CN Manual

ATM /YA UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
ELECTRICAL DEPAR
TMENT
Circuits and Networks
(21BTEECC404)
LAB MANUAL
NAM E: ............................................... .
ENROL NO: ....................................... ...
DIV:............... YEAR:........................
ATM/ YA UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY 1HAT MR.IMS................................................................................ WITH
ENROLIMENT NO... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. OF BACHELOR IN
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . SEM
....................... HAS SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED 1HE TERM WORK IN Circuits and Networks
(21BTEECC404).
TERM: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .TO . ... ... ... ... .
PLACE:
DATE:
HEAD OF DEPT. SUBJECT COORDINATOR

TABLE OF CONTENT
SR.NO TITLE PAGE DATE SIGN
NO
1 To study R-L series circuit
2 To study R-C series circuit
3 To study Mesh analysis
4 To study Nodal analysis
5 To study Super Position Theorem
6 To study Thevenin 's theorem and Norton's Theorem
7 To study Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
8 To study Reciprocity Theorem
9 To study Z Parameters
10 To study Y Parameters
11 To study ABCD Parameters

Practical No. 01:- R-L series circuit
I Practical Significance:
In industries various types of electrical loads are used such as motors, lighting devices,
heating devices etc. One who is using these devices must know the different types of
powers i.e. Active Power, Reactive Power and Apparent Power drawn by these devices.
By performing this practical student will be able to measure and interpret the active
power, reactive power and apparent power consumed by the R-L series circuit.
II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

1. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Industrial Electronics related problems.
2. Discipline knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Digital Electronics/Industrial Electronics/
Electronics & Telecommunication related problems.
3. Experiments and practice: . Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the
results to solve broad-based Digital Electronics/Industrial Electronics/Electronics &
Telecommunication problems.
4. Engineering tools: . Apply relevant Digital Electronics/Industrial
Electronics/Electronics & Telecommunication technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
5. Communication: Communicate effectively in oral and written form.
III Competency and Practical Skills:

The aim of this course is to help the student to attain the following industry identified
competency through various teaching learning experiences:
Diagnose the electrical and electronic circuit problems.
This practical is expected to develop the following skills in students.
1. Identify Electrical and Electronic components.
2. Connect components and instruments in the circuits as per the requirement.
3. Use Electrical equipment.
4. Use electrical measuring instruments.
IV Relevant Course Outcomes:

Check the working of single phase A.C. circuits.
V Practical Outcome:
Determine active, reactive and apparent power consumed in given R-L series circuit and
draw phase diagram.
VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s):

a. Practice good housekeeping
b. Maintain tools and equipment
c. Observe step by step sequence of operations.
VII Minimum Theoretical Background:
If V(r.m.s.) is the applied voltage across the series combination of R-L and
I(r.m.s.) is the current flowing through the circuit, then
Voltage appearing across R = VR = IR .......in phase with current.
Voltage appearing across L = VL = IXL ......leading 90° with current.
If, the applied voltage is v = Vmsinrot,

then, the equation of current will be I = Imsin (rot - ).
i.e. current lags behind voltage. The angle of lag (i.e.) is greater than O°but less
than 90°.It is determined by the ratio of inductive reactance to resistance in the
circuit.
tan = ( XJR ).
Active Power (True Power)=VIcos . This power is measured in watts.

Reactive Power= VIsin . This power is measured in VAr.
Apparent Power= VI. This power is measured in VA.
Phasor diagram:
Apparent Reactive
Power
I Active Power
VIII Practical Circuit Diagram:
a) Sample
2 V
SOHZ
AC SUPPLY
(.........V)
b) Actual Circuit I Experimental set up used in laboratory:
IX Resources required:
Sr. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Autotransformer Single phase, lkVA 01
2. A.C. Voltmeter 0-600V MI type 02
3. A.C. Ammeter 0-5Amp MI type 01
4. Rheostat 100 n, 5A 01
5. Choke coil l OOmH 01
X Precautions:
1. Initially set the autotransformer to zero position.
2. Apply voltage as per rating of the resistor and inductor series combination.
XI Procedure:
1. Select equipments, instruments and components as per the resources required table.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.3.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Vary the voltage by using autotransformer in steps of (say) lOOV, 150V, 200Vto
get three readings.
5. Record the values of V, I, VR and Vdn table no. 1.
6. Reduce the voltage to zero and switch off the supply.
7. Calculate the values of circuit components i.e. resistance 'R', inductive reactance
'XL' (Neglect resistance of inductor), inductance 'L'.
8. Calculate impedance 'Z' and phase angle '<!>.
9. Now calculate active, reactive and apparent power.
XII Resources used (with major specifications):
S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
XIII Actual procedure followed
XIV Precautions followed

