LRP-THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

LESSON 1:
DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION
What Is Globalization?
Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and

jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an
interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade.
 Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and

jobs across nations.
 Corporations in developed nations can gain a competitive edge
through globalization.
 Developing countries also benefit through globalization as they tend
to be more cost-effective and therefore attract jobs.
 The benefits of globalization have been questioned as the positive
effects are not necessarily distributed equally.
 One clear result of globalization is that an economic downturn in one
country can create a domino effect through its trade partners.
Understanding Globalization
Corporations gain a competitive advantage on multiple fronts through

globalization. They can reduce operating costs by manufacturing abroad,
buy raw materials more cheaply because of the reduction or removal
of tariffs, and most of all, they gain access to millions of new consumers.
Globalization is a social, cultural, political, and legal phenomenon.
 Socially, it leads to greater interaction among various populations.

 Culturally, globalization represents the exchange of ideas, values, and
artistic expression among cultures.
 Globalization also represents a trend toward the development of a
single world culture.
 Politically, globalization has shifted attention to intergovernmental
organizations like the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade
Organization (WTO).
 Legally, globalization has altered how international law is created and
enforced.
On one hand, globalization has created new jobs and economic 2

growth through the cross-border flow of goods, capital, and labor. On the
other hand, this growth and job creation are not distributed evenly across
industries or countries.

Specific industries in certain countries, such as textile manufacturing in the
U.S. or corn farming in Mexico, have suffered severe disruption or outright
collapse as a result of increased international competition.
Globalization's motives are idealistic, as well as opportunistic, but the

development of a global free market has benefited large corporations
based in the Western world. Its impact remains mixed for workers, cultures,
and small businesses around the globe, in both developed and emerging
nations.
The History of Globalization
Globalization is not a new concept. Traders traveled vast distances in

ancient times to buy commodities that were rare and expensive for sale in
their homelands. The Industrial Revolution brought advances in
transportation and communication in the 19th century that eased trade
across borders.
The think tank, Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE),

states globalization stalled after World War I, and nations' moved
toward protectionism as they launched import taxes to more closely guard
their industries in the aftermath of the conflict. This trend continued through
the Great Depression and World War II until the U.S. took on an instrumental
role in reviving international trade.
Globalization has sped up to an unprecedented pace, with public

policy changes and communications technology innovations cited as the
two main driving factors.
One of the critical steps in the path to globalization came with

the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed in 1993. One of
NAFTA's many effects was to give American auto manufacturers the
incentive to relocate a portion of their manufacturing to Mexico where they
could save on the costs of labor. NAFTA was replaced in 2020 by the United
States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMC).
Governments worldwide have integrated a free market economic

system through fiscal policies and trade agreements over the last 20 years.
The core of most trade agreements is the removal or reduction of tariffs.
This evolution of economic systems has increased industrialization and

financial opportunities in many nations. Governments now focus on
removing barriers to trade and promoting international commerce.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization
Advantages 3
Proponents of globalization believe it allows developing countries to
catch up to industrialized nations through increased manufacturing,

diversification, economic expansion, and improvements in standards of
living.
Outsourcing by companies brings jobs and technology to developing

countries, which help them to grow their economies. Trade initiatives
increase cross-border trading by removing supply-side and trade-related
constraints.
Globalization has advanced social justice on an international scale as

well, and advocates report that it has focused attention on human rights
worldwide that might have otherwise been ignored on a large scale.
Disadvantages
One clear result of globalization is that an economic downturn in one

country can create a domino effect through its trade partners. For
example, the 2008 financial crisis had a severe impact on Portugal, Ireland,
Greece, and Spain. All these countries were members of the European
Union, which had to step in to bail out debt-laden nations, which were
thereafter known by the acronym PIGS.
Globalization detractors argue that it has created a concentration of

wealth and power in the hands of a small corporate elite that can gobble
up smaller competitors around the globe.
Globalization has become a polarizing issue in the U.S. with the

disappearance of entire industries to new locations abroad. It's seen as a
major factor in the economic squeeze on the middle class.
For better and worse, globalization has also increased

homogenization. Starbucks, Nike, and Gap dominate commercial space in
many nations. The sheer size and reach of the U.S. have made the cultural
exchange among nations largely a one-sided affair.
What Is the Simple Meaning of Globalization?
In essence, globalization is about the world becoming increasingly

interconnected. Countries today are more connected than ever before,
due to factors such as air travel, containerized sea shipping, international
trade agreements and legal treaties, and the Internet. In the world of
business, globalization is associated with trends such as outsourcing, free
trade, and international supply chains.
Is Globalization Good or Bad?
Proponents of globalization will point to the dramatic decline in

poverty that has taken place throughout the world over the past several 4
decades, which many economists attribute in part to increased trade and
investment between nations. Similarly, they will argue that globalization has
allowed products and services such as cellphones, airplanes, and

information technology to be spread far more widely throughout the world.
On the other hand, critics of globalization will point to the negative impact it
has had on specific nations’ industries, which might face increased
competition from international firms. Globalization can also have negative
environmental impacts due to economic development, industrialization, and
international travel.
Why Is Globalization Important?
Globalization is important because it is one of the most powerful forces

affecting the modern world, so much so that it can be difficult to make
sense of the world without understanding globalization. For example, many
of the largest and most successful corporations in the world are in effect truly
multinational organizations, with offices and supply chains stretched right
across the world. These companies would not be able to exist if not for the
complex network of trade routes, international legal agreements, and
telecommunications infrastructure that were made possible through
globalization. Important political developments, such as the ongoing trade
conflict between the United States and China, are also directly related to
globalization.
LESSON 2:
POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION
POSITIVE ASPECTS
1.MULTICULTURALISM AND MULTILINGUALISM
● Multiculturalism
- maintaining respect for their differences and withholding the
demand for their assimilation into the dominant culture. Through
this deeper knowledge, relationships can be strengthened and
bridging gap.
● Multilingualism
- it means more than one language by an individual or
community of speakers. Interconnectedness brought on by 5
globalization, languages are being transferred between
communities, cultures, and economies at an increasingly fast
pace.

2.FREE TRADE
- is a pact between two or more nations to reduce barriers to imports

and exports among them.
3.CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGES
- exchanging students and learning the culture.

4.MIGRATION
- international migration itself generates processes of globalization,

including the global transfer of money and goods; the emergence of
global cities; and growing social and cultural diversity. People migrate
to improve their economic prospects, ensure a more secure living
environment, re-unite with their family members, or avoid persecution
in their country of origin.
5.GLOBAL COOPERATION
- Collaboration with other countries can work together, think together

and values each other's perspective and contribution towards their
shared vision values
NEGATIVE ASPECTS
6. LINGUISTIC HEGEMONY OF ENGLISH
- Even though we’re living in a non- English language country, we

need to learn how to speak English in order to communicate with
other nations, since English is our universal language.
- Endangered languages are increasing.
7. CULTURAL HOMOGENIZATION
- homogenization could work in the breakdown of cultural barriers

and the global assimilation of a single culture.
- it leads to the "reduction in cultural diversity."
8. THIRD WORLD DEPENDENCE ON THE FIRST WORLD
- Third world is being dependent to first world and because third

world is an outdated and offensive term for a developing nation
characterized by a population with low and middle incomes,
being dependent to first world made their debts increase, to the
point that they are already having an obligation to them and
you have to surrender your other lands or territories to them.
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9. GLOBAL INCOME AND WEALTH INEQUALITY

- The world is not an equal place. Each person's experience is
different with regards to human rights, opportunities, and quality
of life. Some countries have more resources and wealth than
other countries. Some countries have a peaceful, stable
government, and others don't.
10. TAX INJUSTICE
- The world’s tax system today is unjust, shifting the burden from
rich to poor – and failing altogether to address the green
agenda.
6 RACISM AND ANTI-MIGRANT SENTIMENT
● RACISM
- prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a
person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular
racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or
marginalized.
- ex. Black American and White American
● ANTI-MIGRANT SENTIMENT
- People who are permanently living in their country are being
threatened by the migrants because sometimes, they were
overlapped by migrants, some migrants get even more great
opportunities and privileges than them.
LESSON 3:
THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
I. GLOBAL ECONOMY
A. Definition of Global Economy.
What is the Global Economy?
 In addition, it is the economy of every country which is considered as

giant economic system. 7
 It also includes everything we buy, We sell, and anything we own.

