MAT076_P1-1

MAT 076
Calculus 2
This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education
SYLLABUS
PEN CODE: MAT 076 Credit: 3 units

PEN Subject Title: CALCULUS 2 Prerequisite: MAT 171
I. Subject Description:
The course deals with the basic principles of integration and its various applications to
engineering such as evaluation of areas, volumes of solids of revolution, lengths of curves, surfaces of
revolutions, centroids, force, and work.
II. Course Objectives:
1) Apply the basic principles and techniques of integration which are necessary in dealing with
problems related to engineering courses.
2) Analyze and solve problems in plane area, volumes of solids of revolution, lengths of curves,
surfaces of revolutions, centroids, force, and work.
III. Subject Outline and Time Allotment:
LESSON TOPIC WEEK

1 Fundamentals of Integration: Indefinite Integrals
1
2 Fundamentals of Integration: Definite Integrals
3 Fundamentals of Integration: Integrals Yielding
Logarithmic Functions
2
4 Fundamentals of Integration: Integrals Yielding
Exponential Functions
Fundamentals of Integration: Integration of
5 3
Trigonometric
6 Fundamentals of Integration: Integration of Hyperbolic
Functions
4
7 Fundamentals of Integration: Integrals Resulting to
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
FIRST PERIODIC EXAM 5
8 Integration Techniques: Integration by Parts (IBP)
Techniques of Integration: Integration of Trigonometric 6
9
Integrals
10 Techniques of Integration: Integration by Trigonometric 7
Substitutions
11 Techniques of Integration: Integration of Rational
Functions by Partial Fractions 8
12 Applications of Integration: Area Under Curves
SECOND PERIODIC EXAM 9
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

SYLLABUS
PEN CODE: MAT 076 Credit: 3 units

PEN Subject Title: CALCULUS 2 Prerequisite: MAT 171
13 Applications of Integration: Area between two Curves

10
14 Improper Integrals. Multiple Integrals
15 Applications of Integration: Volumes of Solids of
Revolution (Circular Disk and Washer Methods)
11
16 Applications of Integration: Volumes of Solids of
Revolution (Cylindrical Shell Method)
17 Applications of Integration: Arc lengths and Area of a
Surface of Revolution
12
18 Applications of Integration: Centroid of Plane Areas and
of Solids of Revolution
THIRD PERIODIC EXAM 13
IV. Grading System
The Final Grade is computed as follows:
Final Grade = 0.33P1 + 0.33P2 + 0.34P3
1st Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

Class Standing = 60% Quiz + 40% Class Participation
Class Participation = Seatwork, Assignment, Activity, Problem set
2nd Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

3rd Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

PASSING SCORE/GRADE = 50.
V. Textbooks/ References
1. Love, Clyde & Rainville, Earl. Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Ed. The Macmillan Co., 1962
2. Stewart, James. Calculus, 8th Edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2017
3. Anton, Howard. Calculus: A New Horizon, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999
VI. Contact Information

Name:
Contact number:
Email:

MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Module #1 Student Activity Sheet
Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________
Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Indefinite Integrals Materials:

Lesson Objectives: In this lesson, you will learn to: Textbook, scientific calculator
1. Evaluate indefinite integrals of algebraic functions using basic
integration rules and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. References:
2. Apply the substitution rule to transform a given indefinite Calculus by James Stewart
integral to a simpler indefinite integral. Differential and Integral Calculus
by Love and Rainville
https://www.mathisfun.com
https://www.cliffsnotes.com
Productivity Tip:
Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we
have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly.
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.” ~Aristotle
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction
Integration is an important concept in mathematics and together with its inverse; differentiation,
is one of the two main operations in calculus. Integration can be considered as the reverse
process of differentiation, that is, integration is the process of finding a function given its
derivative. Applications of anti-differentiation arise in problems in which we know the rate of
change of a function and want to find the function itself. Since velocity is rate of change of
displacement, we must anti-differentiate to find the displacement. Definite integration, on the other
hand, can be used to find areas, volumes, length of arcs, centroids and many other useful
quantities. In this lesson, you will learn how to evaluate simple integrals by reversing the process
of differentiation, and by applying the basic rules of integration.

1
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

B.MAIN LESSON
Antiderivatives:
Definition of Anti-derivative.
 
A function F is an anti-derivative of 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 a, b if 𝐹’(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
for all x in I.
Indefinite
integral:
The integral of a function 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is written as
 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 where 𝐹(𝑥) is an anti-derivative of 𝑓(𝑥), and C is the additive

constant of integration
Fundamentals of Integration
I. The Indefinite Integral
Essentially, integration is viewed as an inverse operation to differentiation (fact from FTC), that is,
F x   f x  , then
d
integration is the process of finding a function given its derivative, so that if
dx
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 ,
Where:
 is the integral sign;
𝒇(𝒙) is the integrand;

𝒅𝒙 is the differential of 𝑥 , which denotes the variable of integration
𝑪 is an arbitrary constant called the constant of integration
If the anti-derivative of the function on interval 𝐼 exists, we say that the function is integrable over the
interval 𝐼. Note that indefinite integration means anti-differentiation.

