Last Minute Revision Class 10

IMPORTANT
POINTS
FOR
QUICK
REVISION
CLASS 10
CHEMISTRY
Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 1

Chapter 1-Periodicity of elements
Atomic Size: -
Atomic size is measured in terms of atomic radius. Atomic radius is the distance
from the centre of nucleus to the outermost shell to which electron belong.
Ionisation Potential/Ionisation Energy/Ionisation Enthalpy: -
It is the minimum amount of energy required to remove most loosely bound
electron from the valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
Electron Affinity: -
It is amount of energy released when an extra electron is added to the outermost
shell of an isolated gaseous atom to form an anion.
Electronegativity: -
It the ability or temdency of an atom to attract shared pair of electrons towards
itself in a covalently bonded molecule is called as electronegativity.
Trend of Properties Across period and Down the Group

Property Down the Group Across Period
Atomic Size Increases Decreases
Ionisation Potential Decreases Increases
Electron Affinity Decreases Increases
Electronegativity Decreases Increases
Metallic Character Increases Decreases
Non-metallic
Decreases Increases
Character

Chapter: -2 Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bond: -
It is the force of attraction which holds two or more than two atoms together in
a molecule is called Chemical Bond
Ionic or Electrovalent Bond: - It is the electrostatic force of attraction which
holds two or more than two oppositely charged ion together in a molecule
Or
The bond which is formed by transfer of electron from one atom to another
atom is called as Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
This bond is formed between metal and non-metal and it is stronger bond
Covalent Bond: -
The bond which is formed by mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms
• If only one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms it will form a
Single covalent bond
• If two pair of electrons are shared it will form a Double covalent bond
• If three pair of electrons are shared between two atoms it will form a
Triple covalent bond
Coordinate covalent bond or Coordinate Bond or Dative Bond :-
A bond formed when a pair of electrons is donated by one atom but shared
between two bonded atoms is known as coordinate bond. This bond is also
known as Dative bond.
• A coordinate bond is represented by a small arrow ( ). The head
of the arrow points towards the electron pair acceptor atom.
Molecules and Bonding :-

Sr No Molecule Type of Bonding
1 Sodium chloride Ionic Bond
2 Magnesium Chloride Ionic Bond
3 Calcium Oxide Ionic Bond
4 Hydrogen Single covalent bond
5 Chlorine Single Covalent Bond
6 Oxygen Double Covalent Bond
7 Nitrogen Triple Covalent Bond
8 Water Covalent Bond
9 Ammonia Covalent Bond

10 Carbon tetrachloride Covalent Bond
11 Methane Covalent Bond
12 Ammonium ion Covalent and Coordinate bond
13 Hydronium ion Covalent and Coordinate Bond
14 Ammonium chloride Covalent, Coordinate and Ionic Bond
15 Hydrogen chloride Polar Covalent Bond
ELECTRON-DOT AND CROSS DIAGRAMS

Chapter -3 Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids:- Any substance which when dissolved in water produces H+1 as
positively charged ion is called as Acid
Bases /Alkali :-Any substance which when dissolved in water produces
OH-1 as negatively charged ion is called as Bases or Alkali
All alkali are bases but all bases are not alkali. [Only water soluble bases are
called as alkali]
Salts:- Any compound which when dissolved in water produces positively
charged ion other than H+1 and negatively charged ion other than OH-1
Or
Salt is a compound formed by partial or complete replacement of H +1ion of
acid by either metal or ammonium radical.
Types of Salts :-
1) Normal Salt:- The salt which is formed by complete replacement of H+1
ion of acid by either metal or ammonium radical.
2) Acid salts:- The salt which is obtained by partial or incomplete
replacement of H+1 ion of an acid by either metal or ammonium radical.
3) Basic salts :- The salt which formed by partial or incomplete replacement
of OH-1 ion of base by anion.
Deliquescence :- It is a process in which substance absorbs moisture from
the surrounding and dissolves in it to form saturated solution is called
Deliquescence and the substance is called as Deliquescent substance [The
substance should be solid and compulsory to dissolve and to form saturated
solution]
Efflorescence: - It is the process of losing water of crystallisation either
partially or completely by a hydrated substance when it is exposed to air or
heat. The substance is called as efflorescent substance
Water of crystallisation: - It is the number of water molecules present in a
salt crystal is called water of crystallisation
Hygroscopy :- Certain substances when exposed to the atmosphere at
ordinary temperature absorbs moisture from the atmosphere without
dissolving in it, is called as hygroscopy and the substance is called as
hygroscopic substances .They are usually anhydrous solids or liquids and
used as Drying agent for gases.[Substance can be either solid or liquid]