 When we say interdependence of nations, one nations depends on
another for something, meaning, this nation depends on the other to
help their economy progress.
 And then definitely, when we say global economy, it is link with
globalization.
B. What does Global Economy do?
 So, these relationships involve the exchange of goods, services,

exchanging different nations currencies, movement of people in
search of better standard of living and financial flows across boarders.
C. Characteristics of Global Economy.
Globalization
 Also, globalization is the word used to describe the growing

interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and population.
International Trade
 International trade is about economic transactions that are made

between countries.
International Finance
 It talks about currency exchange rates.

 Moreover, transactions between countries can be significant in
assessing the economic conditions of the other country.
Global Investment
 No biographical boundaries because of the use of technology, or

because of the internet connection.
 Actually, anyone can buy stocks in the stock market or anyone can
buy shares from the stock market.
 Investment in global market is possible for the investing public through
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stock purchasing as most brokerage firms are able to access
international stock market and this provide the different clients with the

opportunities to purchase shares in companies around the world. So,
that is what we call "Global Investment".
D. Benefits of Global Economy
Free Trade
 It is an excellent method for nations to exchange goods and services.
Movement of Labor
 For example, one country is experiencing a high unemployment rate,

workers in that country can look for jobs in other countries.
Increased Economies of Scales
 Global Economy is an advantage to companies who specialized in

goods production because they can expand their businesses to other
countries that will result to increased economies of scales.
Increased Investment
 Due to the presence of global economy, nations can easily attract

investor, short-tern or long-term investments
II. MICROECONOMICS VS. MACROECONOMICS
A. Definition of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.
What is Microeconomics?
 It is the study of individuals and businesses decisions.

 It talks about the behaviour of individuals in a business.
What is Macroeconomics?
 Looks at the decisions of countries and governments, not just

individuals or businesses. 9
 How many products a country can produce to export in other
countries

 How do you say that many people are needing a job or how do you
say that a company is needing an applicant.
LESSON 5:
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
AND CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
A. Definition of State, Nation, and Nation – State
● What is the State?
o According to Hedley Bull, “State is independent political

communities each of which possesses a government and
asserts sovereignty in relation to a particular portion of the
earth’s surface and a particular segment of the human
population”
▪ It means that Statement is independent because it

has its own government, it has a power to proclaim
freedom or laws, it claims territory and the
population
o It is a compulsory political organization with a centralized

government that maintains the legitimate use of force within
a certain territory (Weber, 1997)
▪ From the statement, we can conclude the

elements of a state. It includes the following:
▪ Government: Governing bodies of a state, it is also

group of people that undertakes functions such as
executive (plans, decision making) and legislative
(making laws).
▪ Sovereignty: Supreme authority to make decisions,

rules, without the intervention of other countries. 10
▪ Territory: Portion of land that is owned by the state
or it the scope of the state.

▪ Population: It is us which is the inhabitant of the
state.
▪ Note: We cannot call a country as state if one

element of it is missing.
● What is a Nation?
o The concept of nation emphasizes the organic ties that hold

groups of people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and
belonging - i.e., ethnicity, language, religion, and others
(Shattle, 2014).
▪ Focuses more on the relationship of people in a

particular group
▪ Also, it is a group people that have a common

characteristics that are mentioned above which
also includes history
● What is a Nation – State?
o A happy marriage of nation and state
▪ It is called as the happy marriage because it is

comprises the characteristics of both nation and
state
o Cultural group that is also a state
o Ex: United States of America, Philippines
● State VS. Nation
STATE NATION
● Political Term ● Ethnic Term

● Has 4 Essential Elements: ● Shared Common Characteristics
o People o History or origin
o Territory o Culture
o Government o Religion
o Sovereignty o Language
● Ex: Philippines, USA, Great ● Ex: American nation, Arab nation,
Britain etc.
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B. Internationalism VS. Globalism
▪ To better understand the global interstate system,

we should know first the difference of
internationalism and globalism.
● Internationalism
o Nations decide to cooperate with one another in political,

economic and cultural aspects for promotion of common
good.
o There are 4 types of Internationalism, which includes:
▪ Hegemonic Internationalism
Dominance of one country over a nation or

state.
- It also involves the powerful nations which

are the ruler of the world.
▪ Liberal Internationalism
Nation states should give up some of the

freedoms and establish a continuously
growing global system working together to
prevent lawlessness in the world.
- Moreover, it is the idea that derived from

the belief that international progress
wherein this progress is rising of being
united or having cooperation between
political communities (specifically, state).
▪ Revolutionary Internationalism
Conflicts in the society are due to

international factors and alliances
- These international factors involved the

opposing interests and capabilities as well
as socio-cultural differences and similarities
between the parties. Also, the will to
conflict.
▪ Socialist Internationalism 12
Working class nation unite to protect
themselves against capitalist class.

- They unite because they want to protect
their rights from those capitalists that abuse
them.
● Globalism
o The belief that people, goods and information are able to

cross national borders freely. It is the attitude of putting the
interest of the entire world above the interests of individual
nations.
▪ Looking not only the interest of the state itself but

looking in a larger view specifically looking at the
entire world.
o There are 4 dimensions of globalism, these are the following:
▪ Economic Globalism
Long distance flow of goods, services, capital,

and information that accompany market
exchange.
- The examples are imports and exports,

OFWs who are working abroad to render
their service, money and information that
are related in market exchange.
▪ Environmental Globalism
The distant transportation of materials in the

aerial, fluvial, or terrestrial aspect.
- Transportations of materials and also

people in the form of air, water, land
transportations.
▪ Military Globalism
Long distance networks in which force, and

the threat or promise of force, are deployed.
- Threats from one country to another.
▪ Social & Cultural Globalism
Movement of information, ideas, images, and 13

of people who carry those people themselves
- Examples of these are the KPOP’s and

even their dramas wherein we can see
and have idea about their culture.
C. Global Interstate System
● What is interstate?
o According to Chase - Dunn,“a system of unequally powerful

and competing states in which no single state is capable of
imposing control on all others. These states are in intersection
with one another in a set of shifting alliance and wars and
changes in relative power of states upset any temporary set
of alliances, leading to restructuring of balance of power”
▪ From the word “inter” is between and among,

interstate is the system between and among states.
▪ Relationship of states that have different power,

some are powerful and some are not.
▪ Because of the alliances, it sometimes leads to war if

there are some misunderstandings.
● Neoliberalism
o the intensification of the influence and dominance of capital
o values market exchange capable of acting as a guide to all