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Basic Rules/Properties of Indefinite Integrals
1.  f x dx  F x   C Integration is the “inverse” of

differentiation.
2.
d
dx
 
f x dx  f x  Differentiation is the “inverse” of
integration
3. ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐 (Constant Rule)
4. ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (Constant Multiple/Coefficient Rule)
5. ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥) ± 𝑓2 (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (Sum/Difference Rule)
𝑥 𝑛+1
6. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐, where n≠-1 (Power Rule)
𝑛+1
𝑢𝑛+1
7. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝑐, where n≠-1and u=f(x) (General Power Rule)
𝑛+1
8. ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢, where 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) (Substitution Rule)
PATTERN OF INTEGRATION
ORGINAL INTEGRAL
REWRITE
INTEGRATE
SIMPLIFY

3
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #1
∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 REWRITE
INTEGRATE USING 3(𝑥 1+1 )

= +𝐶
POWER RULE 1+1
𝟑 𝟐
= 𝒙 +𝑪 SIMPLIFY
𝟐
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
𝑥 −3+1
= +𝐶 PROPERTY
−3 + 1
OF
𝒙−𝟐 EXPONENTS
= +𝑪
−𝟐
𝟏
=− +𝑪
𝟐𝒙𝟐
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #3
1
∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1/2+1
= +𝐶
1/2 + 1
𝒙𝟑/𝟐
= +𝑪
𝟑
+𝟏
𝟐
𝟐 𝟑/𝟐
= 𝒙 +𝑪
𝟑
𝟐 𝟑
= √𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #4

4
DISTRIBUTE
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

∫(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1+1
= 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1+1
𝒙𝟐
= + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #5
𝑥+1 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥 √𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 1/ 2 + 𝑥 −1/2 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 3/ 2 𝑥 2
= + +𝐶
3/2 1/2
2𝑥 3/ 2 1
= + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
3
𝟐
= √𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝑪
𝟑

5
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

In our computations of definite and indefinite integrals, we will be applying the basic rules particularly
the substitution rule (or ‘u-substitution’ or ‘The Reverse Chain Rule’) which is considered to be the
most widely used integration method, illustrated by several examples below.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #6
∫(𝑥 + 2)17 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = dx Maybe you are thinking

of expanding this.
= ∫ 𝑢17 𝑑𝑢
Instead we will use
Substitution
𝑢17+1
= +𝐶
17 + 1
𝑢18
= +𝐶
ACQUIRED BY 18
FINDING THE (𝑥 + 2)18
DIFFERENTIAL = +𝐶 AFTER
18 INTEGRATING.
OF 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
SUBSTITUTE
BACK “u”

6
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #7
4
∫ 36𝑥 2 √6𝑥 3 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 36𝑥 2 (6𝑥 3 + 5)1/4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 6𝑥 3 + 5, and 𝑑𝑢 = 18𝑥 2 dx , so that = 𝑥 2 dx
18
1 𝑑𝑢
= 36 ∫ 𝑢4
18
36
= ∫ 𝑢1/4 du
18
= 2 ∫ 𝑢1/4 𝑑𝑢
1
𝑢4+1
= 2( )+𝐶
1
+1
4
5
𝑢4
= 2( )+C
5
4
4 5
= 2 ⋅ 𝑢4 + 𝐶
5
𝟓/𝟒
𝟖(𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓)
= +𝑪
𝟓

7
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #8
∫(2𝑥 + 5) (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)2 (2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥, 𝑛 = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥.
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2+1
= +𝑐
2+1
𝑢3
`= 3
+𝑐
(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)3
= +𝑐
3
Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key)
Evaluate the following integrals:
1. ∫(𝑥 + 7)𝑑𝑥
2. ∫(𝑥 5 + 1)𝑑𝑥
3
3. ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
1
4. ∫ (√𝑥 + 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√
3
5. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

8
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Activity 5: Check for Understanding
Determine the following indefinite integrals:
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑥 5
𝑥+6
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
4
3. ∫(√𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥
3
4. ∫ (2 − 𝑥 10 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 −3𝑥 2 +5
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4

9
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

FAQs
What is the basic concept in integral that we must always remember?
The basic concept in integral calculus is that we must always never forget the relation of our
integrand ( f(x) ) to our differential ( dx ). That if we take the derivative of our f(x) it must always be
equal to our dx. For example, in our problem #1;
∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
If we take the differential of our integrand which is “x” in the equation, then we will get “dx”. If we satisfy
that condition, we can no proceed in our integration.
3(𝑥 1+1 )
= +𝐶
1+1
𝟑 𝟐
= 𝒙 +𝑪
𝟐
INTEGRAND
But, for example, we have this problem;
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥𝑑𝑥) DIFFERENTIAL
If we take the differential of our integrand which is “(𝑥 2 − 3)” in the equation, then we will get “2xdx”.
We did not satisfy the condition for we have an excess of “2” instead of only having “xdx”. In order for
us to proceed in our solution, we need the aid of substitution. How? Let’s try;
𝑢 = (𝑥 2 − 3)
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2

10
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

So now we have a value for “(𝑥 2 − 3)” and “xdx”. Let’s substitute.
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 ( )
2
1
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑢1+1
= ( )+𝐶
2 1+1
1 2
= (𝑢 ) + 𝐶
4
1 2
= (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝐶
4
So that’s it, we are done with our problem! So take note of this because this will help us until the end of
our course in MAT 076.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
𝑥(𝑥+14)
1. +𝐶
2
𝑥6
2. +𝑥+𝐶
6
5
2𝑥 2
3. + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 +𝐶
5
√𝑥(2𝑥+3)
4. +𝐶
3
5
3𝑥 3
5. +𝐶
5

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Definite Integrals Materials:

Lesson Objectives: In this lesson, you will learn to: Textbook, scientific calculator
1. Evaluate definite integrals of algebraic functions using basic
integration rules and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. References:
2. Apply the substitution rule to transform a given definite Calculus by James Stewart
integral to a simpler definite integral. Differential and Integral Calculus
https://www.mathisfun.com
https://www.cliffsnotes.com
Productivity Tip:
Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we
have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly.
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.” ~Aristotle
Introduction
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things. But it is often
used to find the area under the graph of a function like this:
The area can be found by adding slices that approach zero in width:
And there are Rules of Integration that help us get the answer.