pH:- It is define as negative logarithm to the base10 of hydrogen ion
concentration. It is a measure of strength of hydrogen ion concentration
0 7 14
Strong Weak Weak Strong
Acidic Acidic Basic Basic
Acidic strength increases Neutral Basic strength increases
Reactions of Laboratory Preparation of Salts:-

1) Zinc Sulphate :-
Zn(s) + H2SO4(dil) ZnSO4 (aq) +H2
ZnSO4(s) + 7H2O (liq) ZnSO4 .7H2O
(White crystalline solid)
2) Iron(II) Sulphate
Fe(s) + H2SO4(dil) FeSO4 (aq) +H2
FeSO4(s) + 7H2O (liq) FeSO4 .7H2O
(Green crystalline solid)
3) Copper Sulphate
CuO + H2SO4(dil) CuSO4(aq) + H2O
(Black)
OR
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4(dil) CuSO4(aq) + H2O
CuSO4 (s) + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O
(Blue crystalline solid)
4) Lead Sulphate (From either Lead (II) oxide OR Lead Carbonate)
PbO + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O
OR
PbCO3 + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4(dil) PbSO4 + 2HNO3
(White ppt)

5) Lead Chloride (From either Lead (II) oxide OR Lead Carbonate)
OR
PbCO3 +2 HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3
OR (White ppt)
Pb(NO3)2 +2NaCl PbCl2 + 2NaNO3

6) Lead Nitrate
PbCO3 +2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 +H2O+CO2
7) Sodium Chloride
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
8) Sodium sulphate
NaOH (aq) +H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O
Na2SO4(s) + 10H2O Na2SO4.10H2O
9) Iron (III) Chloride

2Fe(s) + 3Cl2 (g) 2FeCl3(s)
Methods of preparation of salts
No Method Examples
1 Direct Combination/Synthesis FeCl3,AlCl3,ZnCl2, ZnS, PbS, CuS
2 Simple Displacement FeSO4.7H2O,ZnSO4.7H2O,ZnCl2,AlCl3
3 Decomposition by Acids Pb(NO3)2, FeSO4,

Double decomposition/ PbSO4,PbCl2, PbCO3, CaCO3, ZnS, PbS,
4
Precipitation CaSO4, AgCl, PbSO3,CuSO3
5 Neutralisation Pb(NO3)2, FeSO4,

NaCl,KCl,NH4Cl,NaNO3,KNO3,NH4NO3,
6 Titration
Na2SO4, K2SO4,(NH4)2SO4

Examples of
Deliquescence Hydrated Hygroscopic Dehydrating
substance substance substance agent
Anhydrous Concentrated Concentrated
CaCl2.6H2O
calcium chloride sulphuric acid sulphuric acid
Magnesium
Ca(NO3)2.4H2O Calcium oxide
chloride
Solid sodium Anhydrous
CaSO4.2H2O
hydroxide calcium chloride
Solid potassium Solid potassium
CuSO4.5H2O
hydroxide hydroxide
Solid sodium
Calcium nitrate FeSO4.7H2O
hydroxide
Ferric chloride ZnSO4.7H2O Ferric chloride
Phosphorus
Zinc nitrate Na2CO3.10H2O
pentoxide
Na2SO4.10H2O Silica gel