human action
▪ Centres on the transporting of products between

markets
o emphasizes the significance of contractual relations in the

marketplace
▪ There is a contract that is followed. This contains

when it’s started and when it will be end. It also
consists of the actions that you have to do.
o social good will be maximized by maximizing the reach and

frequency market transactions
▪ Example is the capitalism wherein it employs people

who can their man power in order to produce their
products. From that, it provides jobs for people but
there are some critiques said that in neoliberalism
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the rich became richer and the poor became
poorer. Also, there is a question about labour rights if

these capitalist treat their employees in a right way.
● Economic Sovereignty
o The power or national governments to make decisions

independently of those made by other governments.
▪ It does not follow what powerful countries are saying

and it has a capability to be independent when it
comes to economic.
● Effects of Globalization in Local Governments
o Property Value
▪ The amount of a property like land and house rise

up
o Jobs and Opportunities
▪ Capitalist that has a business, employs people and

gave them opportunity to earn money that can
sustain the needs of their families
o Community Exposure
▪ Since interstate is between and among states, we us

the population in the states can have interactions to
other countries, as well as other countries can also
interact with us.
● Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
o aims to phase out the production of numerous substances

responsible for ozone depletion, signed in August 26, 1987
with 46 country signatories
o the success was discussed by NASA and projected that ozone

levels will return to 1980 levels by 2022
o an example how international agreements and efforts could

fight borderless challenges and issues
▪ In addition, it is one of the advantages how global

interstate will help us to eradicate the global issues
that we are facing right now.
● Dilemma for Local Governments

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o Agricultural land will become converted into industrial zones

o Farmers will be displaced and agricultural production
▪ Farmers will be jobless and also results to lower

production in terms of agriculture
o Global corporation also demanding lower taxes and lower

income wage in order to finalize their investment in the area
▪ Global corporation demands for lower taxes and

lower income wage for them to have a higher profit
even though it is an expense of manpower’s effort
as well as in the environment.
● Institutions that Govern Globalization (A Global Network)
o With the growing globalization the governance of global

relations goes beyond the national governments. One
country’s scale and scope are limited in addressing regional
and global issues like cybercrimes, global financial crises and
territorial disputes.
o Asides from the government, non-state actors continue to

increase their roles in global governance.
o Non –State Actors - Non-government organizations, Volunteer

organizations, and Interest Groups.
▪ The increases of the number of international

organizations and the expansion of their functions
have undeniably restricted an individual country’s
sovereignty to certain extent. They are several
institutions that govern international relations and
affairs.
● Examples of International organizations

o United Nations
▪ 192 member states
- It includes the Philippines that was joined
on 1945
▪ Seen as the facilitator of global governance
▪ headquarters in new York, USA with regional

headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland ; Vienna,
Austria; and Nairobi, Kenya 16
▪ has regional commissions which is composed of
officials from different countries that is in charge of

making certain laws promulgate certain rights for
economic and social development
▪ for Asia pacific: UN Economic and Social

Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) based
in Bangkok, Thailand
▪ In addition to this, they want our world to peaceful

and sustainable.
o World Bank
▪ Is an international development organization

owned by 187 countries. Its role is to reduce poverty
by lending money to the governments of its poorer
members to improve their economies and to
improve the standard of living of their people.
- Moreover, On June 24,2021 World Bank’s

executive directors approve US $ 4oo
million loan to support reforms that the
Government of the Philippines in achieving
a resilient financial sector
(www.worldbank.org).
o International Monetary Fund (IMF)

▪ Looks at the stability of the international monetary
system by monitoring global economy, lends to
countries and provides policy and technical
advisory functions.
- Based on imf.org, it also promotes global
economic growth & financial stability,
international trade & reduces poverty.
- Like, World Bank, it also provides loans. It
provide technical advisory when it comes
to designing and implementing more
effective policies for taxation and
administration, expenditure management
and so on.
- It has 190 members.
o World Trade Organization (WTO)
▪ Regulates international trades, ensures smooth flow
of trade, and provides a forum for negotiations for
trade agreements among countries and regions of 17
the world.
- It deals with the rules of trade and it has

164 members
- It helps producers of goods and services,
exporters and importers in conducting their
businesses.
o World Health Organization (WHO)
▪ Responsible for global researches on medicines and
vaccines
- To promote health and keep the world
safe.
- It goals is billion more people have in
universal health coverage,
- Aims for better health and well-being.
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
· What is Governance?
It is concerned with structure and processes for decision making,

accountability, control and behaviour at the top of an entity. Governance
influences how an organisation's objectives are set and achieved, how risk is
monitored and addressed and how performance is optimized.
· What is Global Governance?
- It is a movement towards political cooperation among

transnational actors aimed at negotiating responses to problems
that more than one state or region experience
- Global Governance is the collective management of

common transnational or global problems - those that were
created or exacerbated by globalization, and which cannot be
managed at the nation-state.
· Four Stages of Global Governance
- Agenda-Setting
It collects the social problems and understand the causes and

solution.
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- Policymaking
The process of government in creating or formulating policies

- Implementation
It is a process of making movement to achieve certain goal after

the plan was created.
- Enforcement
It is a process of making people obey the rule or law.
· 6 Types of Global Governance
- Top-down Governance
described as an “iron fist” or “velvet glove” mode of

governance, is characterized by a powerful, hierarchical state
where a political elite devises policy that is then implemented
through a strict, sequential, and stable chain of command via
bureaucrats and service providers.
- Bottom-up Governance
A democratic approach rather than a hierarchical one. A

willingness to solve problems created fluidly rather than by imposing
more structure.
- Market Governance
It is a structure of processing a procedures that use in enhancing

how to manage the marketing function.
- Network Governance
Interfirm coordination that is characterized by organic or informal

social system. The two companies are involved they engaged in
creating products or services, its presumed ability to flexibly bring
together organizations and sector actors with different goals.
- Side-by-Side Governance
It is a way of helping the organization to address the fears when

it comes in solving problems, it also help to minimize the risk.
- Complex Web Governance
Web governance is the process of maintaining and managing

an online presence in an organized way, having a web governance
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strategy in place can help preserve the integrity of a newly launched
site

· Who is in charge of leading global governance?
-The United Nations is the facilitator of Global Governance today.
· Six main bodies of United Nations
- General Assembly
A general assembly or general meeting is a meeting of all the

members of an organization or shareholders of a company. the
highest governing body in a religious denomination. It is called the
heart of United Nations.
- Security Council
The United Nations Security Council is one of the six principal

organs of the United Nations, charged with ensuring international
peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN
members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to
the UN Charter.
- Economic and Social Council
ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international

economic and social issues, and formulating policy
recommendations addressed to member states and the United
Nations System.
- Secretariat
It is the body of United Nations. The secretariat of an organization

is the department that fulfils its central administrative or general
secretary duties
- Trusteeship Council
It was established to supervise the administration of trust territories

as they transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations.
- International Court of Justice
Also known as the World Court, it is the only body of United

Nations that is located in Hague, Netherlands and not in New
York. It settles disputes between states in accordance with
international law and gives advisory opinions on international 20
legal issues.
· Role and Function of the United Nations

- Managing Knowledge
- Developing Norms
- Formulating Recommendations
- Institutionalizing Ideas
· Who are the main actors in global governance?
- States and Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
A state is a polity under a system of governance with a monopoly

on force. IGOs are established by a treaty that acts as a charter creating
the group.
- Market Forces
The actions of buyers and sellers that cause the prices of goods
and services to change without being controlled by the
government, the economic forces of supply and demand.
- Civil Society Actors
These actors have an important purpose in Global Governance it

includes here the Non-Governmental Organizations or NGOs.
· Pieces of Global Governance
- International Law
There are 5 sources of international law: treaties or conventions,

customary practices, the writings of legal scholars, judicial decisions,
and general principles of law.
- International Norms or Soft Law
Not a binding legal documents, but rather the standards of

behaviors.
- International Organization (IGOs)
An intergovernmental organization is an organization composed

primarily of sovereign states, or of other organizations through formal
treaties for handling/serving common interests and governed by
international laws. In 2003 to 2004, there were around 238 IGOs. 21
- Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs)

A non-governmental organization, non-governmental
organization, non-government organization, or simply an NGO, is
an organization that is, generally, formed independent from
government.
- International Regimes
International regimes are defined as a “set of implicit or explicit

principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around
which actors' expectations converge” (Krasner, 1983).
- Private Governance
Private Governance is a growing, but little studies phenomenon.