1|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Notation
The symbol for "Integral" is a stylish "S" (for "Sum", the idea of summing slices):
After the Integral Symbol we put the function we want to find the integral of (called the Integrand).
And then finish with dx to mean the slices go in the x direction (and approach zero in width).
Definite Integral has start and end values: in other words there is an interval [a, b].
a and b (called limits, bounds or boundaries) are put at the bottom and top of the "S", like this:
Definite Integral Indefinite Integral

(from a to b) (no specific values)
We find the Definite Integral by calculating the Indefinite Integral at a, and at b, then subtract.
In this module we will be discussing the properties, concept and the procedure in solving for the definite
integrals for us to be ready in the application of integral calculus.
B.MAIN LESSON

2|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
The Definite Integral
Definition: If f is a continuous function defined for a  x  b, then the definite integral of f from a to b, is
n
f  x dx  n lim   f ( xi )x
b
a
i 1
provided that this limit exists. If it does exist, we say that 𝑓 is integrable on the closed interval [a, b].
b
In the notation for the definite integral 

a
f ( x)dx
, f(x) is called the integrand, whereas a and b are the

lower and upper limits respectively. The symbol looks like an elongated S and is called an integral sign
which is appropriate because the definite integral is the limit of a sequence of sums. Its notation is read
as “the definite integral of 𝑓 from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏”. It is called definite integral because its value is independent of
the constant of integration.
From the definition, it must be noted that we cannot obtain the definite integrals of those functions having
2 1
a point of discontinuity anywhere in the closed interval [a, b]. For example,
0 x2
dx
does not have a
1
2
definite integral because the function x is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0. Bear always in mind that we just
can’t integrate functions that are not continuous in its interval of integration.
Indefinite Integrals versus Definite Integrals

3|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Now if we have indefinite integrals (or generally, anti-derivatives), we also have definite integrals. Let's
take a look at how their characteristics differ.
This result connects the purely algebraic indefinite integral and the purely analytic (or geometric) definite
integral. It is important to note that an indefinite integral is a function (or family of functions), whereas the
definite integral is a number.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) is an extremely powerful theorem that establishes the
relationship between differentiation and integration, and gives us a way to evaluate definite integrals
without using Riemann sums or calculating areas. The theorem is comprised of two parts: FTC I connect
differential calculus with integration, that is, if 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous over an interval [a, b], and the function
F x   f t dt F x   f x 
x d
𝐹(𝑥) is defined by 
a then dx or F ' '  x   f  x  over [a, b]. More explicitly,
Part I says that if a function is integrated (to form a definite integral with a variable upper limit of
integration), and the result is then differentiated, the original function is recovered; that is, differentiation
“undoes” integration. Part II allows definite integrals to be computed in terms of indefinite integrals
because if 𝑓 is any anti-derivative/indefinite integral of a continuous function 𝑓 on the closed interval [a,
f ( x)dx  F x   F b   F a .
b

b
b], such that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥)

= 𝑓(𝑥), then a a
It says that a definite integral can
be computed by first determining anindefinite integral and then subtract its value at the lower limit from
its value at the upper limit.
To understand on how to solve for the definite integral, we try to answer the following:

4|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Basic Rules/Properties of Definite Integrals
 kf ( x)dx  k  f xdx
b b
1) a a (Constant Rule)
f ( x)dx    f x dx
b a
2) 
a b (Reverse Interval)
3) 
a
f ( x)dx  0
(Zero-length Interval)
f ( x)dx  2  f  x dx
a a

a 0
4) (Even function of x)
a

a
f ( x)dx  0
(Odd function of x)
f ( x)dx   f x dx   f x dx

b c b
5) 
a a c (Adding Intervals)
a  f x  g xdx  a f x dx  a g xdx

b b b
6) (Sum/Difference Rule)
 f g x g ' x dx   f u du

b d
7) where, c  g a , and d  g b  (Substitution Rule)
a c

5|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
EXAMPLE #1
4
0
2 x  1dx
du
Let us assign u  2 x  1 then du  2dx and  dx
2
4 du
0
2 x  1dx   u du   u 1 / 2
2
Computing the indefinite integral first,
1 u3/ 2 1
 2 x  1 Then we use it to compute the definite integral,
4
 2 x  1dx 
3/ 2
0 2 3/ 2 3
0
4
2 x  1dx 
1
3
2 x  13 / 2 4
0 
1
3
   3

24  1) 3 / 2  20  13 / 2  1 9 3 / 2  13 / 2  1 27  1  26
3 3
Our definite
We substitute the upper We substitute the lower integral
limit to the resulting limit to the resulting
indefinite integral indefinite integral
Therefore, we can say that

4 26
∫0 √2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 3

6|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
EXAMPLE #2
3 3 3 3
∫ (−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −3𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
3 3 3
= − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
26
=− + 4(4) − 3(2)
3
3
𝟒
∫ (−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 =
1 𝟑
NOTE: The concept, procedure or solution in solving for the definite integral of one function is
just the same on how we solve for the indefinite integral. We just substitute the limits 😊.
Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key)
Evaluate the following integrals:

2
1. ∫2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4
2. ∫2 25𝑑𝑥
4
3. ∫2 (𝑥 − 9)𝑑𝑥
4
4. ∫2 (10 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
1
5. ∫−1(1 − |𝑥 |)𝑑𝑥
7 𝑥+6
6. ∫2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

7|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Determine the following indefinite integrals:

5
1. ∫2 (−3𝑣 + 4)𝑑𝑣
1
2. ∫−1(𝑡 2 − 2)𝑑𝑡
1
3. ∫−1(𝑡 3 − 9𝑡)𝑑𝑡
2 3
4. ∫1 ( 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
3
5. ∫−3 𝑣 1/3 𝑑𝑥
2
6. ∫0 6𝑥𝑑𝑥
FAQs
What if we will solve for the integral of a trigo function? Will we substitute right away?
The integration will be the same as the procedure in indefinite integral (we will discuss this as we go on)
𝜋 𝜋
but take be careful in substituting. If the limits are in radians (𝜋, , , 2𝜋) our calculator must also be on
2 4
radians. If the limits are in degrees, our calculator must also be in degrees. Conversion of radians to
degrees or degrees into radians will be discussed in our module for trigo functions. 😊
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
1. 0
2. 50
3. -12
4. -136
5. 1
6. 25.24