XV Observations and Calculations
Measured Calculated
Sr. v I VR VL z R XL L Active Reactive Apparent
No (V) (A) (V) (V) (Q) (Q) (Q) (mH) Power Power Power
(W) (VAr) (VA)
1
2
3
Mean value
Calculations:
Calculate-
1. Z=( V I I ) QAlso verify Z = ..jRi + K1,,20
2. R = ( ViJ I )Q
3. XL= ( vL /I)Q
4. L = (X J 2nf ) H
5. cos = ( R I Z )
6. Active Power = ( Vlcos ) W
7. Reactive Power = ( Vlsin ) VAr
8. Apparent Power = ( VI ) VA
XVI Jlesults
1. Active Power= .................................. .
2. Reactive Power= .................................
3. Apparent Power= .............................. ..
XVII Interpretation of results
XVIII Conclusions and Jlecommendation
XIX Practical related Questions

1. Write the specifications of autotransformer used in the experiment from the name
plate.
2. What will be the effect on the values of resistance and inductance if we apply the
voltage in steps of 1OV?
3. How the selection of proper value of resistance is made for this experiment?
4. Suggest the method to change the p.f. of the circuit.
5. ................................................................................ ..
Practical No.02: R-C Series circuit
Most of the load present on the power supply system is of resistive and inductive in
nature. Transmission lines also have some resistance and inductance. Due to this, power
factor of that particular system, consisting of inductive load becomes lagging and
consumption of electrical power increases. Capacitive loads are having leading power
factor, which compensate for lagging power drawn by the inductive load. Hence it is
necessary to understand the Active Power, Reactive Power and Apparent Power
consumed by resistive and capacitive load. By performing this practical you will be able
to measure and interpret the active power, reactive power and apparent power consumed
by the R-C series circuit.
II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs) :

1. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Industrial Electronics related problems.
2. Discipline knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Digital Electronics/Industrial Electronics/
Electronics & Telecommunication related problems.
3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results
to solve broad-based Digital Electronics/Industrial Electronics/Electronics &
4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Digital Electronics/Industrial Electronics/Electronics
& Telecommunication technologies and tools with an understanding of the limitations.
III Competency and Practical Skills:

competency through various teaching learning experiences:

1. Identify Electrical & Electronic components.
2. Use Electrical equipment.
3. Use electrical measuring instruments.
IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Check the working of single phase A.C. circuits.
Determine active, reactive and apparent power consumed in given R-C series circuit and
draw phase diagram.
VI Relevant affective domain related Outcome(s)
a. Practice good housekeeping.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader I a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
d. Observe step by step sequence of operations.
VII Minimum Theoretical Background

If V(r.m.s.) is the applied voltage across the series combination of R-C and
I(r.m.s.) is the current flowing through the circuit, then
Voltage appearing across R = VR = IR .......in phase with current.
Voltage appearing across C = Vc= IXc ......lagging 90° with current
. V = + Ve
If, the applied voltage is v = Vmsinrot,
then, the equation of current will be I = Imsin (rot + ).
i.e. in series R-C circuit current leads the applied voltage by .
The angle of lead (i.e.) is determined by the ratio of capacitive reactance to resistance
the circuit.
tan = (- XdR), The negative phase angle implies that voltage lags behind the current.
Active Power (True Power)=VIcos . This power is measured in watts.
Reactive Power= Vlsin . This power is measured in VAr.
Apparent Power= VI. This power is measured in VA.
Phasor Diagram:
I Active Power
Apparent Power Reactive Power