Private Firms are attempting to establish, enforceable intellectual
property rules for music, software, harmonization of labor standards,
sanitation regulation
· Role of Global Governance
The emerging field of global governance has produced a number of

breakthroughs, as well as failures, aimed at managing global problems
through the voluntary and ad hoc cooperation of a diverse range of
international actors.
· Global Governance as Multi-Faceted
The system of global governance is multi-faceted because it

encompasses several global areas of governance including security, justice,
human rights, development, trade, and finance.
LESSON 6:
GLOBAL DIVIDE: NORTH
AND SOUTH
HISTORY
 The North-South divide is a socio-economic and political division of

Earth popularized in the late 20th century and early 21st century. 22
 The idea of categorizing countries began during the Cold War with the
classifications of East and West. Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the
north-south divide,Proposed by West German former Chancellor Willy

Brandt in The 1980s. It encircles the world at a latitude of approximately
30° North, passing between North and Central America, north of Africa
and the Middle East, climbing north over China and Mongolia, but
dipping south so as to include Australia and New Zealand in the “Rich
North”.
Northern Hemisphere
 North America, Europe most of asia, partly Africa and South America
 Seasonal Difference
 Summer – usually June 21
 Autumn – Typically September 21
 Winter -usually December 22 until usually March 20
This hemisphere includes the entire parts of North America, Central

America, and Europe as well as the northern part of South America, about
two-thirds of northern Africa, and major parts of mainland Asia.
The countries of Canada, Mexico, the United States, the Caribbean

Islands, and the West Indies are a part of the continent of North America
and are entirely placed in the Northern Hemisphere. The nations of
Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela are
located north of the Equator in the continent of South America. Brazil and
Ecuador are the only two South American countries that are partially
located in the Northern Hemisphere. About 32 African countries are wholly
or partly located in the Northern hemisphere, along with about 54 Asian
countries.
The Southern Hemisphere
 Most of south America and Part of Africa , all or Australia and

Antarctica
 Seasonal Differences
 Summer – Typically December 22 to March 20
 Winter – Beterrn June 21 and September 21
It contains all or parts of five continents (Antarctica, Australia, about

90% of South America, one third of Africa, and several islands off the
continental mainland of Asia), four oceans (Indian, South Atlantic,
Southern, and South Pacific), New Zealand and most of the Pacific Islands
in Oceania.
The Southern Hemisphere experiences a milder climate compared to

the Northern Hemisphere and experiences the summer season from 23
December to February and the winter season from June to August.

Global North
 United States, Canada , Western Europe, Outermost Regions of the

European Union
 Developed parts of Asia Australia and New Zeland
 -First World
 Richer and developed region
 95% has enough food and shelter
 Economy – industries and major businesses, commerce north and
finance
 Textiles lumber, clothing, machinery, leather and wooden goods
 Railroad Construction
The global north consists of the richest and most industrialized countries,
which are mainly in the northern part of the world.
Global South
 Africa Latin America

 Developing Asia Including Middle East
 Third World
 Poof and less developed region
 5% has enough food and shelter
 Source for raw material of the north
 Cotton production – slabe labor
 Depended intirely on cotton= profitable King Cotton
The Global South is generally understood to refer to less economically

developed countries. It is a broad term that comprises a variety of states
with diverse levels of economic, cultural, and political influence in the
international order
MAKES A NATION THIRD WORLD?
 Countries suffer from high poverty

 High child mortality
 Low economic and educational development
 Low self consumption of natural resources
 Vulnerable to exploitation by large corporations and industrial
nation
 Less technological advancement
 Economies are dependent on the developed countries 24
 Unstable governments
 High fertility rates
 High gender-related illiteracy

 Lack of middle class
 There is a huge impoverished population
Major Differences
GLOBAL NORTH
 Less population
 High Wealth
 High standard of living
 High industrial development
 Industry
GLOBAL SOUTH
 Large Population
 Law wealth
 Law standard of living
 Law industrial development
 Agriculture
MEASURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Gross National Product
The measure of a country’s wealth – the value of goods and services

produced in a country plus those produced by native companies
located abroad.
Gross Domestic Product
The value of all goods and services produced (by locally owned and
foreign owned businesses) in a county
Human Development Index
Measure of people’s life expectancy, education and income.
Newly Industrialized Country
A country experiencing rapid economic development, e.g. Brazil.
Highly Indebted Poor Country
Countries with the highest levels of poverty in the world, e.g. Ethiopia.
Classifying Countries: Countries can be classified into three different types

25
Most Developed Countries (MDCs)

A developed country (or industrialized country, high-income
country, more economically developed country (MEDC), advanced
country is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed
economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other
less industrialized nations.
Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
Developing nations are generally categorized as countries that

are less industrialized and have lower per capita income levels.
Least Developed Countries (LLDCs)
LLDC (sometimes referred to as less-developed countries) are

underdeveloped countries that face significant structural challenges to
sustainable development. The UN’s list of LDCs currently comprises 46
countries.
Reason Why our world is unequal today
1. Colonialism
2. Trade
3. Debt
4.
LESSON 7:
ASIAN REGIONALISM
Regionalism is a political ideology which seeks to increase the political
power, influence and/or self-determination of the people of one or more
subnational regions. On the other hand, globalization is a process which
people are unified into single society and function together. For example, in
our country: Philippines is National and there are regions, same through with
the contemporary world region is a part of global. In addition, these are the
comparison between globalization and regionalism in terms of: nature,
market, cultural and social relations, aid and technological advances.
In nature: globalization : promotes integration of economies across

state borders all around the world while Regionalism divides an are into
smaller segments. In Market: globalization, allows many corporations to trade
on international level; it allows free market, while regionalism monopolies are
more likely to develop. In cultural and social relations, globalization has 26
acceleration to multiculturalism through free and inexpensive movement of
people, while regionalism does not support multi culturalism. In aid,
globalization, globalized international communities are willing to aid countries

stricken by disasters , while regionalism regionalized are does not get involved
in the affairs of other areas. And, in advancement of technology,
globalization has driven great advances in technology, while regionalism
technology is rarely available in one country or region.
Asian regional organization: First is the ASEAN or Association of South

