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    INDUSTRIAL-REVOLUTION

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    Lyrehc Ablasi

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    INDUSTRIAL-REVOLUTION

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    Lyrehc Ablasi
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    INDUSTRIAL-REVOLUTION

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    Lyrehc Ablasi

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    INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

     A remarkable change in man’s life caused by the replacement of hand labor machine work.
     The change came about peacefully without bloodshed or violence

    The meaning of the Industrial Revolution can be summarized in the following changes:

    a. the mechanization of agriculture and industry


    b. the use of power in industry
    c. the development of the factory system
    d. a sensational development of transportation and communication
    e. an increase in big business control of the economy

    HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
    - begun in Britain in the middle of the 18th century.

    Conditions of Britain:
    1. The abundance of natural resources like coal, iron and water
    2. Britain had many skilled artisans
    3. Britain has a stable government dominated by a merchant and capitalist class
    4. Britain had a plenty of raw materials and markets for manufactured products.
    5. Britain has the best banking system in Europe at the time thus it was able to raise the necessary capital to
    finance new business ventures.

    6. Britain had a large merchant fleet to ship goods all over the world, and the best navy to protect its ships.
    7. Britain’s damp climate favored the manufacture of cotton clothes since the thread would not become brittle
    and break off easily when woven by machines.

    TEXTILE INDUSTRY LEADS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

     The first industry to be mechanized was the manufacture of cotton cloth


     1733 – John Kay an English watchmaker invented the “flying shuttle” a device to double the speed of weaving
    cloth
     1767 – James Hargreaves, a carpenter invented the “spinning jenny” that spin 80 threads at one time
     Richard Arkwright – added the “water frame” to double the speed of the spinning jenny.
     Samuel Crompton – produced a better spinner named “the mule” to spin 200 threads at once.
     1785 – Edmund Cartwright, an Anglican clergyman invented the “power loom” which quickened the process
    of weaving.
     1793 – Eli Whitney invented the “cotton gin” which made it possible for an adequate supply of American
    cotton to be used by England’s mills.

    NEW SOURCES OF POWER

     James Watt – Scottish engineer who introduce the need for more power and improved the steam engine
    that had been invented by Thomas Newcomen.
     Sir Humphry Davy – improve the mining of coal through the invention of the safety lamps.
     Scientific researches of Benjamin Franklin (American), Luigi Galvani (Italian) and Allesandro Volta (Italian)
    made known to man the power of electricity.
     Michael Faraday – invented the electric dynamo used to run machinery.

    NEW METAL FOR INDUSTRIES

     1856 – Henry Bessemer (English) invented the so called “Bessemer process” for removing impurities
    from iron and making it hard. This refined iron is called “steel”. This metal is now used in building ships,
    trains, bridges and heavy machines.
    REVOLUTION IN TRANSPORTATIONS

     John L. McAdam – a Scottish engineer used a new method in building roads called macadamization.
    A macadamized road is one which is reinforced by a layer of clay and gravel. Later, asphalt was
    substituted for clay and recently, the macadamized roads were replaced by concrete.
     1825 – the canal which connects the Great Lakes and the Hudson river was completed.
     Suez Canal – link the two seas namely Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea
     Panama Canal – connects two oceans namely Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean.
     1807 – Robert Fulton (American) invented the first steamboat, the Clermont (32 hours of sailing)
     1819 – Savannah (29 days, part sail, part steam)
     1838 – Great Western (15 days, steam power)
     1814 – George Stephenson invented the first steam locomotive named Rocket
     1890 – more that 20,000 miles railroad is in Britain, 36,000 in Germany and 167,000 in the United
    States.
     1883 – Gottlieb Daimler (German) invented the first gasoline engine. Four years later, he attached it
    to a buggy thus the automobile was born.
     1897 – Rudolf Diesel (German) invented the diesel engine using crude oil.
     Henry Ford – a former bicycle mechanic who founded the Ford Motor Company in 1902. He
    manufactured automobiles by the mass production method so that millions of people could afford
    them.
     Charles Goodyear – his discovery of rubber vulcanization contributed to the rise of the automobile
    industry.
     Montgolfier brothers (French) – sent up the first balloon on June 5, 1783.
     Wright brothers (Wilbur and Orville) – invented the first airplane and flew it successfully on
    December 17, 1903 in Kittyhawk, North Carolina.
     1900 – Count Zeppelin invented a cigar-shaped balloon named after him. It was used during the
    World War 1.

    REVOLUTION IN COMMUNICATIONS

     1832 – Samuel F.B. Morse (American) – invented the first telegraph


     1866 – Cyrus W. Field – succeeded in laying the first underwater submarine telegraph cable across
    the Atlantic
     1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
     1894 – Guglielmo Marconi (Italian) – invented the wireless telegraph
     Inventions of linotype machine, rotary press and teletype.

    AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

     1674-1740 – Jethro Tull invented the “seed drill”, a farm machine that plants seed in spacious rows to
    insure better cultivation.
     1674-1738 – Viscount Charles Townsend worked out an efficient system of crop rotation
     1725 – 95 – Robert Bakewell introduced the scientific breeding of animals (selective breeding)
     1849-1924 – Luther Burbank produced new varieties of plants by inbreeding certain plants with
    desirable characteristics.
     1834 – Cyrus McCormic invented the mechanical reaper
     1840 – German scientist Justus von Liebig introduced Artificial fertilization.
     1864-1943 – American-Negro scientist Geroge Washington Carver invented coffee and ink from
    peanuts

    MORE INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS

     Thomas Edison – invented photograph (1878), electrical bulb (1879) and movies/motion pictures
    (1893)
     Andre-Jacques Garnerin (French) – invented parachute (1797)
     Rene Laenec (French) – invented stethoscope (1819)
     Louis Daguerre (French) – photography (1839)
     Elias Howe (American) – sewing machine (1846)
     J.E Lundstrum – safety match (1855)
     Christopher Sholes (American) – typewriter (1868)
     Lewis Waterman (American) – fountain pen (1884)
     William Barrows (American) – adding machine (1885)
     George Eastman (American) – camera (1888)
     Lee De Forest (American) – radio telephone (1906)
     Georges Claud (French) – neon lamp (1915)
     John L. Baird (Scot) – television (1926)
     Howard Aiken (American) – electric computer (1937)
     Chester Carson – xerography (1937)
     Axel L. Wennergren (Swede) – monorail (1946)

    ECONOMIC RESULTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

    Advantages:

    a. Expansion of industries
    b. Increase of commerce and trade
    c. Growth of the population
    d. Rise of cities
    e. Greater comforts and higher standard of living
    f. Division of labor
    g. Increase of wealth

    Disadvantages:

    a. Ruin of the domestic system, causing the disappearance of small independent working families
    b. Rise of the factory system which has led to the exploitation of the working men
    c. Growth of cities and the decadence of rural communities
    d. Child and woman labor
    e. Unemployment of workers
    f. Concentration of wealth in the hands of a few capitalist
    g. Bitter class wars between capitalist and workers

    POLITICAL RESULTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

    a. The industrial revolution by means of the railway, steamboat, telegraph and newspaper fostered nationalism
    for it helped people within a country known one another better.
    b. Industrial revolution intensified internationalism as new means of transportation and communication broke
    down barriers, people and ideas easily spread from one place to another and different nations came to
    understand one another.
    c. Industrial revolution produced two great politico-economic system which operate in the modern-world
    capitalism and communism
    - Adam Smith’s laissez faire (free capitalist theory) and “The Wealth of Nations”
    - Karl Marx - advance the ideal of a society where the means of production and everyone’s needs would
    be meet (communism). Inspired by his doctrine of communism, Valdimir Lenin, a Russian rebel installed
    the first communist state in Russia in 1917.

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