Ve
VIII Practical Circuit Diagram
a) Sample
AC ; LJ :
(_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A) R C
.V . A_ '\ /V, VV , v'v
(- - ···-- - - V)
b) Actual Circuit I Experimental set up used in laboratory:
IX Resources required
Following Table Format Should be Single Line:
Sr. Instrument
No. /Components
1. Autotransformer Single phase, lkVA 01
2. AC. Voltmeter MI Type 0-600V 02
3. AC. Ammeter MI Type 0-5Amp 01
4. Rheostat 200 Q, SA 01
5. Capacitor 1.0 µF I 400V or higher value 01
X Precautions
1. Discharge the capacitor before and after use.
2. Initially set the autotransformer to zero position.
3. Apply voltage as per rating of the resistor and capacitor series combination.
XI Procedure
1. Select equipment, instruments and components as per the resources required table.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure2.3.
4. Vary the voltage by using autotransformer in steps of (say) lOOV, 150V, 200V to
get three readings.
5. Record the values of V, I, VR and Vc in table no. 1.
6. Reduce the voltage to zero and switch off the supply.
7. Calculate the values of circuit components i.e. resistance 'R', capacitive
reactance 'Xe' (Neglect resistance of capacitor), capacitance 'C'.
8. Calculate impedance 'Z' and phase angle '.
9. Now calculate active, reactive and apparent
power. XII Resources used (with major specifications):

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XV Observations and Calculations
Measured Calculated
Sr.
v I VR Ve z R Xe c Active Reactive Apparent
No Power Power Power
(V) (A) (V) (V) (Q)
(Q) (Q) (uF) (W) (VAr) (VA)
1
2
3
Mean value
Calculations:
Calculate-
1. Z = ( V I I ) QAlso verify Z = JRi + Kc:: in
2. Xe= ( Ve /I ) Q
3. C = (l/ 2rdXe ) F
4. cos = ( R I Z )
5. Active Power = ( Vlcos ) W
6. Reactive Power = ( Vlsin ) VAr
7. Apparent Power = ( VI ) VA
Practical No. 03: Mesh Analysis
The Electrical & Electronic circuit for different systems involves a number of branches.
Many a times as per the requirement, measurement of current, voltage & power across a
branch is required. These parameters can be calculated using Mesh Analysis of the given
circuit. This experiment will help you to verify the theoretically obtained current through
a branch using mesh analysis.

• Discipline knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Digital Electronics/Industrial
Electronics/Electronics & Telecommunication related problems.
• Experiments and practice:. Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the
• Engineering tools: Apply relevant Digital Electronics/Industrial Electronics/Electronics

III Competency and Practical Skills

Competency through various teaching learning experiences:

1. Identify Electrical & Electronic components
2. Use electrical & electronic measuring instruments
3. Measure electrical quantities in various systems

Use the principles of circuit analysis to check the functionality
Determine current through given branch of a electrical network by applying mesh
analysis
VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

b. Maintain tools and equipment properly

In this method of analysis, Kirchhoff s Voltage Law is applied to a network to write mesh
equations in terms of mesh currents. By solving simultaneous linear equations for
multiple meshes, current through particular branch can be found out.
VIII Practical Circuit Diagram :
a) Sample
A B c
Rt
+
source
R3
F E D
b) Actual Circuit I Experimental set up used in laboratory
IX Resources required:
s. Instrument
No. /Components
1. Resistances 0 -lOOohm 3
2. Bread board 1
meter range depend on
3. Ammeter 1
resistance value} 1
Voltage Amp
4. 0 -30 V 1 Amp 2
source
X Precautions:
1. Check the connection before connecting circuit to supply
2. Apply voltage as per rating of the resistor & inductor series combination
XI Procedure
1. Identify the component as per the resources required
2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure
3. Switch on the supply
4. Read & note the current value.
5. Switch off the supply
XII Resources used (with major specifications)

s. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XV Observations and Calculations:-
Sr. No. Observed Calculated

I BE(A) I BEA)
1
2
Calculations: Write Kirchhoff s Voltage Equations for the meshes. Simplify the
equations. Write the equations in matrix form and find the values of mesh currents.
Current through the branch BE is the difference between mesh current 1 and mesh
current 2
XVI Jlesults
1. Observed value of current through branch BE = ............................ .
2. Calculated value of current through branch BE = ........................
. XVII Interpretation of results
XVIII Conclusions & Jlecommendation

1. Show meshes in the circuit connection
2. Can we perform the experiment using AC supply? Justify your answer.
Practical No. 04: Nodal Analysis
The Electrical and Electronic circuits in industrial applications involve a number of
branches. Many a times current, power & voltage across a branch is required. It can be
found out by using Nodal Analysis.

• Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the


Maintain the electrical and electronic circuit.
1. Identify Electrical & Electronic components
2. Use Digital multimeter, ammeter, to measure the voltage, current
3. Calculate & compare voltage values

Use the principles of circuit analysis to check the functionality
Determine voltage at the particular node and current through any given branch of the
network by applying nodal analysis.
c. Observe step by step sequence of operations.

In this method of analysis, Kirchhoff s Current Law is applied to a network to write nodal
equations in terms of nodal voltages. By solving simultaneous linear equations for
multiple nodes, voltage at particular node can be found out
a) Sample
Rs
.A.llllileter(I>C:)
VI V2
R2

Following Table Format Should be Single Line
s. Instrument
No. /Components
1. Resistances 0 -lOOohm 3
2. Bread board 1
( Meter range depend
3. Ammeter 1
on resistance value} 1
Voltage
4. 0 -30 V 1 Amp 2
source
X Precautions
1. Keep the resistances at maximum position
3. Apply voltage as per rating of the resistors, ammeter
XI Procedure
3. Read voltage values at nodesl & node 2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XV Observations and Calculations:
Sr. Current through

Observed Calculated Observed Calculated
No. RJ
V1cV> V1cV> V2 (V) V2 (V)
Observed Calculated
1
2
Calculations: Write Kirchhoff s Current Equations for the nodes. Simplify the equations. Write
the equations in matrix form & find the values of nodal voltages using determinants method.
Voltage at the node is the voltage difference between node 1 & ground (Zero potential)
XVI Results
1. Observed value of voltage at node 1= ............................ .
2. Calculated value of voltage at node 1 = .........................
3. Observed value of voltage at node 2 = .............................
4. Calculated value of voltage at node 2 = .........................
XVII Interpretation of results:
XVIII Conclusions and Recommendation:

1. Can we perform the experiment with ac supply also? Justify.
2. Can we use the nodal voltage to find branch currents? Ifyes explain.
[Space for Answers]
Practical No.os: Superposition Theorem
branch is required. These parameters of the circuit can be calculated using Superposition
theorem. This experiment will help you to verify the theoretically obtained current
through a branch using super position theorem.

• Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results


Diagnose the electrical and electronic circuit
problem.

1. Use Digital multimeter, ammeter to measure the voltage, current and power.
2. Calculate & compare voltage values

Use the principles of circuit analysis to check the functionality.
Determine the current through given branch& voltage across the given element of circuit by
applying Superposition theorem

c. Follow standard test procedures.
VII Minimum Theretical Background
Definition of Superposition theorem- For a linear system the response (voltage or current)
in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one independent sources
equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent sources acting
alone, where all the other independent sources are replaced by their internal impedances.

a) Sample
Ri (D
i\Jn.rneter([)C:)
VI V2

s. Instrument
No. /Components
1. Resistances 0- 100 Ohm 3
2. Bread board 1
3. Ammeter l Amp 1
4. Voltage source 0 -30 V 1 Amp 2
X Precautions
XI Procedure:
2. Initially keep both the switches open
3. Switch on one of the supplies,
4. Read current values II
6. Switch on the other supply
7. Read current value for 12
9. Switch on both supplies measure current I
10. Read current value for I

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XV Observations and Calculations:-
h(A) 12(A) h(A)+ 12(A) I(A)
Calculations: Determine the current through the branch BD using Superposition theorem
XVI Results
1. Observed value of current through branch BDh(A)+ 12(A)=
............................ .
2. Observed value of current through branch BDI(A)= ............................ .

3. State why to use switches
Practical No.os: Thevenin's theorem & Norton's theorem
branch is required. These parameters of the circuit can be calculated using Thevenins
theorem and Norton's theorem. This experiment will help you to verify the theoretically
obtained current through a branch using Thevenin's theorem & Norton's theorem.




problem.