East Asian Nations. It is a regional grouping that promotes economic,
political, and security cooperation among its ten members: Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, and Vietnam. There aims and purpose are, The ASEAN Declaration
states that the aims and purposes of the Association are: (1) to accelerate
economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
and (2) to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for
justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region
and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. Also these are
there fundamental principles: mutual respect for the independence,
sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all
nations; the right of every State to lead its national existence free from
external interference, subversion or coercion; non-interference in the internal
affairs of one another; settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful
manner; renunciation of the threat or use of force; and effective cooperation
among themselves.
The second one organization is the Asia Pacific Economic Corporation

or APEC. is a regional economic forum established in the Year 1989.It has 21
members aim to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by
promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth
and accelerating economic integration. These are the APEC 21 countries :
Australia ,Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Peoples of Republic China ,
Hong Kong, China, Indonesia , Japan , Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico,
New Zealand , Papua New Guinea, Peru , Philippines , The Russian Federation
, Singapore , Chines Taipei, Thailand, USA, and Vietnam.
East Asian Summit. EAS is a unique Leader-led forum of 18 countries in

Asia- Pacific Region. Established in 2005, allows the principal players in the
Asia Pacific Region, discusses the issues of common interest and concerns, in
an open transparent manner, at a highest level. These countries are:Brunei
Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao Pdr, Malaysia, Myanmar , Singapore ,
Thailand Philippines, Vietnam , Australia , China , India , Japan , New Zealand
, Republic of Korea, and Federation of USA .
APT ASEAN PLUS THREE. The purpose of Asean +3 : greater resolve and
27
confidence in further strengthening and deepening East Asia cooperation at
various levels and in various areas, including energy, transport, and
information and communications technology (ICT).

Asian Regionalism aims for relationship and stability of every countries in
a region. Aside from the good sides there are also criticismsin Asian
regionalism :Financial Contagion, Deadly diseases ( Sars, Covid, Avian Flu),
Unpredictable economic climate, A Deepening credit crisis, falling dollar,
sudden unwinding of current account imbalances, rapidly rising of energy,
food, and other commodity prices ,adverse effect of global warming , New
health and security test , and Environmental damage.
LESSON 8:
GLOBAL MEDIA
CULTURE
Culture
- It is the customary believes, social forms and materials traits of racial,

religious or social group.
Media
- Refers to the communication channel through which we disseminate

new, movies, education, promotional, message and other data.
Examples ; newspaper, billboards, television, telephones, internet, radio

and magazines
Media Culture
- refers to the culture created under the influence of mass media.

- The concept infers its impact on societies information consumption and
intellectual guidance
Globalization
- Entails the spread of various culture

- Involves the spread if ideas
Global Media Culture
- it is explore the relationship between media, culture, and globalization.

- This course approaches past and current challenges concerning
28
international communication and explores and problematizes the
power of media representation.

Five time Periods in the study of Globalization and Media
- Oral communication
- Script
- Printing Press
- Electronic media
- Digital Media
Oral communication
- Language means to develop the ability to communicate across are

the lifeline of globalization.
Script
- Writing is a humankind principal technology for collecting,

manipulating, storing, retrieving communication and disseminating
information.
Printing Press
- Is the device that allows for mass production of uniform printed

manner.
- It changed the very nature of knowledge.
- It preserved knowledge which has been more malleable in oral
cultures, it is also standardized knowledge.
- Encourage the literacy of the public and the growth of school.
Electronic Media
- Refer to the broadcast or storage media that take advantage of

electronic technology
Examples ; television, radio internet, fax, CD-ROMs
Digital Media
- The computer is considered the most important media influencing

globalization. Computers gives access to global and market place and
transformed cultural life.
Popular Music and Globalization
- Changes in the production and consumption of pop music have

shown the globalization of culture in its most effective form.
- The results of this have been seen both an increasing homogenization
of pop globally, combined with more diversity brought about through 29
experiences within national culture.

LESSON 10:
THE GLOBAL CITY
What is a global city?
A global city is a city generally considered to be an important node in the

global economic system. The most complex of these entities is the "global
city", whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect
on global affairs through socio-economic means.
The use of "global city", as opposed to "megacity", was popularized by

sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London,
Tokyo though the term "world city" to describe cities that control a
disproportionate amount of global business dates to at least the May 1886
description of Liverpool by The Illustrated London News
Some Examples of Global Cities
Tokyo, Japan
New York City, USA
London, United Kingdom
Paris, France
TOP 30 CITIES IN THE GLOBAL CITIES INDEX
30

Four Pillars of Urban Life in a Global City (Longhorn, 2015)
CIVIC- An effective city government supported by institutions of civil

society, such as think tanks and foundations, especially those
embedded in the global society
EDUCATIONAL - Both higher education and K-12
COMMERCIAL- A powerful business community with global 31

connections.
CULTURAL- The arts and entertainment that give the city its soul.

What makes a city a global city?
The GCI measures cities' global participation in five areas: commercial

activity, human capital, information interchange, cultural experience, and
political engagement. The GCO, on the other hand, looks at people who are
laying the groundwork for future global power. Personal well-being,
economics, innovation, and governance are four major drivers of a city's
capacity to recruit brilliant people capital, produce economic growth,
enhance competitiveness, and assure stability and security, respectively, in
this research.
Indicators of a Global City (Claudio and Abinales, 2018)
 Seat of Economic Power
 Economic Opportunities
 Economic Competitiveness
 Center of Authority
 Center of Political Influence
 Center of Higher Learning And Culture

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY (LONGHORN 2015)
Economic Attributes
No city is a global city unless it is an economic powerhouse, dominant

in finance, trade, manufacturing, or business services.
Population sized
All global cities are big cities- three million people or more. It takes size
to offer all the attributes needed to be a global city.
Human Capital
These means having a storehouse of smart, educated, and creative

people. The percentage of the population with a college degree
counts. So does the university and their quality.
Culture
A strong economy pays for the museums, universities, symphonies, and

theaters that makes a city more than a labor pool. This is also a draw 32
for global citizens who have a palette of places to live, work, and do
business.

Tourists
Because global cities are so big, so vibrant, so much fun, they are
magnets for tourists. Tourists themselves are a major export industry:
they come from outside to buy what a city has to offer
Connectivity
For the most part, this means air and digital connections to the rest of
the world. If global cities are where global citizens meet, then a major
airport with a full schedule of a nonstop flights to other global cities are
crucial
Quality of life
This includes public transit, the environment, safe streets, good

healthcare, and efficient and honest local government. A reputation
for corruption, pollution, or crime will damage a city’s competitive
power.
LESSON 11:
GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPHY
The Global Demography
Population definitions and characteristics, formal models, sources of

population data, processes of demographic change and associated
indicators, population projection models, and ramifications for societies
around the world are all covered by demography in geography.
Demographics
Demographics are statistical statistics used by researchers to investigate

human groups. A demographic refers to a population's different traits.
Demographic analysis is used by researchers to examine entire societies or
small groups of people. Age, sex, education, nationality, ethnicity, and
religion are just a few examples of demographics.
33
 Employment status: Business-owner, self-employed, unemployed,
employed, retired.