8|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Integrals Yielding Materials:

Logarithmic Functions Textbook, scientific calculator,
Lesson Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: References:
1. Evaluate integrals resulting to logarithmic functions. Differential and Integral Calculus
Calculus by James Stewart
https://www.opentextbc.ca
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu
Productivity Tip:
Be happily productive at home, in your studies, and in your life. Remember, every
minute you save, is a minute gained! –Do not procrastinate.
Introduction
Logarithmic functions- which are inverses of exponential functions- occur prominently in fields as diverse
as acoustics and seismology. The logarithm is a basic function from which many other functions are built-
, whereas the exponential function is perhaps the most efficient function in terms of the operations of
calculus. Because these two functions, which are inverses of each other, have a lot of applications and
occur frequently in physical sciences, it can be very helpful to be able to integrate them. In our study on
integration resulting to logarithmic functions, we will focus on logarithms with base e which are called
natural logarithms, and the irrational Euler Number e ( e =2.71828…) is the natural base, that is,
log e x = ln x .
Now let us recall the properties of exponents and logarithms, and some basic definitions and rules in
manipulating exponentials and logarithmic functions. In this lesson, we explore integration logarithmic
functions only.

1|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

B.MAIN LESSON
Properties of Natural Logarithms

 ln ab   ln a  ln b Identities: ln e  1 ln1  0
a
 ln  ln a  ln b
b
 ln a n  n ln a
 ln e x  x
 e ln x  x
Let us now discuss the relationship of exponential and logarithmic functions.
Definition: For any real number x,
y  ex if and only if ln y  x.
This implies that natural logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses of each other.
(Forward)Proof: From y  e , for all x (Backward) Proof: Starting with ln y  x.

x
Using the property ln y  ln e . e ln y  e x

x
we now have
ln y  x ln e. Finally, using the property y  ex
Therefore ln y  x
Nearly all of the integrals involving exponential functions come down to two basic formulas. Here, we
consider only one integration formula leading to natural logarithms.
Integral of Natural Logarithm:
The integral of a logarithmic function

𝟏
𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒖| + 𝑪 where 𝑑𝑢 is an anti-derivative of 𝑢, and C is the additive constant of
𝒖
integration.

2|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #1
2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 REWRITE
𝑥 𝑥
INTEGRATE USING THE = 2 ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶

FORMULA
= ln|𝑥 2 | + 𝐶 SIMPLIFY USING
𝟏
𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒖| + 𝑪 TH PROPERTY OF
𝒖
LOGARITHMS
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #2
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ln 𝑥 REWRITE
𝑥 𝑥
1 dx
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = x
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 SUBSTITUTE
INTEGRATE USING THE 𝑢 1+1
FORMULA = +𝐶
1+1
2
𝑢
𝑥 𝑛+1 = +𝐶 SUBSTITUTE BACK
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 2
𝑛+1 (𝐥𝐧 𝒙)𝟐
= +𝑪
𝟐
NOTE: NOT ALL PROBLEM WITH “ln” WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY SOLVED USING THE
FORMULA FOR NATURAL LOGARITHM. SO, WE MUST FAMILIARIZE OURSELVES IN ALL
INTEGRATION FORMULAS.

3|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #3
REWRITE
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4𝑥 − 1 , then 𝑑𝑢 = 4dx and = dx SUBSTITUTE
4
1 du
=∫
𝑢 4
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
4 𝑢
INTEGRATE USING THE
1
FORMULA = ln 𝑢 + C
4 SUBSTITUTE BACK
𝒅𝒖 ,
∫ = 𝐥𝐧|𝒖| + 𝒄
𝒖
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧|𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 | + 𝐂
𝟒
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #4
(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
∫ 𝑑𝑥. Since the degree of the numerator is > than the degree of the denominator,
𝑥 2 +1
(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) 𝑥
We need to apply long division to obtain =1+ .
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 +1
We let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥.

1 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2
2 𝑥 +1
𝟏
= 𝒙 + ln|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| + 𝑪
𝟐

4|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (use the integration of ln)
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥−5
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
4. ∫ 𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +9𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑦
5. ∫ 5−𝑦 2

2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−3 𝑥 4 +𝑥+4
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +2
FAQs
What is the first thing you need to do in integrating rational functions?

As the first step toward integrating a rational function, see to it that the numerator is of lower
degree (is the largest exponent of all the terms) than the denominator, otherwise, you have to
perform division first

5|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

KEY TO CORRECTION
1) ln|ln 𝑥 | + 𝐶
2) − ln|cos 𝑥 | + 𝐶
3) ln|𝑥 − 5| + 𝐶
1
4) ln|𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 | + 𝐶
3
ln|5−𝑥 2 |
5) − +𝐶
𝟐

6|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Integrals Yielding Materials:

Exponential Functions Textbook, scientific calculator,
Lesson Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: References:
1. Evaluate integrals resulting to exponential functions. Differential and Integral
2. Simplify equation using the relationship of exponential and Calculus
logarithmic functions by Love and Rainville
Calculus by James Stewart
https://www.opentextbc.ca
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu
Productivity Tip:
Take screen breaks. Spend time also with your family and have some relaxation. 😊
Introduction
The exponential function is one of the most important functions in mathematics (though it would have to
admit that the linear function ranks even higher in importance). To form an exponential function, we let
the independent variable be the exponent. A simple example is the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 .
As illustrated in the above graph of ff, the exponential function increases rapidly. Exponential functions
are solutions to the simplest types of dynamical systems. For example, an exponential function arises
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 1

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

in simple models of bacteria growth.
Euler's number is a constant that appears in a variety of mathematical contexts. It is defined as the
positive real number such that , where .