Chapter -4 Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volume :-
Under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, the gaseous reactants
combine to form gaseous product in such a way that the volumes of gaseous
reactants and gaseous product bears a simple whole number ratio between them.
Avogadro’s Law :-
Under similar conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes of all gases
contains same numbers of molecules
Avogadro’s Number :- 6.023 x 10-23
Molar volume = Gram molecular mass (GMM)

Mass per litre of gas at STP
Relative atomic mass (RAM) = Mass of one atom of element

Mass of one atom of hydrogen
Relative molecular mass (RMM) = Mass of one molecule of substance

Mass of one atom of hydrogen
Gram atoms = Mass in grams of element

Relative atomic mass (Atomic weight)
Gram molecule = Mass in grams of substance

Relative molecular mass ( Molecular weight)
Number of moles of an atom = Mass of element(in gram)

Realtive atomic mass
Vapour density = Mass of certain volume of gas = Molar mass

Mass of same volume of hydrogen 2
Percentage composition of mass =

Weight of the element in one molecule of substance × 100
Gram molecular weight

Empirical formula :- The formula which gives the simplest ratio in which
different atoms of elements present in one molecule of compound.
Molecular Formula :- The formula which gives the exact number of different
atoms present in one molecule of compound.
Molecular Formula = n × Empirical Formula
n= Molecular formula weight (Molecular weight)

Empirical formula weight
Mole Concept
At
Glance
Volume of gas A at Volume of gas B at

STP in dm3 STP in dm3
Multiply by Multiply by
22.4 22.4
Mass of Multiply by Multiply by

Mass of
A in RAM/RMM Moles of A Moles of B RAM/RMM B in
gram Aa gram
From balanced
Multiply by N equation Multiply by N
Number of particles of Number of particles of

A B
If going in Opposite direction to arrow then Divide

Chapter 5 - Electrolysis
Electrolysis: - The process of chemical decomposition of the substance in its

aqueous or molten state by passage of electric current is called as electrolysis.
Electrolytes :- The chemical substance which in its aqueous or molten state
conducts electric current and decompose by it.
Strong electrolytes: - The substances which dissociates completely in aqueous
solution or molten state and allows large amount of electric current to pass
through it is called as strong electrolytes.
Weak electrolytes: - The substance which does not dissociate completely in its
aqueous or molten state and allows small amount of electric current to pass
through it is called as weak electrolytes.
Non-electrolytes: - The substance which in its aqueous or molten state does not
allow electricity to pass through them are called as non-electrolyte.
Electrode: - It is the conducting rod of a metal or graphite through which
electric current enters and leaves the electrolyte is called as electrode.
Anode: - It the electrode which is connected to the positive terminal of battery.
The current enters the electrolyte through anode.
Cathode: - It is the electrode which is connected to the negative terminal of
battery. The current leaves the electrolyte through cathode.
Electrolytic dissociation: - The process of separation of ions which are already
present in molecule is called as electrolytic dissociation.
Ionisation: - The process of formation of ions from molecules which are not
present in molecules is called as ionisation.
Electrochemical Series :-It is the series in which metal or non- metal are
arranged in decreasing order of their tendency to lose or gain electrons.
Selective or Preferential Discharge: - If two or more ions of the same charge
are present in solution of an electrolyte under ideal conditions and are
competing for discharge at the same electrode, one of them gets preferentially
discharged. It is known as selective discharge.

Electroplating: - The deposition of thin but firm coating of superior metal (Ag,
Ni, Cr, Au) on the surface of inferior metal (Cu, Fe, Zn) is called as
electroplating.
Reasons for electroplating :-
• To prevent article from rusting
• To enhance the appearance of articles.
Methods to obtain firm and smooth deposition :-
• The surface of the article to be electroplated should be thoroughly

cleaned and free from oil or grease.
• A direct current (DC) should be used as alternating current (AC) do not
produce smooth coating.
• A small current should be applied for longer time
• The electrolyte solution must be of appropriate concentration and
temperature.
Electrolysis of molten lead bromide with inert or graphite electrode :-
PbBr2 Pb+2 + 2Br-1
Reaction at anode (Oxidation) 2Br-1 -- 2e- 2Br
2Br Br2
Reaction at cathode (Reduction) Pb+2 + 2e- Pb
Electrolysis of acidulated water :-

H2O H+1 + OH-1
HCl H+1 + Cl-1
Reaction at anode (Oxidation) 4OH-1 -- 4e- 4OH
4OH 2H2O + O2
Reaction at cathode (Reduction) 4H+1 + 4e- 4H
4H 2H2

Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Solution using Copper Electrode
CuSO4 Cu+2 + SO4-2
H2O H+1 + OH-1
Reaction at anode (Oxidation) Cu -- 2e-1 Cu+2
Reaction at cathode (Reduction) Cu+2 + 2e- Cu
Electroplating an article with Silver

Electrolyte :- Sodium argent cyanide/Sodium silver cyanide Na[Ag(CN)2]
[Silver nitrate is not used as electrolyte as the deposition is rapid and uneven]
Anode :- Pure block or rod of silver
Cathode :- Article to be electroplated
Reaction at anode (Oxidation) Ag -- 1e-1 Ag+1
Reaction at cathode (Reduction) Ag+1 + 1e- Ag
Electroplating an article with Nickel

Electrolyte :- Nickel sulphate Solution/Solution containing Nickel ion
Anode:- Pure block or rod of Nickel
Cathode :- Article to be electroplated
Reaction at anode (Oxidation) Ni -- 2e-1 Ni+2
Reaction at cathode (Reduction) Ni+2 + 2e- Ni
Electrorefning of Copper
Anode:- Impure copper rod
Cathode :- Pure Copper rod
Electrolyte :- Aqueous solution of copper sulphate
Reaction at anode (Oxidation) Cu -- 2e-1 Cu+2
Reaction at cathode (Reduction) Cu+2 + 2e- Cu

Electrochemical Series
For metallic For non-metallic
radicals radicals Increasing ease
K Increasing SO4-2 of Oxidation
Ca ease of NO3-1
Na Reduction Cl-1 Anions are
Mg Br-1 discharged at
Al I-1 anode by loss of
Zn Cations OH-1 electrons
Fe are
Pb discharged
[H] at cathode
Cu by gain of
Hg electron
Ag
Examples of electrolytes
Strong Electrolyte Weak Electrolyte Non electrolyte
Hydrochloric acid Acetic acid Pure distilled water
Nitric acid Formic acid Alcohol
Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Kerosene
Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Carbon disulphide
Sodium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Carbon tetrachloride
Lithium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide Sucrose solution
Lead bromide Sodium carbonate Glucose solution
Copper chloride Potassium bicarbonate Sugar solution
Silver nitrate Lead acetate

Difference in electricity conducted by Metal and Electrolyte
Metal Electrolyte
The flow of electricity is due to flow The flow of electricity is due to ions
of electrons
Metals both in solid and liquid state Electrolytes are good conductors only
are good conductors of electricity in aqueous solution or in molten state
No change of form or in composition
New products are formed at the
occurs during conduction of
electrodes. This involves a chemical
electricity. This is only physical
change
change
For example-Aqueous solution of
For example –Cu and Al wire
CuSO4

Chapter-6 Metallurgy
Metallurgy: - The branch of science which deals with large scale extraction of
metal from its ore is called as metallurgy.
Minerals: - The compounds of different metals found in earth crust is called as
minerals.
Ores: -Ores are those minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably is
called as Ores.
All the ores are minerals but all minerals are not ore
Gangue/Matrix: - The rocky impurities like silica, mud associated with the ore
is called as Gangue/matrix
Common Ores of metal

Iron Aluminium Lead Copper Zinc
Haematite Bauxite Galena Copper Pyrite Zinc blende
Fe2O3 Al2O3.2H2O PbS CuFeS2 ZnS
Magnetite Cryolite Calamine
Fe3O4 Na3AlF6 ZnCO3
Limonite
Fe2O3.H2O
Process involved in metallurgy
Ore
Crushing of Ore Froth Flotation
Concentration of Ore Electromagnetic separation
Roasting & Calcination Gravity Separation
Reduction
Refining of metals
Metal

Difference Between Roasting and Calcination
Roasting Calcination
It is a process of conversion of The process of conversion of
1 1
sulphide ore in to its oxide carbonate ore into its oxide
The process is carried out in The process is carried out in
2 2
presence of air absence of air
3 Sulphur dioxide gas is evolved 3 Carbon dioxide gas is evolved
Extraction of Aluminium
Extraction of aluminium from its ore Bauxite is carried out in two steps
1) Conversion of Bauxite in to Alumina (Bayer’s Process)
2) Electrolytic reduction of Alumina to give Aluminium (Hall –Heroults
Process)
Conversion of Bauxite into Alumina :-
1) Conversion of Bauxite into Alumina (Bayer’s Process)
Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O)
Roasted
Digested with Hot NaOH
Filtered and Hydrolysis (Agitated with Al(OH)3
Impurities separate
(Fe2O3 & SiO2) Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O\
NaAlO2+ 2H2O 50-60OC Al(OH)3 + NaOH
Pure Al(OH)3
Ignition 2Al(OH)3 1100 OC Al2O3 + 3H2O
Pure Alumina(Al2O3)

2) Conversion of Alumina into Aluminium Or
Electrolytic Reduction of Alumina (Hall-Heroult Process)
Pure Alumina(Al2O3)
Dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6)
Molten mixture of Al2O3

+ Na3AlF6 + CaF2
2Al2O3 4Al+3 + 6O-2

Reaction at anode (Oxidation)
6O-2 6[O]+ 12e-1
6[O] 3O2
C+ O2 CO2
Reaction at cathode (Reduction)
4Al+3 +12e-1 4Al
Aluminium
Significance of the substances in the extraction of Aluminium

1) Bauxite :- It is the main ore of aluminium which is contaminated with the
impurities of Silica and Iron oxide
2) Sodium hydroxide :- It is used in purification of bauxite as aluminium
oxide is amphoteric in nature whereas impurities as basic in nature so do
not react
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
3) Cryolite:- It is added to lower the fusion temperature of electrolytic bath.
The mixture melts at 900-950 0C instead of 2050 0C thus saving electrical
energy
4) Cryolite and Fluorspar (CaF2) :- It enhances the conductivity of the
mixture as pure alumina is almost non –conductor of electricity and also
acts as a solvent for electrolytic mixture.
5) Graphite :- It acts as anode .Here anode gets oxidised to carbon dioxide
due to which it is continuously replaced during the electrolysis as it is
consumed
6) Powdered Coke :- A layer of powdered coke sprinkled over the
electrolytic mixture prevents the burning of the carbon anode in air at the
point where they emerge from the bath and also prevents heat loss by
radiation.

Alloys :- An alloy is a mixture of two or more metal or metal and a non -
metal fused together in molten state in a fixed proportion.
Amalgam:- An amalgam is an alloy in which one of the component metal is
mercury.
Reasons for Alloying :-
1) To increase the hardness, tensile strength and resistance to electricity
2) To lower the melting point
3) To modify the appearance, colour, chemical reactivity and casting ability
Common Alloys
Name
of Composition Properties Uses
Alloy
Al, Mg, Light, Corrosion Making aircrafts, rockets,
Duralumin
Mn ,Cu resistant, Hard speed car and pressure cooker
Strong, easy to cast Making house hold utensils

Brass Cu, Zn
and takes good polish and electrical fittings
Hard, Tenacious,
Bronze Cu, Sn, Zn Durable, Resistant to Making utensils, coins, statue
corrosion
Fuse metal Or Low melting point and Making electrical fuse and for
Pb, Sn
Solder high tensile strength soldering purposes
Resistant to corrosion,
Making cutlery, utensils,
Stainless steel Fe, C, Ni, Cr lustrous, high tensile
automobile parts
strength
• Main constituent is marked in bold letters.

Chapter 7- Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric acid
Laboratory Preparation: -
Reactants: - Solid sodium chloride and Concentrated sulphuric acid
Reactions: - NaCl +H2SO4 <2000C NaHSO4 +HCl
KCl + H2SO4 <2000C KHSO4 + HCl
Temperature: - It should be less than 200 oC as it
• leads to wastage of fuel.
• Forms a hard crust of Sodium sulphate which becomes difficult to
remove.
• Glass apparatus may develop crack.
Drying agent :- Concentrated sulphuric acid is used as drying agent (Other
drying agents chemically combine with hydrogen chloride gas so they are not
used).
Collection: - It is collected by upward displacement of air as it is heavier than
air (Not collected over water as it is highly soluble in water).
Identification :-It produces dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide solution or ammonia solution is brought near to it.
Fountain Experiment :- The experiment demonstrate the high solubility of
gas in water and also with the change in colour of litmus solution ( Blue litmus
turning red) indicates the gas is acidic in nature.
Hydrochloric acid:- Saturated solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water is
referred as hydrochloric acid. It is obtained by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas
in water.
Back suction: - The reverse rise of water in delivery tube is called as back
suction. It arises because rate of generation of gas is less as compared to the rate
of absorption of gas thus due to pressure difference water rises up in delivery
tube and causes back suction.
Funnel arrangement:- Inverted funnel arrangement is used to prevent
/minimise back suction and also it provides larger surface area for the
absorption of the gas.
Constant Boiling mixture:- A mixture which boils without any change in its
composition is called as constant boiling mixture or azeotrope mixture. At
1100C it forms constant boiling mixture.

Chemical Properties :-
1) Reaction with metals
Metal + Acid/Gas Metal Chloride + Hydrogen
2Na + 2HCl 2 NaCl + H2
Ca + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
2) Reaction with metallic oxide :-

Metal Oxide + Acid /Gas Metal Chloride + Water
Na2O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
PbO + 2HCl PbCl2 + H2O
3) Reaction with metallic hydroxides :-

Metallic + Hydrochlolric Metal + Water
Hydroxide Acid ( Dilute) Chloride
NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + 2H2O
Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O
4) Reaction with metallic carbonates/bicarbonates

Metallic carbonate / + Hydrochloric Metal + water + Carbon
Bicarbonate Acid (Dilute) Chloride dioxide
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
CuCO3 + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O + CO2
5) Reaction with metallic sulphides

Metallic + Hydrochloric Metal + Hydrogen
Sulphide Acid (Dilute) Chloride Sulphide
Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S
FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H 2S

6) Reaction with metallic sulphites and bisulphites
Metallic Sulphites / + Hydrochloric Metal + water + Sulphur
Bisulphites Acid (Dilute) Chloride dioxide
Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2
NaHSO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + SO2
7) Reaction with metallic nitrates (Test for Dilute Hydrochloric acid)

Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3
Lead (Dilute) Lead Chloride
Nitrate (White ppt)
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3

Silver (Dilute) Silver Chloride
Nitrate (Curdy White ppt)
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O

Diammine silver
Chloride (Soluble)
8) Reaction with Oxidizing agent

Oxidizing + Hydrochloric heat Salt + water + Chlorine
Agent Acid ( Conc)
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

(Black) (Conc) (Greenish )

Chapter -8 Ammonia
Laboratory Preparation :-
Reactants :- Solid ammonium chloride(2part) and Slaked lime (Calcium
hydroxide)( 3part).
• Higher ratio of slaked lime is taken in order to counteract the loss of
ammonium chloride due to sublimation.
• Slaked lime is preferred over other alkali as it is cheaper and not
deliquescent like NaOH or KOH,
Reaction:- 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3
Drying agent:- Calcium oxide (Quick lime) as it is basic in nature will not
react with ammonia where as other drying agents chemically combine with
ammonia gas.
Collection:- By downward displacement of air as it is lighter than air and not
collected over water as it is highly soluble in water.
Reaction of metal nitride with warm water
Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3
AlN + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NH3
Industrial Preparation of Ammonia