1. Use Digital multimeter, ammeter to measure the voltage, current, equivalent
resistance
2. Calculate voltage values

Use network theorems to determine the various parameters in circuits.
Determine equivalent circuit parameter in a given circuit by applying Thevenin's and
Norton's theorem.
a. Maintain tools and equipment.

b. Follow standard test procedures.
Statement of Thevenin's theorem: Any linear, bilateral network having terminals A & B
can be replaced by a single source of e.m.f. VTH in series with a single resistance. RN is
the voltage obtained across the terminals A and B with load, if any removed. The
resistance Rrn is the resistance of the network measured between terminals A and B with
load removed and sources of e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistances. Ideal voltage
sources removed with short circuits and ideal current sources replaced with open circuit.
Statement of Norton's theorem:- Any linear bilateral network having two terminals A and
B can be replaced by a current source of a current output IN in parallel with a resistance
RN. The output current IN of the current source is equal to the current that would flow
through AB when A and B are short circuited. The resistance RN is the resistance of the
network measured between A and B with load removed & the sources of e.m.f. replaced
by their internal resistances. Ideal voltage sources replaced with short circuits and ideal
current sources are replaced with open circuit.

a) Sample
(A)To find actual current through R
Arnmeter(DC)
oltage source
(B) To measure Thevenin's voltage
Voltmeter (DC)
Voltage source
VAB= VTH
(C) To measure resistance RN or RTH
Voltage source
I(internal resistance) Ohmmeter
(D) To find Norton's Equivalent IN
Ri
\Voltage source
+ Ammeter(DC)
Figu re 11.1:

s. Instrument
No. /Components
1. Resistances 0 -100 Ohm 3
2. Bread board 1
3. Ammeter 1 Amp 1
4. Voltage source 0 -30 V DC 1 Amp 1
X Precautions
XI Procedure:
A. To find Thevenin's equivalent
1. Remove the resistance through which current is to be found out

3. Using multi meter measure voltage across the open terminals Vrn i.e.
removed resistance terminals
5. Remove the source by internal resistance i.e. voltage source by short circuit.
6. Measure the resistance across open terminals,
RTH B .To find Norton's equivalent
1. Replace the resistance through which current is to be found out, with an ammeter.
3. Note down the reading of the ammeter IN i.e. across removed resistance
terminals.
4. Switch off the supply.
s. Instrument
Specification Quantity
No. /Components
1. Resistances
2. Bread board
3. Ammeter
4. Voltage source
Sr. No. Supply VTH VTH RTH

Voltage (Observed) (Calculated)
1
2
Table2 : Observed & Calculated value of current through branch AB
Sr. No. Supply IN(Observed) IN(Calculated) RN

Voltage
1
2
Calculations: Determine the current through the branch AB using Thevenin's

theorem and Norton's theorem
XVI Results
1. Thevenin's equivalent circuit parameter VTH& RTH ............................ .
2. Norton's equivalent circuit parameters=IN& RN ........................... ..

Practical No.:07 Maximum power transfer theorem
branch is required. Maximum power transfer theorem is useful to make the circuit
efficient, so the power loss will be minimum compared to power transferred.



Diagnose the electrical and electronic circuit problem.
1. To change load resistance precisely
2. Observe the power values with respect to change in load resistance

Determine the load resistance for maximum power transfer for a given circuit by
applying maximum power transfer theorem
a. Control the current

c. Note the reading carefully
From Thevenin's theorem, Thevenin's equivalent circuit or from Norton's theorem
Norton's equivalent circuit is obtained. The condition for maximum power to transfer is
Load resistance = Internal resistance i.e. Load resistance= Rrn or RN
Statement of Maximum Power transfer theorem:- In any linear bilateral circuit

Maximum Power transfer will take place only when local Resistance is equal to source
resistance (RL = Rrn or RN)

a) Sample
Woltage source

Sr. Instrument
No /Components
1 Resistances 3
2 Bread board 1
3 Ammeter 1 Amp 1
Voltage 0 -30 V DC 1
4 2
source Amp
X Precautions
XI Procedure:
3. Read the power through load, by varying the load resistance in steps
4. Reduce the supply voltage
6. Measure the load resistance according to steps

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Sr. Supply Power Load

No. Voltage (V) delivered to Internal Resistance Calculated
load (watts) resistance( il) (il)
2
Powerl RL
1
2
3
4
5
6
Calculations:
XVI Results
1. Maximum power transferred= watts
2. Value of load resistance corresponding to maximum power= Q

Practical No.oa: Reciprocity theorem
The Electrical & Electronic circuit for different systems involves a number of
branches. Many a times as per the requirement, measurement of current, voltage &
power across a branch is required. Reciprocity theorem provides convenience of
converting voltage response into current response & vice versa.