 Living status: Home-owner, rented, lease.
 Education level: Graduate degree, undergrad, college degree, high
school.
 Religion: Atheist, Muslim, Christian, Jew, Hindu, Buddhist
 Marital status: Single, married, separated, widow/ widower.
 The number of children: None, 1, 2, 3-5, more than 5.
 Political affiliation: Democrat, republic, independent.
 Nationality: American, Mexican, French, Indian, German
How does Demographic Information used?
Demographic data helps you better evaluate an audience's background

characteristics, such as age, race, ethnicity, income, job situation, marital
status, and so on. You can acquire demographic information about present
and potential customers at scale by asking demographic questions in
surveys, which can help you build a market segmentation plan to reach the
proper prospects.
Demographics are used to analyze whether a company's products and

services are being targeted to its most influential customers. Market
segments, for example, can designate a certain age group, such as baby
boomers (born 1946–1964) or millennials (born 1981–1996), who have distinct
purchasing habits and characteristics.
The Demographic Transition
The demographic transition model shows population change over time. It

studies how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a
country.
The demographic transition hypothesis is a broad description of how

mortality, fertility, and growth rates change as nations migrate from one
demographic regime to the next.
Frank Notestein created Demographic Transition Theory (DTT) in 1945. This

theory explains how the age distribution and population growth rate are
affected by fertility and mortality rates.
Four stages of Demographic Transition:
Stage 1: Pre-transition
High birth rates and changing death rates characterize this region.
Population growth was kept low by Malthusian "preventative" (late age at

marriage) and "positive" (famine, war, pestilence) checks. 34
Stage 2: Early transition

The death rate begins to decline during the early phases of the shift.
As birth rates remain high, the population starts to grow rapidly.
Stage 3: Late transition
The birth rate begins to drop.
The rate of population increase is slowing down.
Stage 4: Post-transition
Low birth and death rates are common in post-transitional communities.
Population growth is either insignificant or even declining.
Limitations of the Demographic Transition Model
The DTM does not account for migration, which is a major factor in
population expansion.
It ignores the various factors that influence birth and mortality rates within a
country. Natural calamities can result in high death rates, and wars can result
in baby booms. These factors can cause an increase or reduction in the rate
being researched in stages where it is meant to rise or fall.
The Corona virus has caused an increase in death rates, therefore countries
that were previously enjoying a decline in death rates are now witnessing an
increase.
LESSON 12:
GLOBAL MIGRATION
Migration
The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of

residence, etc., to settle in another; an instance of this.
Two types of Migration
 Internal Migration
This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as
between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities. 35
 International Migration
someone who moves to a different country

 Immigrants
person who comes to a country to live there
 Temporary
a temporary worker generally enters a country for a fixed time for a
particular occupation and must leave when the period expires
 Illegal migrants
the continued residence without the legal right to live in that
country
 Petitioned
person who files immigration form to request benefits on behalf of
another person
 Refugees
person who seeks asylum
What causes Migration?
 Safety
 National Disaster
causes of migration include natural disaster such as flooding
 Political Conflict
moving to escape political persecution or war
 Education
Students move to other country for better quality of education
 Family
 Career
 Economic Betterment
The Advantage of migration in a particular country both receiving and

sending country
 Remittance
The Disadvantage of Migration
 Brain Drain
Migration of experts in search of the better standard of living and
quality of life
 Human Trafficking
Transportation of people with the aim of exploiting them for profit.
Why do people move?
PUSH FACTOR
 refers to conditions which force people to leave their homes.

36
 A person would typically move because of distress (safety, natural
disaster, or political conflict).

 it doesn’t require a person to leave their home, the conditions
impacting the push factors often negatively impact the quality of life
for the person if they choose to stay.
PULL FACTOR
 are factors in the destination country that attract the individual or

group to leave their home.
 These factors attract people to a new place largely because of the
opportunities presented in the new location were not available to
them previously.
THREE KINDS OF PUSH AND PULL FACTORS
POLITICAL
to escape political persecution or war.
 PUSH FACTOR
to escape war
 PULL FACTOR
to have a better environment or freedom
ENVIRONMENTAL
to escape natural disasters such as flooding.
 PUSH FACTOR
to scape natural disasters
 PULL FACTOR
safety
ECONOMIC
 is defined as a choice to move to improve the standard of living by

gaining a better job.
 to find work or follow a particular career path.
 PUSH FACTOR
Lack of jobs, low wages, unemployment.
 PULL FACTOR
Better opportunity, higher wages.
MIGRATION DIFFICULTIES 37
 Physical barriers
mountains, water.

 Immigration policies
law, policies
 Lack of capital
 Travel cost
 Illiteracy
-a person who is unable to sign and unable to read and write in
simple sentence is called illiterate.
 Military service
-difficult, demanding, and dangerous.
-obtained citizenship through military services.
 Language
 Family pressure
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON MIGRANTS
POSITIVE IMPACTS
 The opportunity to get a better job.

 Improved quality of life. Safety from conflict.
 The opportunity for a better education.
 The opportunity for a better education.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
 Migrants may run out of money.

 Issues communicating due to language barriers.
 Issues may can be exploited Migrants may experience racism.
LESSON 13:
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT
 Development is the gradual growth of a situation that becomes more
advanced and strong than previous one.
 Development is intended to bring a positive change for human being
and its surroundings. 38
 Development may take place by bringing about a change in policy,
projects and legislation.

 Development is a unfolding of human potentials for meaningful
participation in economic, social, political and cultural process and
institutions, so that people can improve their conditions.
DEVELOPMENT VS. ENVIRONMENT
We can easily observe the close relationship between

development and the environment. The first is based on environmental
resources. Development cannot be done without environmental
resources. ... The damage to the environment and its resources is
detrimental to human needs
WHAT IS SUSTAINNABLE
Sustainable is something that is able to be sustained.
WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the

present WITHOUT compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
 The “official” definition of sustainable development was

developed for the first time in the Brundtland Report in 1987.
GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND
Gro Harlem Brundtland first introduced the concept of sustainable

development in 1987. He was then the Prime Minister of Norway and
chairman of the World Commission on Environment and Development.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
Sustainable development encourages us to conserve and enhance

our resource base, by gradually changing the ways in which we develop and
use technologies. Countries must be allowed to meet their basic needs of
employment, food, energy, water and sanitation.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS)
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 goals

that UN Member States have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.
39
The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000,
commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy,
environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. The MDGs

are derived from this Declaration. Each MDG has targets set for 2015 and
indicators to monitor progress from 1990 levels. Several of these relate directly
to health.
Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4 Reduce child mortality
Goal 5 Improve maternal health
Goal 6 Combating HIV/AIDs, malaria, and other diseases
Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by all

United Nations Member States in 2015 to end poverty, reduce inequality and
build more peaceful, prosperous societies by 2030. Also known as the Global
Goals, the SDGs are a call to action to create a world where no one is left
behind.
MDG VS. SDG
Unlike the MDGs, which only targets the developing countries, the SDGs
apply to all countries whether rich, middle or poor countries. The SDGs are
also nationally-owned and country-led, wherein each country is given the
freedom to establish a national framework in achieving the SDGs.
SDG 1: NO POVERTY
End poverty in all its forms, everywhere.
Poverty denies children their fundamental rights to nutrition, health,

water, education, protection, shelter and more – diminishing their ability to
build a better future for themselves and generations to come. Without global
action, child poverty is likely to entrench social inequality and cut off the most
vulnerable girls and boys from the services they need to survive and thrive. 40
SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture.
Good nutrition is the bedrock of child survival, health and development. Well-
nourished children are better able to grow and learn, to participate in their
communities, and to be resilient in the face of disease, disaster and other
emergencies.
SDG 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all, at all ages.
More children survive now than ever before. Yet, in 2018 alone, 6.2 million
children and young adolescents died, mostly from preventable causes.
UNICEF works around the world to strengthen health systems; immunize and
treat children for pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and other health conditions;
help countries combat non-communicable diseases; and support children
with mental health conditions, developmental delays and disabilities. To end
preventable maternal, newborn and child deaths and promote the health
and development of all children and adolescents, UNICEF continues to scale
up work in primary health care at the community level.
SDG 4: QUALITY EDUCATION
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong

learning opportunities for all.
Progress improving access to education and the quality of learning has not
been even across the world. Making sure that all children can go to school
and learn is instrumental to fight poverty, prevent disease and build more
resilient and peaceful societies.
UNICEF focuses on equity and inclusion to provide all children – no matter

who they are, where they live or how much money their family has – with
quality learning opportunities and skills development programmes, from early
childhood through adolescence.
SDG 5: GENDER EQUALITY
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Dropping out of school to assume household responsibilities, being pressed

into child marriage, experiencing gender-based violence ─ harmful gender
norms take many forms.
41
Gender disparities can start at birth, and they expand as children age.
Today, some 650 million girls and women around the world have been

married as children, and over 200 million have undergone female genital
mutilation.
Gender equality is a human right. It is also a precondition for reducing

poverty and advancing development. UNICEF works across the world so that
girls and boys enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protections.
We embed gender results across our programming to ensure all children
grow, learn and thrive – no matter their gender. Our focuses include positive
parenting, adolescent girls’ empowerment, and data analysis to help
governments identify barriers to gender equality.
SDG 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for

all.
Contaminated water and poor sanitation are among the leading causes of
death for children under 5. Without proper water, sanitation and hygiene
(WASH), children face an increased risk of preventable diseases and suffer
malnutrition, stunting and other critical health issues.
Lack of sanitation and hygiene undermines progress in other areas of

development too, like education and gender equality.
UNICEF works to bring clean water and basic sanitation and hygiene facilities
to homes, schools and health centres so that children can grow and learn in
a safe environment. In 2018, for example, we helped provide safe water to
more than 43 million people in humanitarian settings across 64 countries.
SDG 7: AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
Every year, over half a million children under the age of 5 die from causes
related to air pollution. Even more will suffer lasting damage to their
developing brains and lungs.
Access to affordable and clean energy is critical to children’s development

and well-being. And the benefits of renewable energy go beyond physical
health. In addition to preventing the release of toxic fumes, renewable
energy can bring lighting and connectivity to areas without power grids. This
supports education by allowing school meals to be cooked and solar lanterns
to be charged for students’ studies.
UNICEF works with partners to support sustainable energy – providing solar 42

lighting for schools, solar pumps in communities vulnerable to droughts and
floods, and other off-grid energy solutions that improve children’s learning
and health.

SDG 8: DESCENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive

employment, and decent work for all.
Today’s global youth unemployment rate is 13 per cent – three times higher
than the adult rate. Without urgent investment in education and skills training,
the rapidly growing population of young people – expected to reach nearly
2 billion by 2030 – will be largely unprepared for the workforce.
Meanwhile, nearly 1 in 10 children worldwide are subjected to child labour,

almost half of whom are in hazardous forms of work. Child labour is both a
cause and consequence of poverty, reinforcing social inequality and
discrimination. UNICEF works worldwide to prevent and respond to child
labour, addressing the impact of supply chains and business practices on
children, and providing children with rehabilitation and reintegration services.
UNICEF also works with United Nations partners to promote youth skills and
employment, including through Generation Unlimited, a partnership that aims
to ensure that every young person is in some form of school, learning, training
or employment by 2030.
SDG 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable

industrialization and foster innovation.
Some 4 billion people – nearly a third of them between the ages of 18 and 24
– are unconnected from the internet. This growing population of young
people is in danger of being left behind, excluded from the modern digital
world and technologies that could dramatically improve their lives.
UNICEF has a long history of applying innovation in development and

humanitarian contexts. We’ve worked with partners to develop technologies
that keep vaccines cold, identify and treat child malnutrition, and bring safe
water to rural communities.
With a dedicated Innovation Fund, UNICEF invests in blockchain, virtual and

augmented reality, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to identify
scalable solutions for widespread global challenges.
SDG 10: REDUCED INEQUALITIES 43

Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Progress to eradicate poverty has been uneven. Poverty is just one of the
reasons children may be cut off from essential care and services. Across the
world, girls and boys are also excluded due to discrimination on the basis of
gender, disability, language and ethnicity. Marginalization makes it difficult
for groups to enjoy progress and escape poverty.
UNICEF invests in social-protection programmes and policies that

reduce the lifelong consequences of poverty and discrimination. Social
protection – which can come in the form of child grants, school meals, skills
development and other types of cash transfer programmes – connects
families with health care, nutritious food and quality education to give all
children, no matter what circumstances they are born into, a fair chance in
life.
SDG 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
Half of the world’s children live in urban areas. And this number is projected
to reach almost 70 per cent by mid-century.
Since 1996, UNICEF has promoted the Child-Friendly Cities Initiative. Together
with partners, we support governments to create urban spaces where
children can access basic services, clean air and water; and where they feel
safe to play, learn and grow. We also help ensure their voices are heard, and
their needs are integrated in public policies and budgets.
SDG 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Current consumption and production trends continue to create toxic waste

and reduce valuable natural resources. Children are the least responsible for
environmental degradation, yet they will bear the greatest burden of its
impact – mostly in the form of health and developmental issues.
Decades of evidence shows that widespread behaviour change, such as

recycling and using less plastic, often begins with children. This is why UNICEF
engages girls and boys to promote responsible, climate-friendly consumption
behaviours and set an example for their communities
SDG 13: CLIMATE ACTION
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
Climate change is a direct threat to a child’s ability to survive, grow and 44

thrive. Close to 90 per cent of the burden of disease attributable to climate
change is borne by children under the age of 5.

Today, for the first time, a global generation of children will grow up in a world
made far more dangerous and uncertain by changing climate and a
degraded environment.
Effective responses to climate change are imperative to protect the world’s

children and fulfil their rights. UNICEF works with partners at the global and
local level to ensure that children can live in a safe and clean environment.
We help make children the centre of climate change strategies and
response plans, recognizing them as agents of change who are taking action
everywhere to protect the future of our planet.
SDG 14: LIFE BELOW WATER
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development.
Today, 530 million children live in extremely high flood occurrence zones, and
1 in 4 children will live in areas of extreme water stress by 2040.
The impacts of climate change are being felt around the world. For many
children, a change in climate is felt through a change in water.
In times of drought or flood, in areas where the sea level has risen or ice and
snow have unseasonably melted, children are being cut off from the water
they rely on. Rising sea levels can lead to saltwater infiltrating freshwater
sources, rendering the water undrinkable. This is already happening in low-
lying coastal areas and Small Island Developing States ─ home to roughly 25
per cent of the world’s population.
UNICEF supports Small Island Developing States and other communities

impacted by rising sea levels, higher levels of drought and water stress,
heavier rainfall and flooding, and the melting of snow, glacier and sea ice.
We do this by ensuring access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene
services.
SDG 15: LIFE ON LAND
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems;

sustainably manage forests; combat desertification; halt and reverse land
degradation; and halt biodiversity loss.
Land degradation, together with forest, species and biodiversity loss, is

interconnected with climate change and poses a serious threat to a child’s
ability to survive, grow and thrive.
45
While these issues are not central to UNICEF’s programmes, children and
youth have expressed in no uncertain terms that protecting and preserving
all living things on the planet is important to the well-being of people,

