SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & IT

B.TECH. COMMON FOR ALL ENGG. - I/II SEMESTER

MIE 1081: WORKSHOP PRACTICE

Name:___________________________________________________
Group:____________________ Batch:______________________
Reg. #: ____________________ Semester:___________________
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. /Mr. ………………………………………...……………………………………………………………

Reg. No. ……………………………………………… Group: …………………… Section: …………………… has

satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in WORKSHOP PRACTICE [MIE 1081]

prescribed by the Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) for I/II Semester B.Tech.

at MAHE, Dubai Campus.

Date: ……...................................

Signature Signature
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 MIE 1081: WORKSHOP PRACTICE
List of Experiments
Mechanical Engineering
Exp. No. Experiment Page No.

1 Sheet Metal Practice 5

Module 2 Plumbing Practice 11

Module 3 Study of Automotive Systems 15

Module 4 Study of IC Engine parts, Machine parts and Machine tools 21

Civil Engineering
Study of Dumpy level and Prismatic compass 38
Module 1
Determination of the reduced level of two given points using 41
Module 2 dumpy level

To drop a perpendicular from point O to point C on the line AB, 43

Module 3 and then measuring angles, <OCB and <OCA using compass.

Module 4 Double shear test 44

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Module 1 1. Familiarization of Electrical & Electronics components 56
2. Calculation of Series & Parallel Resistances
Module 2 Conduction of Half wave & Bridge Rectifier experiments with 64
voltage Regulators

Module 3 Realization of digital electronics circuits using Trainer kits 66

Module 4 Conduction of Arduino microcontroller-based experiments 68

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the Workshop Practice Lab. Course, the students must be able;
1. To get familiarize with sheet metal work and plumbing practices
2. To get an exposure to some typical automotive systems
3. To describe the process of material testing and surveying practices
4. To get an exposure to the electrical and wiring principles
5. To conduct basic testing of electronic components and measurement

INSTRUCTION TO THE STUDENTS:

1. Come prepared for the day’s experiment by bringing workshop practice record book and other
necessary stationery such as pen, pencil, eraser, scale, compass and non-programmable calculator
2. Present in the lab well on time with the prescribed uniform
3. Answer your attendance call
4. Collect the necessary equipment from the issue counter against your signature
5. Inform the staff in charge at the counter about any damages to the equipment
6. Go to the allowed work area
7. Listen to the instruction on the allotted experiment
8. Show the experimental setup to the teacher concerned before switching on the power or proceeding
for actual conduction of experiment
9. Show the readings and calculations done on record book to the teacher concerned and get them
verified
10. Get the record book evaluated and make sure that marks are entered into the register by the faculty
11. Return the instruments taken at the counter, after the experiment
12. Be disciplined in the lab
13. Be regular to the practical classes. If you miss any practical class, you may be permitted to perform
those missed experiments along with other batches, with prior permission from the concerned faculty
members. However, it will be reflected in the evaluation accordingly.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Students should not bring mobile phones and programmable calculators to the lab.
2. Students should not go out of the lab without permission
3. Plagiarism (copying from others) is strictly prohibited and would invite severe penalty in evaluation
4. In case a student misses a lab class, he/she may be permitted to perform those missed experiments
during the repetition class, but marks will be awarded only for two missed experiments
5. Students must complete all the 12 experiments in order to appear for the end semester lab
examination

Mechanical Engineering
 List of Experiments
Module 1 Sheet Metal Practice 1 week

Module 2 Plumbing Practice 1 week

Module 3 Study of Automotive Systems 1 week

Study of IC Engine parts, Machine parts and Machine
Module 4 1 week
tools

 Evaluation Plan – Continuous

 Parameters: Regularity, Preparation, Performance, Documentation.
 References:
1.Hajra Choudhury S. K and Bose S.K, Elements of Workshop Technology, Vol. I,
Media Promoters & Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, 2012.
2.Raghuvanshi S.S, Workshop Technology,
Dhanpat Rai and Sons, Delhi, 2002.
 workshop Practice

SHEET METAL PRACTICE

Soldering:
Soldering is one method of joining two pieces of metal with an alloy that melts at a lower
temperature than the metals to be joined. For a good job, the metals to be joined should be
free from dirt, grease and oxide. Solder is made of tin and lead, usually in equal proportions.
It comes either in the form of wire or bar.
Capillary action between the solder and base metal will not take place unless the base metal is
clean. A flux is used with the solder to remove oxides and thus permit good soldering.
Classification of soldering:
Soldering is classified into Soft soldering and hard soldering.
Soft soldering is used extensively in sheet metal work for joining parts that are not exposed to
the action of high temperatures and are not subjected to excessive loads and forces. Soft
soldering also employed for joining wires and small parts. The solder, which is mostly
composed of lead and tin, has a melting range of 150 ◦C to 350◦C. A suitable flux is always
used in soft soldering. Its function is to prevent oxidations of the surface to be soldered or to
dissolve oxides that settles on the metal surfaces during the heating process. Although
corrosive, zinc chloride is the most common soldering flux. Rosin is non-corrosive, but it
does not have the cleaning properties of zinc chloride. Soldering iron constitutes the
equipment for heating the base metals and melting the solder and the flux.
Hard soldering employs the solder which melt at higher temperatures and stronger
than those used in soft soldering. Silver soldering is hard soldering method, and silver alloyed
with tin is used as a solder. The temperatures of the various hard solders vary from about
600◦C to 900◦C
The different compositions of solder for different purposes are as
1. Soft solder- lead 37%,tin 63%
2. Medium solder- lead 50%,tin 50%
3. Plumber’s solder- lead 70%,tin 30%
4. Electrician’s solder- lead 58%,tin 42%
Use of soldering: Soldering is used for joining the following,
 components in television, radio, transistor and tape recorders.
 Electrical Components like printed circuit boards
 Automobile parts like radiators
 Sheet metal works
 Utensil repairs.