problem.
1. Use ammeter to measure current
2. Compare current values with changed position of ammeter & source

Test the response of the given circuit by applying reciprocity theorem.

a. Carefully interchange the place of devices.
In any linear, bilateral network, if an e.m.f. E acting in a branch X causes a current I in
branch Y, then the same e.m.f. E located in branch Y will cause a current I in branch X.
However, currents in the other parts of the network will not remain the same.
Rl R2 Rl R2
El R3 R3 El
(I) (II)

a) Sample
(A) R3
At
Rz
(B)
Voltage source
Instrument Quantit
S. No. Specification Remarks
/Components y
1 Resistances 2
2 Bread board 1
3 Ammeter 50mA 1
Voltage
4 5V DC 2
source
X Precautions
3. Apply voltage as per rating of the resistors, ammeter.
XI Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.(I)
3. Read current of ammeter
5. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.(II)
6. Switch on the supply again
7. Read the current of ammeter

1.
2.
3.
4.
Sr. No.
1
2
Calculations:
XVI Results
1. Value of current as per circuit diagram 1 =
2. Value of current as per circuit diagram 2 =

1. Can we perform the experiment with A.C. supply also? Justify.
Practical No.og: Z Parameters
A two port network is an electric circuit with two input ports & two output ports. The
examples of two port network are bridge circuits, filters, transformers, etc. At the input
terminals the external signals are fed & are transmitted through the network to the output
terminals. It is useful in determining the performance of the circuit network & design
filters. Z parameters represent the circuit performance.




1. Interpret the circuit parameters Z in terms of voltage & current
2. Connect the resistors as network & create port

Use two port networks to determine the circuit parameters
Determine open circuit (Z) parameters for the given network.

To designate terminals of a port
Vl= Input voltage, V2 = Output voltage, Il= Input current, I2=0utput current
1 Input Output
terminals terminals
2
Figure 15.1
Z Parameters
V1= Z11Il+ Z12 I2
V2=Z211l+ Z22 12
Let 11 or 12 be zero. For this condition,
Zl 1=Vl/11 at 12=0;
Z21=V2/11 atl2=0;
Z12=Vl/ 12 at
11=O; Z22=V2/12
at 11=0

a) Sample
(A)
Rt
Ammeter
Input =V1
Am meter
Voltmeter =VI
Input =Vt R3
Voltage
sou rce
(V2)
Following Table Format Should be Single Line
s. Instrument
No. /Components
1 Resistances 3
2 Bread board 1
3 Ammeter l Amp 1
4 Voltage source 0 -30 V 1 Amp 2
X Precautions
1. Keep the resistances at maximum position.
2. Check the connection before connecting circuit to supply.
3. Apply voltage as per rating of the resistors, ammeter.
XI Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1
3. Measure the voltage across terminal 2
4. Read ammeter reading for I1
8. Measure the voltage across terminal 1
9. Read ammeter reading for 12

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
XVObservations and Calculations:
Sr. Vt(V) V2(V) Il(A) 12(A) Parameter Observed

No. Value(il)
1 0 Z11
2 0 Z12
3 0 Z21
4 0 Z22
Calculations:
Zl 1=Vl/11 at
12=0; Z21=V2/11
atl2=0; Z12=Vl/12
at 11=O;
Z22=V2/12 at 11=0
-'l\71 Results
-'l\711 Interpretation of results:
-'l\7111 Conclusions and Recommendation:
Jll)( Practical related Questions

1. Can we find the values without supply?
Practical N0.1o: Y Parameters
filters. Y parameters represents the circuit.


1. Interpret the circuit parameters Y in terms of voltage & current

Use two port networks to determine the circuit parameters.
Determine short circuit (Y) parameters for the given network.

a. To designate terminals of a port
Vl= Input voltage, V2 = Output voltage, Il= Input current, I2=0utput current
1 Input Output
terminals terminals
2
Y Parameters
h= Y11V1+ Y12 V2
I2=Y21VI+ Y22V2
Let V1 or V2 be zero. For this condition,
Yl 1=Il N l at
V2=0; Y21=12N l
at V2=0;
Y12=11N2 at Vl
=O; Y22=12N2 at
Vl=O

a) Sample
(A) Rl R2
A
(Dmmeter
C)
Input =Vl R3 V2=0
(B) Rl R2
R3
Voltage
source
(V2)
s. Instrument
No. /Components
1. Resistances
2. Breadboard
3. Power supply 0 -30 V 1 Amp
4. Connecting leads
5. Voltmeter 0 -50 V
6. Ammeter l Amp
X Precautions
XI Procedure:
2. First short the output terminals & connect the 5V supply to Input terminals
7. Short the input terminals & connect the 5V supply Output terminals