It has been shown to be both irrational and transcendental. An approximation for Euler's number is
Relationship of Natural Logarithm and the Number e
If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 , then 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒚
e is an irrational number equal to 2.71828182845… and is used as a base for natural exponential
functions, such as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 .
ln is a natural logarithm with e as its base (𝒍𝒏 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 ) and is used to determine the exponents of natural
exponential functions. Natural logarithmic functions take the form, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙.
𝐥𝐧 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒙and 𝒆𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒙

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

B. MAIN LESSON
Properties of Natural Logarithms

 ln ab   ln a  ln b Identities: ln e  1 ln1  0
a
 ln  ln a  ln b
b
 ln a n  n ln a
 ln e x  x
 e ln x  x
Properties of Exponents
am
 a mn 1
1. a m a n  a m n 5. a n , if m>n 7. a  m 
am
am 1
a 
1
m n  nm
2. a mn
a n
a , if m<n 8. a  n a
n
am
1
 a
m
abm  a m b m
m
3. an , if m=n 9. a n  n a m  n
4. exponential function:
Integral of 6.
 where a & b are real numbers and m & n are integers
The integral of a exponential function
 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪 where 𝑑𝑢 is an anti-derivative of 𝑢, and C is the additive constant of

integration.

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 , = 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢 SUBSTITUTE
= ∫ 𝑒𝑢 ( )
3
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 REWRITE
3
INTEGRATE USING
1
THE FORMULA = 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
3
SUBSTITUTE BACK
𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪 𝟏
= 𝒆𝟑𝒙+𝟏 + 𝑪
𝟑
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #2
2
∫ 5𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
REWRITE 2
= ∫ 5𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑑𝑥)
SUBSTITUTE
𝑑𝑢
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥, − = x𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 5𝑒 𝑢 (− )
2
REWRITE
5
= − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
INTEGRATE USING SUBSTITUTE BACK
5
THE FORMULA = − 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
2
𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪 𝟓 𝟐
= − 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #3
1
𝑒𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
REWRITE
1
= ∫ 𝑒 1/𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 SUBSTITUTE
1 1 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = , 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑑𝑥, −𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 (−𝑑𝑢)
REWRITE
= − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
INTEGRATE USING SUBSTITUTE BACK
𝑢
THE FORMULA = −𝑒 + 𝐶
𝟏
𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪 = −𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #3
2 −3𝑥+2|
∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 𝑑𝑥
APPLY
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
PROPERTY OF
“ln” AND “e”
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
INTEGRATE USING
THE FORMULA 𝑥3 3 2
= − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
𝒖𝒏+𝟏 SUBSTITUTE BACK
𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
= −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝟏
= −𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #4
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
APPLY
1 PROPERTY OF
∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 “ln” AND “e”
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
INTEGRATE USING THE 𝑢
FORMULA SUBSTITUTE BACK
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝒖−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒖| + 𝑪 = ln|𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶

1. ∫ 5𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥
2 +𝑥
3. ∫(2𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
4. ∫ −4𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 √1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

5−𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 √𝑥
Evaluate: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 √𝑥

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

FAQs
Are there any bases other than “e”?

Yes, the base of the natural exponential function is e. This “natural” base can be used to assign
a meaning to a general base a.
DEFINITION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION TO A BASE “a”
If “a” is a positive real number (𝑎 ≠ 1) and x is any real number, then the exponential function to a base
“a” is denoted by 𝑎 𝑥 and is defined by 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 xln 𝑎 .
INTEGRATION OF OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION TO A BASE “a”
𝟏
∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ( ) 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒍𝒏 𝒂
KEY TO CORRECTION
1) 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 5𝑥−3
2) +𝐶
5
2 +𝑥
3) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
4) 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
3
2(1−𝑒 𝑥 )2
5) − +𝐶
3

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Integration of Materials:

Trigonometric SAS, textbook, scientific calculator
Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Use definitions and identities to simplify integrands involving References:
trigonometric functions. Differential and Integral Calculus
2. Apply the basic rules and formulas of integration to evaluate by Love and Rainville
the indefinite and definite integrals of trigonometric. Calculus by James Stewart
https://www.zweigmedia.com
https://www.math24.net
Productivity Tip:
The best angle from which to approach any problem is the TRYangle.
"Through perseverance many people win success out of what seemed destined to be certain failure." …
In the journey of life, perseverance is a virtue we all need to achieve greatness.
1. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction
Trigonometry finds importance in various fields such as in astronomy, geography, engineering,
navigation, aviation, surveying, architecture, medical imaging (MRI), and even in the investigation of
crime scene. Now, knowing these real-life applications, every student of mathematics is also expected to
know that the study of calculus is based on algebra and trigonometry.
This lesson covers the trigonometric functions and some basic materials on integration. You will learn
how to apply not only the trigonometric identities. Normally, the applications of trigonometric and the rule
of 𝑢 -substitutions transform the original integrand into a standard form which makes integration a lot
easier. Your knowledge on the integration of trigonometric functions is relevant to our future lessons on
applications of integration.
B.MAIN LESSON
Integration is known to be the reverse operation of differentiation. If given the differential of

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢then by just reversing the process we have∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢), and
by definition of an integral∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶, we obtain ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶. In our study on
integration of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, is assumed that you are already familiar
with their derivatives/differentials.
Now, let us deal with each of these functions separately and then compare and contrast them.

1|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

I. The Trigonometric Functions
Differentials of Trigonometric Functions

1. 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 4. 𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
2. 𝒅(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖) = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 5. 𝒅(𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖) = − 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
3. 𝒅(𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 6. 𝒅(𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖) = − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
Reversing the formulas of the differentials of trigonometric functions, we immediately obtain the
following integration formulas.
Integration Formulas of Trigonometric Functions

1. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶 4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶 5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶 6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑑 𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶
We also need to recall some definitions of trigonometric functions and its basic identities to be
able to apply them.
Definitions: Identities:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1 1 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 = 1
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Let us derive a few more indefinite integrals using some basic identities and the simple u-substitution in
the following illustrative examples.