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Model-1 Lap Joint

AIM: To prepare a sheet metal lap joint as per the drawing.

NOTE: All Dimensions are in mm.

Material to be joined: Galvanized iron sheet 33 SWG.

Tools used: Solder iron, snip or tin cutter, nose pliers, engg. Steel scale, prick punch, flux,
stakes, mallet, etc.

Operations involved: Marking, cutting, cleaning, tinning, soldering, inspection,finishing etc.

Procedure:

 Mark the dimensions according to the sketch and cut it using tin cutter.
 Cleaning and tinning to be done on the joining parts.
 Flatten the work piece as per requirement
 Join the parts by soldering.
 Finishing the process - by cleaning the joined area, using cotton waste.
 Precautions:
 Use right tools for right operation.
 Care should be taken while bending, cutting and, cleaning.
 Be careful while handling hot soldering iron.
 Avoid loose clothing, wear shoes while working
 Keep the place clean while working.

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Model -2

Sheet Metal Tray

AIM : To prepare a sheet metal tray as per the dimension.

NOTE: All Dimensions are in mm.

Material to be joined: Galvanized iron sheet 33 SWG.

Tools used: Solder iron, snip or tin cutter, flux, nose pliers, Engg. steel scale, prick punch,
stakes, mallet, etc.

Operations involved: Surface development, marking, punching, cutting, cleaning, tinning,

soldering, inspection, Finishing etc.

Procedure:

 Mark the dimensions (by punching operation using prick punch) according to the
surface development and cut the sheet metal using tin cutter.
 Tinning is to be done on the joining parts.
 Flatten the work piece as per requirement.
 Bend all the four sides of the tray using proper stakes.
 Join the corners by soldering.
 Finishing the process - by cleaning the joined area, using cotton waste.

Development of Surface: Tray

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NOTE: All Dimensions are in mm.

Steps in drawing the development of Surface:

1. Draw front elevation and Top View (Plan) of the tray to actual size (1:1 scale) and
name the corners.

2. From front elevation draw arcs to get the true length of slant edge as shown in the
figure.

3. Locate corresponding top and bottom points as shown in the figure.

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Model-3 Frustum of Cone

AIM: To Prepare a Frustum of Cone in sheet metal as per given dimensions.

NOTE: All Dimensions are in mm.

Material to be joined: Galvanized iron sheet 33 SWG

Tools used: Solder iron, snip or tin cutter, flux, nose pliers, Engg. steel rule, prick punch,
stakes, mallet, etc.

Operations involved: Surface development, marking, punching, cutting, cleaning, tinning,

soldering, inspection, Finishing etc.

Procedure:

 Mark the dimensions (by punching operation using prick punch) according to the
surface development and cut the sheet metal using tin cutter.
 Tinning is to be done on the joining parts.
 Flatten the work piece as per requirement.
 Bend the sheet using proper stakes to make frustum of cone.
 Join the edges by soldering.
 Finishing the process - by cleaning the joined area, using cotton waste.
 workshop Practice

Development of frustum of cone:

NOTE: All Dimensions are in mm.

Steps in drawing the development of surface:

1.Draw front elevation of the frustum to actual size (1:1).
2.Extend the slant edges to make the full cone.
3.Measure the true length of the slant edge (o’ 1’).
4.Draw an arc with slant length as radius and ‘o’ as the Centre.
5.Using the above formula find the angle θ.

6.Mark the angle θ and draw the sector 1o1.

7. With ‘o’ as Centre and o’ 2’ as radius draw an arc.
p ×360
Note: Angle θ= 1 1
01
in degrees.

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Development surface of frustum of cone

2.PLUMBING PRACTICE
Introduction:
Plumbing deals with the laying of pipe lines. Pipe line provides the means of transporting the
fluid/gas. It is obvious that, laying out the pipe line, requires a number of joints to be made
and a number of valves to be incorporated, while connecting different lengths of pipes.
Plumbing work requires tools like pipe wrenches, hack saw, pipe cutter, threading equipment
and a pipe vice.
Different types of pipe fittings:
The size of the pipe is designated by its inside diameter. The size of the pipe fitting is
designated by the size of the pipe on which it fits. There are different types of pipe fitting
available in market. They should be selected, keeping in mind the desired piping layout. The
most common pipe fittings are coupling, union, elbow, nipple, tee, plug, cap, flange, gate
valve, globe valve, non-return(check) valve, common tap etc.

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TYPES AND GRAPHICAL SYMBOL OF PIPE FITTINGS:

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PLUMBING PRACTICE: 1
AIM: To make pipe joint using a coupler.

NOTE: All Dimensions are in mm.

Material: PVC pipe (green) ½ “ size, ½” coupler

Tools Used: Pipe Wrench, Die Block and ½’’ die set, pipe vice, spanner etc.
Operation: External thread cutting on pipe ends and fixing.

Procedure:
1) Select proper size of pipe and hold it in the pipe vice.
2) Cut the threads on external surface of pipe by using pipe die.
3) Check the threads by using same size of coupling.
4) Repeat the operations on other same size pipe.
5) Join two pipes by coupler with the help of pipe wrench.

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PLUMBING PRACTICE: 2
AIM: To Prepare the pipe line as shown in the plumbing circuit by using different fittings.

Materials used: G.I. Pipes, Reducer Tee, Barrel nipple, Hex nipple, Reducer Coupling,
Elbow, Bend, Gate valve, Tap etc.
Tools used: Pipe wrench, Pipe vice, etc.
Operations involved:
Procedure:
1. Select proper size of pipes and fittings as shown drawing.
2. Hold the pipe in the pipe vice
3. Assemble the fittings as shown in drawing.

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3. AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS
Steering mechanisms:
The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated
steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may
contain universal joints (which may also be part of the collapsible steering column design), to
allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Tracked vehicles such as bulldozers usually
employ differential steering
In a rack and pinion steering mechanism, the steering wheel turns the pinion gear and the
pinion moves the rack, which is a linear gear that meshes with the pinion, converting circular
motion into linear motion along the transverse axis of the car.
Another mechanism which is normally used in the trucks is the recirculating ball mechanism.
This is a variation of the older worm and sector design. The steering column turns a large
screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its
axis as the worm gear is turned an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the Pitman
arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating
ball version of this mechanism reduces considerable friction with the presence of the steel
balls between the thread of the worm and that of the screw. The balls are recirculated from
one end of the nut to the other end of the nut.

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Recirculating ball worm mechanism in the steering system

Different types of steering and suspension systems

Transmission system:
A machine consists of a power source and a power transmission system, which provides
controlled application of the power. Transmission system is an assembly of parts including
the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is transmitted from an
engine to a live axle. The term transmission refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch,
gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive), differential, and final drive shafts

Gearbox:
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Often transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide
speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device. In most
vehicles with manual transmission, gears are selected by manipulating a lever called a gear
shift lever, gear selector, or shifter connected to the transmission via linkage or cables and
mounted on the floor, dashboard, or steering column. Moving the lever forward, backward,
left, and right into specific positions selects particular gears.

A sample layout of a four-speed transmission is shown below. N marks neutral, the position
wherein no gears are engaged and the engine is decoupled from the vehicle's drive wheels.
The entire horizontal line is a neutral position, though the shifter is usually spring-loaded so it
will return to the center of the N position if not moved to another gear. The R marks reverse,
the gear position used for moving the vehicle backward. When the gear shift lever is
positioned in a lower numbered position, for example 1, the output speed will decrease and
the torque available will be more and vice versa. Lower numbered position of gear shift lever
is normally recommended when the vehicle is moving in a upward sloping road. When the
vehicle is moving in a plain road and speed is to increased, the gear shift lever should be in
the higher numbered position.

Gear Box of a four wheeler Layout of 4 speeds on the gear shift

lever
Differential unit: In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, a differential couples the
drive shaft to half-shafts that connect to the rear driving wheels. The differential gearing
allows the outer drive wheel to rotate faster than the inner drive wheel during a turn. This is
necessary when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is travelling around the outside of
the turning curve roll farther faster than the other. Average of the rotational speed of the two
driving wheel equals the input rotational speed of the drive shaft. An increase in the speed of
one wheel is balanced by a decrease in the speed of the other.
A differential consists of one input, the drive shaft, and two outputs which are the two drive
wheels, however the rotation of the drive wheels are coupled by their connection to the
roadway. Under normal conditions, with small tyre slip, the ratio of the speeds of the two
driving wheels is defined by the ratio of the radii of the paths around which the two wheels

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are rolling, which in turn is determined by the track-width of the vehicle (the distance
between the driving wheels) and the radius of the turn.

Suspension System:

The function of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the
road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the comfort of the
passengers. If a road is perfectly flat, with no irregularities, suspensions wouldn't be
necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved highways have subtle
imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It's these imperfections that apply
forces to the wheels. According to Newton's laws of motion, all forces have both magnitude
and direction. A bump in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular to
the road surface. The magnitude depends on whether the wheel is striking a giant bump or a
tiny speck. Either way, the car wheel experiences a vertical acceleration as it passes over an
imperfection.

Without an intervening structure, all of wheel's vertical energy is transferred to the frame,
which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the
road completely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into
the road surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically
accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow
bumps in the road.

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How suspension works-Vertical / horizontal acceleration

Front wheel drive suspension system.

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Rear Axle suspension for front wheel drive vehicle without differential

Rear wheel drive suspension system with differential

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4. STUDY OF I.C ENGINE PARTS AND MACHINE TOOLS

I. C ENGINE PARTS: The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the

combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a
combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature
and -pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the
engine, such as pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a
distance, generating useful mechanical energy. The various parts of an internal combustion
engine are shown below.

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MACHINE TOOLS
Lathe:
Lathe is also known as the “mother of the entire machine tool family”. A lathe operates on
the principle of rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool. The final shape of the machined
work piece is obtained by removing material in the form of chips .The work piece to be
machined is held in the chuck, which is mounted on the front of the spindle. The back end of
the spindle is driven by an electric motor. As the motor runs, the work piece also rotates. (the
rpm of the work piece and its diameter defines the “cutting speed”. First, the cutting tool is
fed into the rotating work piece across its axis (by an amount called “depth of cut” which
decides the thickness of the chip) and then moved along with a certain velocity (called as
“feed rate”). The final shape of the work piece is obtained by removing chips progressively,
by manipulating the tool motion.

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Operations performed in a lathe:

Facing:
To produce a flat surface at the end of the part or for making face grooves.
Center drilling:
To make a conical groove at the end of long work piece, for supporting by tailstock
Turning:
To produce cylindrical, conical, curved, or grooved work pieces
Threading:
To produce external or internal threads
Knurling:
To produce a regularly shaped roughness on cylindrical surfaces
Drilling:
To produce a hole by fixing a drill in the tailstock
Boring:
To enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by a previous process (drilling).

Drilling machine:
A drilling machine is used to make accurate holes with the help of drill bits. The drill bit is
held in the chuck fixed to the end of the spindle. The spindle is driven by an electric motor.
Initially the work piece is fixed on a vise fitted on the work table. As the motor is started, the
drill bit starts rotating. The rotating drill bit is fed into the work piece by moving the hand
feed lever. As the drill bit moves into the work piece, hole is made by removing material in
the form of “chips”
For joining the machine parts, holes are made in them, for inserting the fasteners. The holes
in the machine parts are made by a drilling machine.

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Drilling Machine

Drill Bit
MACHINE PARTS:
Spur gear: Gears whose axes are parallel and whose teeth are parallel to the center line of
the gears are called spur gear. They are used to transmit power from one shaft or element to
another in cases where the shaft have their axes parallel. Spur gear is used over a wide range
of articles–from small watches, precision measuring instruments, machine tools to gearboxes
fitted in motor cars and aero engines etc.

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Helical gear:
In helical gears, the teeth are cut in the form of helix around the gear. Helical gear is used to
connect parallel shafts as well as non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts. The pitch surface are
cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the teeth, instead of being parallel to the axes, wind around
the cylinders helically like screw threads.

The advantage of helical gears, when compared to spur gears is that helical gears run more
smoothly and more quietly at high speeds.
Bevel gear:
When two shafts, the axes of which intersect, are to be connected by gearing, bevel gears are
used. In a bevel gear, the teeth are cut on a conical surface, which is represented by a
truncated cone. In most of the bevel gear drives, the shafts are at right angles, but the angle
between the shafts may be either greater or less than 90 ◦. In such cases the gears are called
angular bevel gears. When the angle between the shaft is 90 ◦ and two gears of a pair are
equal, the gears are called mitre gears. When the pitch angle of a bevel gear is 90 ◦, it is called
crown gear.

Belt Drives:
Belt drive is one of the device for transmitting motion and power from one shaft to the other,
by means of a thin inextensible band running over two pulleys. They are used for general
purpose application in mills and factories, especially when the distance between the shafts is
more. In a belt drive arrangement, one of the pulleys called driver is mounted on the driving
shaft while the other, which is mounted on the shaft to which power is to be transmitted is
called driven pulley or follower. When the belt moves over the pulleys, there is always the
possibility of some slip between the belt and the surface of the pulleys, and hence the motion
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transmitted is not positive and there will be loss of power. Where positive action is required,
gears or chains must be used.
Flat type belt is used when the power is to be transmitted over relatively longer distance,
however power loss due to slip is more. Vee type belts are used for power transmission over
smaller distance, but power loss due to slip is less.

Flat Belt drive Vee Belt drive

Chain Drive:
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often
used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is
also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles. In a chain drive, slip is less when
compared to belt drives.

Couplings:
Two shafts are joined together by means of couplings. The coupling should always be placed
as close to a bearing as possible and should support and align the two ends of the shaft
rigidly, so as to give an effect of a continuous shaft. The two principal types of couplings are
Rigid Coupling and Non- rigid or flexible Coupling. Flexible coupling is a type of non- rigid
coupling and can take care of small misalignment in the shafts being connected.

Keys:

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Keys are used to secure flywheels, pulleys, gears, cranks, couplings, and similar items to
shaft, in such a way that there can be no relative rotary motion between the two parts. The
key may not permit longitudinal movement of the wheel or other machine parts along the
shaft.
All keys are made of steel and are usually of rectangular section of uniform width. But when
the key is required to prevent longitudinal movement along the shaft it must be made slightly
tapered in thickness, and the taper recommended is 1 in 100 or 10mm per meter.
The groove, cut in the shaft as well as in hub of the part to accommodate the key, is called
keyway.