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Sr. Vl(V) V2(V) Il(A) l2(A) Parameter Observed

No. Value
(.Cl-1)
1 0 - Y11
2 0 - Y12
3 0 - Y21
4 0 - Y22
Calculations:
XVI Results

1. Can we use active sources in the network?
Practical No.: 11 ABCD parameters
filters. It is also known as transmission line parameters. They express voltage & current
at output port in terms of those at input port. They are useful in determining the
transmission line performance

• Engineering tools: Apply relevant Digital Electronics/Industrial
Electronics/Electronics & Telecommunication technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
4. The engineer and society: Assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues
and the consequent responsibilities relevant to practice in field of Industrial
Electronics.

problem.
1. Interpret the transmission line parameters A, B, C, D in terms of voltage & current

Use two port networks to determine the circuit parameters
Determine transmission line parameters A, B, C, and D for the given network.

a. To designate terminals of a port
1 Output terminals
Input
2 terminal s
A, B, C, D Parameters
V1=AV2-BI2
ll=CV2-Dl2
A=V1N2 at 12 =0;
B=Vl/12 at V2=0;
C=I1N2 at 12=0;
D=Il/12 at V2=0

a) Sample
Ammeter
Input =Vt
Ammeter
A mmeter
(DC)
Input =Vl V2=0
s. Instrument
No. /Components
1. Resistances
2. Breadboard
3. Power supply 0 -30 v 1 Amp DC
Connecting
4.
leads
5. Voltmeter 0 -50 V
6. Ammeter l Amp
X Precautions
XI Procedure:
2. First keep the output terminals open & connect the 5V supply to Input terminals
3. Read ammeter reading for Il
4. Read voltmeter reading for V2
7. First short the output terminals & connect the 5V supply to Input terminals
8. Read ammeter reading for Il

s. Instrument
Specification Quantity
No. /Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Observed
Sr. No. Vl(V) V2(V) ll(A) l2(A) Parameter
Value
1 - 0 A
2 0 - B(O)
3 - 0 C(n-1>
4 - 0 D
Calculations:
XVI Results

1. Why we can call the network as transmission network

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ATM /YA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

HEAD OF DEPT. SUBJECT COORDINATOR

2 To study R-C series circuit

3 To study Mesh analysis

4 To study Nodal analysis

5 To study Super Position Theorem

6 To study Thevenin 's theorem and Norton's Theorem

7 To study Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

8 To study Reciprocity Theorem

11 To study ABCD Parameters

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills:

IV Relevant Course Outcomes:

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s):

If, the applied voltage is v = Vmsinrot,

Active Power (True Power)=VIcos . This power is measured in watts.

b) Actual Circuit I Experimental set up used in laboratory:

XII Resources used (with major specifications):

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

XIII Actual procedure followed

XIV Precautions followed

XVII Interpretation of results

XVIII Conclusions and Jlecommendation

XIX Practical related Questions

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs) :

III Competency and Practical Skills:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills in students.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Apparent Power Reactive Power

.V . A_ '\ /V, VV , v'v

b) Actual Circuit I Experimental set up used in laboratory:

Following Table Format Should be Single Line:

power. XII Resources used (with major specifications):

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

XIII Actual procedure followed

XIV Precautions followed

1. Z = ( V I I ) QAlso verify Z = JRi + Kc:: in

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

• Engineering tools: Apply relevant Digital Electronics/Industrial Electronics/Electronics

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills in students.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes:

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

b) Actual Circuit I Experimental set up used in laboratory

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

XIII Actual procedure followed

XIV Precautions followed

Sr. No. Observed Calculated

. XVII Interpretation of results

XVIII Conclusions & Jlecommendation

XIX Practical related Questions

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

• Engineering tools: Apply relevant Digital Electronics/Industrial Electronics/Electronics

III Competency and Practical Skills

IV Relevant Course Outcomes: