation Techniques for FT Integral
    - Some techniques to evaluate Fourier Transform:

    • Direct integration
    • Tables of Fourier transforms
    • Fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the PC via MATLAB or
    MathCAD FFT functions.

    - 𝑊 𝑓 is a complex function of frequency, and Fourier transform


    can be represented by

    Quadrature form: 𝑊 𝑓 = 𝑋 𝑓 + 𝑗𝑌(𝑓)


    or
    Polar form: 𝑊 𝑓 = 𝑊 𝑓 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑓

    where 𝑊 𝑓 = 𝑋 𝑓 2 + 𝑌 𝑓 2
    𝑌(𝑓)
    and 𝜃 𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
    𝑋(𝑓)
    5
    Fourier Transform of a Waveform
    Definition: Inverse Fourier transform
    The Inverse Fourier transform (FT) of a waveform w(t) is:


    j 2 ft
    w(t ) = W ( f )e df
    −

    The functions w(t) and W(f ) constitute a Fourier transform pair.

     FT 

     W( f ) =  w(t )e − j 2 nft dt
    j 2 ft
    w(t ) = W ( f )e df
    − −

    Time Domain Description Frequency Domain Description

    6
    TABLE 2-1: SOME FOURIER TRANSFORM THEOREMS

    7
    Properties of Fourier Transforms
    Theorem : Spectral symmetry of real signals. If w(t) is real, then

    Proof:

    Substitute -f Take the conjugate

    Since w(t) is real, w*(t) = w(t), and it follows that W(-f) = W*(f).

    8
    Properties of Fourier Transforms
    If w(t) is real, then:

    • Magnitude spectrum is even about the origin.

    |W(-f )| = |W(f )|

    • Phase spectrum is odd about the origin.

    θ(-f ) = - θ(f )

    9
    10
    11
    Parseval’s Theorem

    - Persaval’s theorem gives an alternative method to evaluate


    energy in frequency domain instead of time domain.

    - In other words energy is conserved in both domains.

    12
    Energy Spectral Density (ESD)

    Energy spectral density describes how the energy content of signal is


    distributed over different frequencies.

    13
    Unit Impulse and Step Signals
    • The continuous unit impulse signal (Delta
    function) is defined:

    0 t  0
     (t ) = 
     t = 0

    • The continuous unit step signal is defined:

    0 t  0
    u (t ) = 
    1 t  0

    14/25
    C-T Unit Impulse and Unit Step Relation
    Continuous-time
     (t ) , u (t )
    – δ(t) is the first derivative of u(t)
    du(t )
     (t ) =
    dt

    – u(t) is the running integral of δ(t)


    t
    u (t ) =   ( )d
    −

    15
    Unit Impulse Signal (Delta Function)
    The Dirac delta function δ(t) is defined by
    (t)

    0 t

    - Integral of δ is 1.

    where w(t) is any function that is continuous at t = 0.

    16
    17
    18
    Important Trigonometric Functions

    𝑒 𝑗𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑗𝑥 𝑒 𝑗𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑗𝑥
    𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 =
    2 2𝑗

    cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 − 𝑦
    cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 =
    2

    𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦
    𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑦 =
    2

    cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 cos(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin(𝑦)

    sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = sin x cos 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 sin(𝑦)

    19

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