Bearings:
The main function of a rotating shaft is to transmit power from one end of the line to the
other. The shaft needs a good support to ensure stability and frictionless rotation. The
support for the shaft is given by “bearing”. The shaft has a “interference fit” in a ball
bearing. All bearings are provided lubrication in the form of grease or oil, to reduced friction
between rotating elements.

Fasteners:
In most of the assemblies, the various parts are held together by fasteners and the process is
known as fastening. There are two type of Fastening used in engineering construction (i)
permanent, and (ii) temporary. In the Permanent fastenings, either the fastener or members
joined together must be destroyed in dismantling the members. In Temporary fastenings,
repeated assembly or disassembly is possible without the damage to the fastener or the part.
Permanent fastening may be done by riveting or welding. Temporary fastening is done by
bolts, nuts, screws, pins, keys, etc.
Assignment Questions:
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1. (1ST WEEK)
a) Define Soldering and mention its applications in engineering field.
b) Mention a list of tools and Equipments used in soldering works and mention the uses of
each tool.
2. (2ND WEEK)
a) Draw the development of Tray and Frustum of Cone and Write Material, tools,
operations involved and procedure separately.
b) Define plumbing? List the different types of pipefittings and tools using in Plumbing
work.
3. (3RD WEEK)
a) Draw the neat diagram of the plumbing models given and writes the Aim, material used,
Tools, sequence of operations, procedure separately.
b) Explain the various parts of IC engine with neat sketch.
4. (4TH WEEK)
a) Draw the neat sketch of Engine Lathe and name the parts.
b) List the various operations performed in lathe.

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Civil Engineering

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List of Experiments
Exp. Experiment
No.
1 Study of Dumpy level and Prismatic compass
1 week

2 Determination of the reduced level of two given points using

dumpy level 1 week

3 To drop a perpendicular from point O to point C on the line AB,

and then measuring angles,<OCB and <OCA using compass. 1 week

4 Double shear test

1 week

Experiment No.1

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Date:
Study of Dumpy level and Prismatic compass
Aim - a) To identify the operating parts of a dumpy level
b) To understand the working principles of a prismatic compass
Part I
THEORY
Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of
different object/points on the surface of earth is called leveling.
Levelling Instruments:
The instruments which are directly used for leveling operation are:-
Level, Levelling staff
Level-An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on leveling staff kept over
different points after creating a line of sight is called a level.
The main part of a level is the telescope. Telescope consists of two tubes, one slide into the
other and fitted with lens and diaphragm having cross hairs. It creates a line of sight by which
the reading on the staff is taken. The essential parts of a telescope are:
1) Body 2) Object glass 3) Eye-piece 4) Diaphragm 5) Ray shade 6) The rack and pinion
arrangement 7) Focusing screw 8) Diaphragm screw.
Dumpy level: The dumpy level is simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is
rigidly fixed to its supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about its Longitudinal axis or cannot
be removed from its support. The name dumpy is because of its compact and stable
construction. The ray shade is provided to protect the object glass. A clamp and slow motion
screw are provided in modern level to control the movement of spindle, about the vertical
axis. The telescope has magnifying power of about thirty diameters.
Parts of a dumpy Level-Refer Handout
Adjustment of the level - The level needs two type of adjustment
1) Temporary adjustment and
2) Permanent adjustment
Temporary adjustments of dumpy level
These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any observation.
A) Setting up the level -This includes:
1) Fixing the instrument in the tripod - the tripod legs are well spread on the ground with
tripod head nearly level and at convenient height. Fix up the level on the tripod.
2) Leg adjustment - Bring all the foot screws of the level in the centre of their run. Fix any
two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them with hand and move the third leg to leg to
right or left until the main bubble is roughly in the centre. Finally the legs are fixed after
centering approximately both bubbles. This operation will save the time required for leveling.

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B) Levelling: - Levelling is done with the help of foot screws and bubbles. The purpose of
levelling is to make the vertical axis truly vertical.
1) Place the telescope parallel to pair of foot screws.
2) Hold these two foot screw between the thumb and first finger of each hand and turn them
uniformly so that the thumbs move either toward each other until the bubble is in centre.
3) Turn the telescope through 90° so that it lies over the third foot screw.
4) Turn this foot screw only until the bubble is centred.
5) Bring the telescope back to its original position without reversing the eye piece and object
glass ends.
6) Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat this operation until the bubble
remains in the centre of its run in both positions which are at right angle to each other.
7) Now rotate the instrument through 180°, the bubble should remain in centre provided the
instrument is in adjustment: if not, it needs permanent adjustment.
C) Focusing the eye piece -To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of the object
glass, and move the eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are distinctly seen. Care should be
taken that the eye piece is not wholly taken out, sometimes graduation are provided at the eye
piece and that one can always remember the particular graduation position to suit his eyes.
This will save much time of focusing the eye piece.
D) Focusing the object glass -Direct the telescope to the leveling staff and on looking
through the telescope, turn the focusing screw until the image appears clears and sharp. The
image is thus formed inside the plane of cross hairs, Parallax, if any is removed by exact
focusing. It may be noted that parallax is completely eliminated when there is no change in
staff reading after moving the eye up and down.

Part II
Measurement of angles
In order to plot a survey line on paper, its length and direction must be known. The direction
of a survey line may be defined either i) by the horizontal angle between the line and the line
adjacent to it or ii) by the angle called the bearing, between the fixed line of reference called
the meridian and the line. For measuring angles in survey work, the instruments commonly
used are
i) Compass ii) the theodolite
Prismatic Compass
The Prismatic compass shown consists of a circular box about 85 to 110mm in
diameter in the centre of which is balanced a magnetic needle on a hard steel pointed pivot.
The needle which is of broad form carries an aluminum ring graduated to degrees and half
degrees. The graduations start from zero marked at the south end of the needle and run
clockwise so that 90 degrees are marked at the west, 180 degrees at the north and 270 degrees
at the east.

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When the needle points north, the readings under the prism should be zero. But since
the prism is placed exactly opposite the sight vane, the south end will be under the prism.
Consequently the zero graduations of the ring must be placed at the south end of the needle.
By this means bearings are obtained clockwise from north.

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Experiment No.2
Date:
Determination of the reduced level of the given point
Aim- To determine the Reduced Level of the given points A and B. The Reduced Level of
the benchmark is given as 100m.
Apparatus- Dumpy level and Levelling staff.
Procedure
1. Set up the level at a point from where you can see the benchmark (Point O) and the
points A and B.
2. Do the temporary adjustments of the level.
3. Sight the staff held on the benchmark and note down the staff reading (B.S.).
4. The height of the instrument is (R.L. of B.M. + B.S.)
5. Sight the staff held at point A and note down the staff reading. (F.S.)
6. The R.L. of the point A is H.I. – F.S.
7. Repeat for point B also
Note-
 B.S. - Backsight
 F.S. - Foresight
 R.L. - Reduced Level
 H.I. - Height of instrument
 B.M. - Benchmark
Observation and calculation
S.no B.S. F.S. H.I. R.L.
O
A
B

Result
The reduced level of the point, A = m
The reduced level of the Point, B= m

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Dumpy Level

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Experiment No 3
Date
Determination of an angle between two points
Aim: To drop a perpendicular from point O to point C on line AB using tape and then
measuring the angles <OCB =<OCA =90 Deg.

Apparatus: Tape, Pegs, Ranging Rods, compass and tripod

Procedure
1.Identify two Points with the use of pegs, namely A and B set apart by 5m.
2. Select a point C on the line AB and drop a perpendicular with the help of Tape using 3-4-5
method and extend the line to point O such that OC= 3m, using ranging rods with direct
ranging method.
3.Set the compass at point C on the line AB.
4.From point C view point O and point A to arrive at <OCA
5.Repeat the same for measuring <OCB also

Observations and calculations

Reading of Point O from Point C
Reading of Point A from Point C
Reading of point B from Point C

Result
<OCA=<OCB= 90 Deg

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Experiment No.4
Date:
Double Shear Test
Aim
To determine shear stress by conducting shear test on the specimen under double shear.
Apparatus required
Universal Testing Machine, Double shear assembly box, Vernier Caliper, Test specimen
Theory:
Shear stress is caused by forces which act parallel to an area of cross section and tend to
produce sliding of one portion past another portion. If there is only one cross section which
resists the failure, the material is said to be in single shear and the average ultimate shear
strength will be equal to the failure load divided by the area of cross section. If two areas
resist the failure then the material is said to be in double shear and the average ultimate shear
strength will be equal to the failure load divided by twice the area of cross section. . The
stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross-section, acted on by the shear force is
called shear strength. The procedure for shear test is standardized by IS:5242-1969 "Method
of Test for Determining Shear Strength of Mild Steel".
A special shear attachment called Shear Shackle is used to hold the specimen. The specimen
can be placed either one end supported or two ends supported in the shackle. One end
supported specimens fail under single shear and both ends supported specimens fail under
double shear.

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UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

Scope and applicability of Direct Shear Test:
The result obtained from the direct shear test, that is the ultimate shear strength is used to
arrive at a safe shear stress of the material after adopting a suitable factor of safety. This
value of safe shear stress is used in design of rivets, crankpins, etc.

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The result of the test depends to a considerable degree on the hardness and sharpness of the
edges of the support bearing the specimen. Care should be taken to minimize the bending
stress across the plane along which the shearing load is applied. This test has further
limitation of being useless for the determination of modulus of elasticity or modulus of
rigidity owing to the impossibility of measuring strains.
Procedure
1. Measure the diameter of the given steel at various points and take the average.
2. Insert the specimen into the shear tool till it projects equally on both sides of the tool.
3. Place the tool with the specimen on the loading platform of the testing machine.
4. The central crosshead is brought down to touch the top of the tools.
5. Apply the load by opening the loading valve such that the specimen breaks in three
pieces.
6. Note the load when the specimen breaks.

Observation and calculation

Type of Type of Diameter of Fracture Area in Ultimate
Material Shear Specimen in Load (f) in mm2 (A) shear
mm (d) kN strength (T)
in N/mm2

2
πd
Area of cross-section, A =
4
=
Fracture Load, F=
F
Ultimate shear stress, τ =
2A
=
Result
Ultimate shear stress of the specimen under double shear = N/mm2

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Assignment Questions:
1. What do you understand by levelling?
2. Name the levelling instruments?
3. What is the main part of a level?
4. What are the parts of the level and what are their functions?
5. Name the essential parts of a telescope?
6. What do you understand by temporary adjustments of a dumpy level?
7. What do you mean by backsight and foresight?
8. What do you understand by reduced level of a point?
9. What is meant by height of instrument?
10. Why measurement of angles important in the field?
11. Name two instruments used for measuring angles in the field.
12. What do you understand by bearing?
13. Why is universal testing machine so called?
14. Which steel have you tested?
15. What general information will be obtained from a tensile test?
16. Give an example of a ductile metal
17. What is the difference between normal stress and shear stress?
18. What are the two types of normal stresses?
19. Differentiate between stress and strain.
20. Draw a typical stress strain curve for a mild steel specimen obtained from tension
test.

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Electrical & Electronics Engineering

List of Experiments
Module 1 1. Familiarization of Electrical & Electronics Week 1
components
2. Calculation of Series & Parallel Resistances
Module 2 Conduction of Half wave & Bridge Rectifier experiments Week 2
with voltage Regulators
Module 3 Realization of digital electronics circuits using Trainer Week 3
kits

Module 4 Conduction of Arduino microcontroller-based Week 4

experiments

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1.ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS LAB EXPERIMENTS

Objectives:
1. To familiarize with the discrete electronic components and solderless breadboard.
2. To familiarize with the Digital Multimeter.
3. To test the electronic components.
4. To calculate the equivalent resistance for Series & Parallel combinations

Components Required:
Resistors, Potentiometers, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Rectifier diodes, Zener diodes,
LED, Transistors, Capacitors, Integrated Circuits (ICs), Solderless breadboard, General
purpose PCB, Hook-up wires.

3.1 Electronic components and solderless breadboard:

Resistors:
In most electronic circuits, the most basic role of resistors is current limiting i.e. precisely
controlling the quantity of electrical current that is going to flow through a device. The photo
shows typical fixed resistors. These are sold in a range of different resistances, from less than
1Ω and up to 10M Ω.

Resistor 4-Band Colour Code:

Reading from the end, the meaning of the 4
bands is:
First band: First digit of resistance
Second band: Second digit of resistance
Third band: Multiplier – a power of 10
Fourth band: Tolerance

Tolerance band is located at the end opposite to the three bands. This band tells us how far
the actual resistance may differ from its nominal value.

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The table shows the meanings of the colours.

Colour Number
Colour Tolerance
Black 0
Brown 1 Red ±2%
Red 2
Gold ±5%
Orange 3
Yellow 4 Silver ±10%
Green 5 No band ±20%
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

Example-1:
For a carbon resistor, the bands are Brown, Black, Black and Golden. The nominal value of
0
this resistor is: 10×10 Ω = 10 Ω with a ±5% tolerance. Thus, the actual resistance may be
somewhere between 10±0.5 Ω. That is, between 9.5 Ω and 10.5 Ω

Example-2:
For a carbon resistor, the bands are Green, Blue, Red and Silver. The value of this resistor is:
2
56×10 Ω = 5.6 kΩ with a ±10% tolerance.

Example-3:
For a carbon resistor, the four bands are Yellow, Violet, Gold and Gold. Find its value.
Note: This is a special case. Multiplier of Gold is 0.1 and that of Silver is 0.01.
Colour Code: Yellow, Violet, Gold, Gold
Multiplier: Gold, 0.1
Tolerance: Gold, ±5%
Therefore, its value=4.7 Ω with a ±5% tolerance.

Exercise-1:
A 220 kΩ resistor has no tolerance band. Find the range of values where the actual resistance
may lie.

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Breadboard:
A breadboard makes it easy and quick to build circuits. It is a plastic block with rows of
sockets. The sockets in each row are connected electrically, as indicated in the figure.
If you plug two or more component wires into the same row, current can flow from one
to the other.

Breadboard
Digital Multimeter
Digital Multimeter:
A multimeter is indeed a multiple meter. It can measure DC and AC voltages, currents, and in
addition, resistances. A digital multimeter (DMM) indicates the measured parameter on a
numeric display. Recent DMMs can additionally measure frequency, capacitance, etc.
Two long probes are used to connect the DMM to a circuit during a measurement. The meter
has sockets for probes:
 Positive, marked ‘+’, and usually ‘red’, and
 Common (negative), marked COM or ‘─‘ and usually ‘black’.
The central dial has a knob to choose the parameter to be measured.
The autoranging DMM automatically selects the correct range when a measurement is made
and often has autopolarity.

Note: When the DMM is not in use, keep the knob in OFF position.

Exercise-2:
Components Required:
Fixed carbon resistors of different values, a breadboard, and a DMM
To do:
1. Find out the value of one of the resistors by reading its colour code.
2. Set the DMM to read the resistance.
3. Plug the wire leads of the resistor into different rows on the breadboard. Touch
one probe of DMM to each of the resistor leads.
4. Read the resistance on the meter. Does it agree with the colour code?
5. Repeat with the other resistors.
Resisto Colour Code Value Value
r (as per Colour code) (as measured by DMM)
1.
2.

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MICRO SERVO MOTOR:

SERVO MOTOR SG90 servo motor is shown below. This is a tiny and light weight servo
that can rotate approximately 180 degrees (90 in each direction). Good for beginners who
want to make stuff move without building a motor controller with feedback & gear box,
especially since it will fit in small places. It comes with 3 horns (arms) and hardware. This
motor can be directly interfaced with any microcontroller including Arduino microcontroller.

IR SENSOR:

Figure below shows an Infra-Red (IR) sensor that detects IR radiation in its environment and outputs
an electrical signal. IR sensor can detect the radiation that is invisible to human eye as the light falls in
IR region of Electromagnetic Spectrum. Sensor consists of an IR LED that emits IR radiation. This
LED has the appearance of a standard LED. To receive the IR radiation, sensor uses Photo diode that
acts as an IR receiver. If an object is placed in front of the IR transmitter, some of the transmitted
radiation will reflect toward the infrared receiver. This can be used to detect any kind of motion.

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SHORT RANGE RFID MODULE:

Figure below shows low frequency RFID reader whose frequency is 13.56MHz. An RFID or
radio frequency identification system consists of two main components, a tag attached to the
object to be identified, and a reader that reads the tag.

Two types of passive RFID tags are shown below (Key & Card). A reader consists of a radio
frequency module and an antenna that generates a high frequency electromagnetic field.
Whereas the tag is usually a passive device (it does not have a battery). It consists of a
microchip that stores and processes information, and an antenna for receiving and
transmitting a signal.

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LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) SENSOR MODULE:

LDR sensor module is used to detect the intensity of light. When there is light, the resistance
of LDR will become low according to the intensity of light. The greater the intensity of light,
the lower the resistance of LDR. The sensor has a potentiometer knob that can be adjusted to
change the sensitivity of LDR towards light. Figure below shows the LDR sensor module.

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2.RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
Objectives:
To assemble and test Half wave & Full wave bridge rectifier circuits

Components Required:
230V/9V, 100mA transformer, 1N4007 diodes, Carbon resistor 470Ω, LED, Capacitor:
100µF/25V Electrolytic, 7805 Voltage Regulator IC, DMM, PCB, Soldering equipment,
small nuts and bolts.

Circuit Diagram:
Half wave rectifier without voltage regulator is as shown below:

Full wave bridge rectifier circuit with 5V voltage regulator IC 7805 is as shown below:

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3.DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PRACTICE:

1.NOT Gate (IC 7404)

Sl.No Input A Output

Y=
1 1
2 0

2.AND Gate (IC7408)

Inputs Output
Sl.No A B Z=
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 1 0
4 1 1

3.NAND Gate (IC 7400)

Inputs Output
Sl.No A B z
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 1 0
4 1 1

4.OR Gate (IC 7432)

Outpu
Inputs t
Sl.No A B Z=
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 1 0
4 1 1

5. NOR Gate (IC 7402)

Inputs Output
Sl.no A B Z=
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 1 0
4 1 1

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6. EX-OR Gate (IC 7486)

Inputs Output
Sl.No A B Z=
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 1 0
4 1 1

Experiment 5 (Half Adder and Full adder)

Circuit:

Full adder:

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Truth table for Full adder

Arduino Programming
Arduino
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 Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. It's intended for anyone making interactive projects.
 Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online.
 Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming.

BLINK LED
Hardware Required
 Arduino or Genuino Board
 LED
 220 ohm resistor

BLINK LED

Circuit Connection

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Program LED Blink

Code
Step 1:
After you build the circuit plug your Arduino or Genuino board into your computer, start the
Arduino Software (IDE) and enter the code below. You may also load it from the menu
File/Examples/01.Basics/Blink .
Step 2 :
The first thing you do is to initialize pin 13 as an output pin with the line
pin Mode(13, OUTPUT);
Step 3:
In the main loop, you turn the LED on with the line:
digital Write(13, HIGH);
This supplies 5 volts to pin 13. That creates a voltage difference across the pins of the LED,
and lights it up.
Step 4 :
Then you turn it off with the line:
digital Write(13, LOW);
Step 5 :
That takes pin 13 back to 0 volts, and turns the LED off. In between the on and the off, you
want enough time for a person to see the change, so the delay() commands tell the board to
do nothing for 1000 milliseconds, or one second. When you use the delay() command,
nothing else happens for that amount of time. Once you've understood the basic examples,
check out the BlinkWithoutDelay example to learn how to create a delay while doing other
Program LED on and off

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Arduino Uno microcontroller board with hardware description

ICSP: In-Circuit Serial Programming

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Program 1: Blink LED (Examples Basics Blink)

Program 2: Blink LED 1 & LED 2 alternatively

Button Experiment

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