2|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #1
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
By definition, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 , so that 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
or −𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢
=∫
𝑢
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙. = − 𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙| + 𝑪
Similarly, it can be shown that ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 | + 𝐶
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #2
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution: To find the integral of secant function, the only way is to multiply and divide it by 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥,
as follows:

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.= sec xdx. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.=∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
This gives us a rational function, so we think of using the integral that leads to logarithms.
Put 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥, so 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑢
Therefore it gives us ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.= ∫
𝑢
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙| + 𝑪
Using a similar process to evaluate∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥., just multiply and divide by𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥, assign the
denominator as u and then obtain du, we will have
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. = 𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙| + 𝑪.

3|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

As a summary, we have the additional formulas to the integrals of trigonometric functions which you will
find very applicable in the succeeding lessons.
Additional formulas to Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

1. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢. = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠||| 3. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 | + 𝐶 4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 | + 𝐶
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #3
sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 2 𝑥
let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, so 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥, and −𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢
=∫
𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
= −∫
𝑢2
= − ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
INTEGRATE USING THE
FORMULA 𝑢−1
=− +𝐶
−1
𝒖𝒏+𝟏
𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪 SUBSTITUTE BACK
𝒏+𝟏 1
= +𝑐
𝑢
1
APPLY IDENTITIES IF = +C
cos 𝑥
NECESSARY
= 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱

4|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #4
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
using the identity 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙, 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
=∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #5
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝒖𝒏+𝟏
let u=sin x , so that du=cos x dx and n=3. Using the formula ∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪,
𝒏+𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟒
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #6
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 then 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = . Rearranging, gives
6
𝑑𝑢 1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 2 ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
6 6
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝑪 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟔 𝟔

5|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #7
∫(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
Applying the Difference Rule, gives
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝑪
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #8
𝟑
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 √𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
= ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥(2𝑑𝑥), 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
−2
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢3
−2
4
1 𝑢3
=− +𝐶
2 (4)
3
3 4
= − 𝑢3 + 𝐶
8
3 4
= − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)3 + 𝐶
8
𝟑
= − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒/𝟑 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟖

6|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #9
𝜋/3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫
𝜋/4 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Put 𝑢 = tan 𝑥 , therefore 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 dx
𝑑𝑢
=∫ BE CAREFUL!
𝑢
𝒅𝒖
then use ∫ = 𝐥𝐧|𝒖| CALCULATOR MUST BE IN
𝒖
Back-substitute: 𝑢 = tan 𝑥 RADIANS MODE OR
𝜋/3 SIMPLY CONVERT THE
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 |𝜋/4
LIMITS INTO DEGREES
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑙𝑛 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 | − 𝑙𝑛 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 |
3 4
= 𝑙𝑛 √3 − 𝑙𝑛 1
= 𝑙𝑛√3
=0.549

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝜋/2
2. ∫𝜋/4 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2
4. ∫𝑙𝑛 𝜋 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate:
𝜋/4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 √𝑤𝑑𝑤
a) ∫0 b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√𝑤

7|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

FAQs
1. What are you going to use in order to simplify integrands involving trigonometric functions?
Use the trigonometric identities and hyperbolic identities.
2. What are the integration formulas of the six trigonometric functions?
1. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶 4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶 5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶 6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑑 𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity #3
𝟏
1. 𝒄𝒔c 2 x + 𝑪
𝟐
2. 0.3465735902799727
3. cos x +x +C
4. −1.448356241818733

8|Page
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Integration of Materials:

Hyperbolic Functions SAS, textbook, scientific calculator
Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to: References:
1. Use definitions and identities to simplify integrands Differential and Integral Calculus
involving hyperbolic functions. by Love and Rainville
2. Apply the basic rules and formulas of integration to Calculus by James Stewart
evaluate the indefinite and definite integrals of hyperbolic https://www.zweigmedia.com
functions. https://www.math24.net
Productivity Tip:
Have screen breaks. Have some time to relax. Too much work will burnout you.
Introduction
Hyperbolic functions find wide applications to some quantities in science and engineering such as light,
velocity, electricity, and radioactivity. Its most famous physical application is in catenaries, where
hyperbolic cosine is used to describe the curve formed by hanging wires and cables.
This lesson covers the hyperbolic functions and some basic materials on integration. You will learn how
to apply hyperbolic identities and the relationship between hyperbolic and exponential functions.
Normally, the applications of trigonometric and hyperbolic identities and the rule of u -substitutions
transform the original integrand into a standard form which makes integration a lot easier. Your
knowledge on the integration of trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions are relevant to our future
lessons on applications of integration.

Page |1
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

B. MAIN LESSON
The Hyperbolic Functions
Recall from previous concepts in differential calculus that the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms
of the exponential functions as listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Definitions of the Hyperbolic Functions

e x  ex e x  ex e x  ex
1. sinh x  4. cosh x  7. tanh x  x
2
 x 4. csc hx  x
2 2 e e e  ex
e x  ex
2. cosh x 
2
5. sec hx 
2 e x  e x
e  ex
x
e x  ex
3. tanh x  x 6. coth x  x
e  ex e  e x
Term-by-term differentiation of the exponential expressions yields the differentiation formulas for
hyperbolic functions. For example,
 x x

d
sinh x   d  e  e 
dx dx  2 


e x   ex 
2
e  ex
x

2
Therefore from the definition we have
d
sinh x   cosh x
dx

Page |2
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Substituting the argument of each hyperbolic function as u x  , the differentiation rules or

formulas are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

1.
d
dx
sinh u   cosh u du
dx
4.
d
dx
 
csc ch 2 u   coth u
du
dx
2.
d
cosh u   sinh u du 5.
d
sec hu tanh u    sec hu du
dx dx dx dx
3.
d
dx
 
sec h 2 u  tanh u
du
dx
6.
d
dx
csc hu coth u    csc hu du
dx
These differentiation formulas for the hyperbolic functions, give rise, in turn, to the following
integration formulas found in Table 3.
Table 3 Integration Formulas of Hyperbolic Functions
 sinh udu  cosh u  C  csc h udu   coth u  C