prosperity and peace. UNICEF recognizes and encourages the leadership
that children and youth are taking to raise awareness and end harm to
wildlife and the environment. This is why we engage girls and boys to elevate
their voices on environmental issues.
Voices of Youth is a dedicated platform for young advocates to offer

inspiring and original insights on issues that matter to them. We also team up
with United Nations partners to engage youth through the award-winning
Wild for Life campaign to curtail illegal trade in wildlife.
SDG 16: PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUITIONS
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development;

provide access to justice for all; and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels.
No child should ever be exposed to violence, abuse or neglect. Yet millions of

children around the globe continue to face violence in their homes, schools,
communities and online. Children uprooted by conflict and disaster are
particularly vulnerable to violence, including child labour and other forms of
exploitation.
Violence takes many forms: emotional, physical, sexual. And its effects can
last a lifetime. Witnessing or experiencing violence erodes a child’s health,
well-being and potential.
Governments can offer the first line of defence for children at risk – birth
registration systems that give children legal claim to vital social services,
equitable justice systems and other forms of child protection.
UNICEF works to end the multiple kinds of violence children face around the
world by helping governments build stronger child protection systems –
including by supporting health, social work, justice and law enforcement
programmes – and challenging existing norms related to violence,
exploitation and abuse.
SDG 17: PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership

for sustainable development.
Partnerships are critical to achieve results for every child. Everyone has a role
to play in advancing the SDGs.
UNICEF’s ability to support and empower children and their families depends 46
on our partners, who provide critical resources that enable us to reach
children wherever they are. We work with a broad range of partners at the

global, regional, country and local levels, across the public and private
sectors.
In 2018, for example, our partnerships empowered our work to respond to 285
humanitarian emergencies in 90 countries; support birth in health facilities for
27 million babies; provide three doses of the Pentavalent vaccine for an
estimated 65.5 million children; support the education of 12 million children;
and help treat 4 million children with severe acute malnutrition.
LESSON 15:
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
CITIZENSHIP
- The position or status of being a citizen of a particular country.
- It is gained by meeting the legal requirements of a national, state or local

government. A nation grants certain rights and privilege to citizens. In return,
citizens are expected to obey their country's laws and defend it against its
enemies.
Ex. Someone being born in the United States and having access to all the
same freedoms and rights as those already living in the US.
GLOBAL COMMUNITY
-It is a global non-profit organization that works closely with communities

worldwide to bring about sustainable changes that improve the lives and
livelihoods of the vulnerable.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
-It is a way of thinking that helps to increase cultural awareness, resulting in a

deeper sense of cultural empathy.
-It is about shared human experience
 It acknowledges and celebrates that, wherever we came from

and wherever we live, we are together.
-Shared values and responsibility
 Diversity, interdependence, empathy and perspective are

47
essential values of global citizen.
GLOBAL CITIZEN

-It is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world and their
place in it. They take an active role in their community and work with others
to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable and fairer.
RIGHTS
The rights of Global Citizen are embedded in the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights , it was first declared in the year 1948 after World War ll. The
core nature of the Universal Declaration grounded in individual liberty,
equality, and equity has remained constant. However, the ways in the
human rights are applied changes overtime. It occurs in political, economic
and social fabric society. Also new rights that were not on the 1948 Human
Rights agenda have emerged. (Digital access rights, LGBT rights,
Environmental Rights)
RESPONSIBILITIES
#1 Responsibility to understand one's own perspectives and the perspectives

of others on global issues.
-It is the responsibility of global citizens to understand these different

perspectives. Global issues have multiple ethnic, social, political and
economic perspectives attached on it. A global citizen should avoid taking
sides with one particular point of view and instead search for ways to bring all
sides together.
#2 Responsibility to respect the principle of cultural diversity
-The multiple perspectives that exist with most global issues often are a
reflection of different cultural belief systems. In building a sustainable based
world community, it is important to maintain respect for the world’s different
cultural traditions.
#3 Responsibility to make connections and build relationships with people

from other countries and cultures
-Global Citizen need to reach out and build relationships with people from
other countries and cultures. It is quiet easy to build global relationships. Most
countries and towns are now populated with immigrants and people from
different ethnic traditions. Of course, we don't need to travel abroad, the use
of internet offers range opportunities to connect with people on different
issues.
#4 Responsibility to understand global issues 48

-Global Citizen has the responsibility to understand the major global issues
that affect their lives.

Example: The roots of conflict and dimensions of peace building
The challenges posed by a growing global population
#5 Responsibility to advocate for greater international cooperation with other

nations
- Global citizen need to play active roles in urging greater international

cooperation between their nation and others. When global issue arises, it is
important for global citizens to provide advice on how their countries can
work together to address this issue.
#6 Responsibility for advocating for more effective global equity and justice in
each of the value domains of the world community
-work with one other and advocate for global equality and justice solutions to
these issues.
Example: Unequal access by different countries to technology
The lack of consistent national policies on immigration.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
-It aims to empower learners of all ages to assume active roles, both locally
and globally in building more peaceful, tolerant, inclusive, and secure
societies.
Why is it important?
With global citizenship education, young people are able to solve problems,
make decisions, think critically, communicate ideas effectively and work well
with others. They are able to respect cultural, gender, faith and other
differences. Also able to become more aware of the world and see our
place in it.
END
49

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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and

 Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and

Corporations gain a competitive advantage on multiple fronts through

Globalization is a social, cultural, political, and legal phenomenon.

 Socially, it leads to greater interaction among various populations.

On one hand, globalization has created new jobs and economic 2

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

Globalization's motives are idealistic, as well as opportunistic, but the

The History of Globalization

Globalization is not a new concept. Traders traveled vast distances in

The think tank, Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE),

Globalization has sped up to an unprecedented pace, with public

One of the critical steps in the path to globalization came with

Governments worldwide have integrated a free market economic

This evolution of economic systems has increased industrialization and

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

Outsourcing by companies brings jobs and technology to developing

Globalization has advanced social justice on an international scale as

One clear result of globalization is that an economic downturn in one

Globalization detractors argue that it has created a concentration of

Globalization has become a polarizing issue in the U.S. with the

For better and worse, globalization has also increased

What Is the Simple Meaning of Globalization?

In essence, globalization is about the world becoming increasingly

Is Globalization Good or Bad?

Proponents of globalization will point to the dramatic decline in

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

Why Is Globalization Important?

Globalization is important because it is one of the most powerful forces

1.MULTICULTURALISM AND MULTILINGUALISM

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

- is a pact between two or more nations to reduce barriers to imports

- exchanging students and learning the culture.

- international migration itself generates processes of globalization,

- Collaboration with other countries can work together, think together

6. LINGUISTIC HEGEMONY OF ENGLISH

- Even though we’re living in a non- English language country, we

- homogenization could work in the breakdown of cultural barriers

8. THIRD WORLD DEPENDENCE ON THE FIRST WORLD

- Third world is being dependent to first world and because third

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

10. TAX INJUSTICE

A. Definition of Global Economy.

What is the Global Economy?

 In addition, it is the economy of every country which is considered as

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

B. What does Global Economy do?

 So, these relationships involve the exchange of goods, services,

C. Characteristics of Global Economy.

 Also, globalization is the word used to describe the growing

 International trade is about economic transactions that are made

 It talks about currency exchange rates.

 No biographical boundaries because of the use of technology, or

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLDT | TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY-JCC

D. Benefits of Global Economy

 It is an excellent method for nations to exchange goods and services.

 For example, one country is experiencing a high unemployment rate,