2
1. 4.
2.  cosh udu  sinh u  C 5.  sec hu tanh udu   sec hu  C

 sec h udu  tanh u  C  csc hu coth udu   csc hu  C
2
3. 6.
Notice that the differentiation and integration formulas are analogous with that of the
trigonometric functions, but the signs differ in some cases. Also, there are a lot of similarities as
well as differences on the identities of the two functions. These are listed in Table 4.
Table 4 Hyperbolic Identities

1 sinh x cosh 2 x  1
cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1 sinh x  tanh x  sinh 2 x 
csc hx cosh x 2
1 cosh x cosh 2 x  1
1  tanh 2 x  sec h 2 x cosh x  coth x  cosh 2 x 
sec hx sinh x 2
1
coth 2 x  1  csc h 2 x tanh x 
coth x
sinh 2 x  2 sinh x cosh x cosh 2 x  cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x
These identities, together with the definitions of hyperbolic functions are important tools in
simplifying integrands and make integration a lot easier.

Page |3
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #1
cosh 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 1
Using the identity, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥
cosh 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥
Putting 𝑢 = sinh 𝑥, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
=∫
𝑢2
INTEGRATE USING THE
FORMULA
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢 SUBSTITUTE BACK
𝒏 𝒖𝒏+𝟏
𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
𝑢−1 1
= =−
−1 𝑢
1
=− +𝐶
sinh 𝑥
]
APPLY IDENTITIES IF
NECESSARY
= − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 + 𝑪

Page |4
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #2
∫ sinh 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ)2 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = cosh 𝑥, 𝑛 = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= +𝐶
3
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝒙
= +𝑪
𝟑
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #3
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ√𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = √𝑥, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑜𝑟 2𝑑𝑢 =
2√𝑥 √𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ√𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ √𝑥
√𝑥
= ∫ sinh 𝑢 (2𝑑𝑢)
SUBSTITUTE BACK
= 2 ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶

Page |5
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

= 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 √𝒙 + 𝑪
 /2 cos 2 x
 3) 
cos x
Evaluate : 1)  dx 2) cot ydy dx
sin 3 x /4 1  sin x
 /2 2
  e  cosh
x
4) sinh 2 xdx 5) sin e x dx 6) 2
vdv
0 ln
Evaluate:
 /4 sec 2 wdw
  sin 2 x cos xdx  tanh
2
a) b) c) xdx
0
w
FAQs
1. What are you going to use in order to simplify integrands involving trigonometric functions
and
hyperbolic functions?
Use the trigonometric identities and hyperbolic identities.
2. What are the integration formulas of the six trigonometric functions?
 cos udu  sin u  C  csc udu   cot u  C

2
1. 4.
2.  sin udu   cos u  C 5.  sec u tan udu  sec u  C
 sec udu  tan u  C 6.  csc u cot du   csc u  C

2
3.

Page |6
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity #3
3 2
1) 
1
sin 2 x  C  
1
C 2) ln  ln  0.2027 3) x  cos x  C
2 2 sin 2 x 2 2
4) 
1 cosh 
2

2
 5.2960 5)  
 1  cos e 2  1.4484 6)  sinh 2v   C
v 1
2 4

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MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Integrals Resulting to Materials:

Inverse Trigonometric Functions Text book, scientific calculator
Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Transform the integrand into forms identical to the formulas References:
using the simple substitution rule. Differential and Integral Calculus
2. Evaluate the indefinite integrals leading to inverse trigonometric by Love and Rainville
functions by applying the appropriate formulas. Calculus by James Stewart
https://.shelovesmath.com
https://matisfun.com
Productivity Tip:
Integration is much more of an art form than differentiation. Recognize the form and apply the
appropriate method. It is just a matter of familiarization.
Introduction
Inverse trigonometric functions, also known as “arcus functions” or anti-trigonometric functions, are
widely used in engineering, navigation, physics and geometry. One of its many uses is to find the
angle of a triangle from any of the trigonometric functions. Generally, the inverse trigonometric
functions are represented by adding arc in prefix for a trigonometric function, or by adding the
power of -1, such as: Inverse of sin x is arcsin x or sin 1 x .
In this lesson we focus on integrals that result in inverse trigonometric functions.

1
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

B. MAIN LESSON
Recall that from what you’ve learned in differential calculus, the derivatives of inverse trigonometric
functions are not trigonometric expressions, but algebraic. Now, performing the process of integration
on these algebraic expressions yield the inverse trigonometric functions. Let us start with the
differentiation rules of the inverse trigonometric functions, as well as the integration formulas leading to
inverse trigonometric functions listed below.
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions Integration Formulas Resulting to Inverse

du Trigonometric Functions
1. arcsin u   dx
d
4. du u
dx 1 u 2 1  a2  u2
 arcsin
a
C.
du
d
arccosu    dx 2 du 1 u
dx 1 u a 2
u 2
 arctan  C
a a
du
du 1 u
2. arctan u   dx 2
d
5.  u u2  a2 a
 arc sec
a
C
dx 1 u
du
d
arc cot u    dx 2 Where u  g x  and a  0.
dx 1 u
du
3.
d
arc sec u   dx2 6.
dx u u 1
du
d
arc csc u    dx2
dx u u 1
Where u is a differentiable function of x , i.e. u  g x 
Notice that these formulas are obtained as a direct result of integrating the differentials of the inverse
trigonometric functions. In dealing with these integrands, always remember to transform the given
integrand to u du form using the simple substitution ( u - substitution) rule. Likewise, take note that du
is the differential of u .

2
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Proof of Formula1.
u
d 
 u a
From d  arcsin 
 a u
2
1  
a
du
 a
u2
1 2
a
du

a2  u2
a
a2
 u du
d  arcsin   , if a  0.
 a a2  u2
 u du
Now, integrating both sides of  d  arcsin   
 a a2  u2
du u
So that  a2  u2
 sin 1
a
C
u u u u
Note: sin 1 is read as ‘inverse sine of ’ or ‘arcsin of ’ or ‘asin ‘.
a a a a
It can be observed that all the integration formulas leading to inverse trigonometric functions have
binomial expressions in them. Here, an algebraic operation called completing the square can be
performed to reduce a quadratic expression that may be found in the integrand, as a sum or difference
of two squares. The quadratic x 2  bx  c can be expressed as a difference (or sum) of two squares by
adding and subtracting the square of one-half the coefficient of x . That is,
2 2
b b
x 2  bx  c  x 2  bx        c .
2 2

3
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

For example, to write x 2  4 x  13 as a sum (or difference) of two squares, we have
4 4
2 2
x  4x  
2
    13  x  4 x  4  4  13
2
 2   2 
 ( x 2  4 x  4)  9
  x  2   32
2
Let’s look at the following examples:
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #1
𝑑𝑥
∫
√4 − 𝑥 2
2 2 2
Assign 𝑎 = 4, 𝑢 = 𝑥 ,
therefore, 𝑎 = 2, 𝑢 = 𝑥.
du u
Applying the formula  a u
2 2
 sin 1
a
 C,
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
∫ = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝑪
√𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝑑𝑣
∫ 2+9𝑣 2
Let 𝑎2 = 2, 𝑢2 = 9𝑣 2 ,
so that 𝑎 = √2, 𝑢 = 3𝑣, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑣.
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
∫ 2 =∫ 2
2 + 9𝑣 √2 + (3𝑣)2
du 1 u
Applying the formula a 2
u 2
 arctan  C ,
a a
1 3𝑑𝑣
= ∫ 2
3 √2 + (3𝑣)2
1 1 3𝑣
= ∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
3 √2 √2
𝟏 𝟑𝒗
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 +𝑪
𝟑√𝟐 √𝟐

4
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM #2
𝑑𝑤
∫
𝑤√4𝑤 2 − 9
Put 𝑎2 = 9, 𝑢2 = 4𝑤 2
we get 𝑎 = 3, 𝑢 = 2𝑤, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑤.
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤
∫ =∫
𝑤√4𝑤 2 −9 𝑤√(2𝑤)2 − 33
2𝑑𝑤
=∫
2𝑤 √(2𝑤)2 − 33
du 1 u
Applying the formula u  arc sec  C
u2  a2 a a
1 ⌈2𝑤 ⌉
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 +𝐶
3 3
The example below shows how completing the square helps when quadratic functions are involved in
the integrand.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #3
𝑑𝑥
∫
− 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥2
You can write the denominator as the sum of two squares, as follows:
−4 2 −4 2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + ( ) − ( ) + 7
2 2
= (𝑥 − 2)2 − (−2)2 + 7
= (𝑥 − 2)2 − 4 + 7
= (𝑥 − 2)2 + 3

5
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 7 (𝑥 − 2)2 + 3
Assign 𝑎2 = 3, 𝑢2 = (𝑥 − 2)2
du 1 u
So that 𝑎 = √3, 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2, Applying the formula a 2
u 2
 arctan  C ,
a a
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥.
𝟏 𝒙−𝟐
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 +𝑪
√𝟑 √𝟑
Solve the following:

dx tdt dy
1. x 4 x 2  25
2. t 4
 64
3.  9  49 y 2
dx vdv
Evaluate: a) x 2
 4 x  20
b)  25  v 4

6
MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

FAQs
Give three integration rules/formulas that are applicable to solve integrals resulting to inverse
trigonometric functions.
du u du 1 u du 1 u
1)   arcsin  C .;;; 2)   arctan  C 3)   arc sec  C
a2  u2 a a u
2 2
a a u u2  a2 a a
How to write the ‘inverse of tangent 𝑥.’

arctan x and tan 1 x
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity #3
1 1 2 x 1  x2  1 1  7 x 
1. sec C 2. tan 1    C 3. sin    C
5 5 16  8  7  3 

7

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MAT 076

PEN CODE: MAT 076 Credit: 3 units

II. Course Objectives:

III. Subject Outline and Time Allotment:

LESSON TOPIC WEEK

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

PEN CODE: MAT 076 Credit: 3 units

13 Applications of Integration: Area between two Curves

IV. Grading System

The Final Grade is computed as follows:

Final Grade = 0.33P1 + 0.33P2 + 0.34P3

1st Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

2nd Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

3rd Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

PASSING SCORE/GRADE = 50.

VI. Contact Information

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Indefinite Integrals Materials:

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

The integral of a function 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is written as

 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 where 𝐹(𝑥) is an anti-derivative of 𝑓(𝑥), and C is the additive

I. The Indefinite Integral

 is the integral sign;

𝒇(𝒙) is the integrand;

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Basic Rules/Properties of Indefinite Integrals

1.  f x dx  F x   C Integration is the “inverse” of

4. ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (Constant Multiple/Coefficient Rule)

5. ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥) ± 𝑓2 (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (Sum/Difference Rule)

8. ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢, where 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) (Substitution Rule)

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 REWRITE

INTEGRATE USING 3(𝑥 1+1 )

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∫(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑑𝑥

= ∫(𝑥 1/ 2 + 𝑥 −1/2 )𝑑𝑥

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = dx Maybe you are thinking

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

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∫(2𝑥 + 5) (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)2 (2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥, 𝑛 = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥.

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key)

Evaluate the following integrals:

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Activity 5: Check for Understanding

Determine the following indefinite integrals:

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