Name of the Process Haber’s Process
Hydrogen (From Bosch Process)
Reactants
Nitrogen (By liquefaction of air)
Ratio of Reactants Nitrogen(1part) &Hydrogen (3part) /1:3
Pressure 200-900atm pressure
Temperature 4500C
Catalyst and Promoter Finely divided Iron and Molybdenum
Reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + Heat

By liquefaction (as it can be liquefied easily at -330C
at this temperature nitrogen and hydrogen will not
Recovery of Ammonia liquefy
from unreacted Nitrogen OR
and Hydrogen By dissolving in water (as ammonia is highly
soluble in water whereas nitrogen and hydrogen are
practically insoluble)
Fountain Experiment :- The experiment demonstrate the high solubility of
gas in water and also with the change in colour of litmus solution (Red litmus
turning Blue) indicates the gas is alkaline/Basic in nature
Chemical Properties
1) Reaction with oxygen :- Ammonia neither burns nor support burning but
in an atmosphere of oxygen with Green flame to give nitrogen and water
vapour
4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O
2) Reaction with Oxygen in presence of Catalyst :- Ammonia is oxidised
to colourless nitric oxide which further oxidised to Nitrogen dioxide
(Reddish brown gas) and catalyst continues to glow due to exothermic
nature of reaction
4NH3 + 5O2 Pt /500*C 4NO +6H2O + Heat
2NO +O2 2NO2
3) Reducing properties of Ammonia :-
a) Reaction with chlorine :- Ammonia reduces chlorine to hydrogen
chloride
2NH3+3Cl2 6HCl+N2(g)
b) Reaction with excess of chlorine:- Ammonia reacts with excess of
chlorine to give yellow coloured explosive liquid Nitrogen trichloride
NH3 +3Cl2 3HCl + NCl3
(excess) Nitrogen trichloride
c) Reaction with excess of Ammonia:- When ammonia gas is in excess as
compared to chlorine gas, initially it reacts to form hydrogen chloride
.Thus chlorine gas gets reduced to hydrogen chloride. The hydrogen
chloride thus formed further combines with excess of ammonia to form
dense white fumes of ammonium chloride.
2NH3+3Cl2 6HCl+N2(g)
6NH3+6HCl 6NH4Cl
8NH3 (excess) + 3Cl2 6NH4Cl+ N2 (g)

d) Reaction with metallic oxide:- Certain metallic oxide gets reduced to
metal when heated with ammonia
2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + 3H2O + N2
(Black) (Pinkish/reddish)
4) Basic character of Ammonia :- Ammonia or ammonia solution
(Ammonium hydroxide) reacts with acid to form corresponding salt and
water.
NH3+ HCl NH4Cl
2NH3 +H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
NH3 +HNO3 NH4NO3
NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl +H2O
2NH4OH + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 +H2O
NH4OH +HNO3 NH4NO3 + H2O
Liquid ammonia is used as a refrigerant in ice plants as well as in cold

storages due to following properties
• As liquid ammonia is highly volatile
• It has high specific latent heat of vaporization
It can be liquefied easily under pressure at room temperature
NH3(liquid) NH3(g) – 57000cals
As during evaporation of ammonia large amount of energy is absorbed from
the surrounding and water gets converted in to ice.

Chapter -9 Nitric Acid
Laboratory Preparation :
Reactants :- Solid Sodium or Potassium nitrate and Concentrated Sulphuric

acid ( Both reactants in equal Part)
Reactions: - NaNO3+ H2SO4 <2000C NaHSO4 +HNO3

KNO3 + H2SO4 <2000C KHSO4 +HNO3
Collection:- The vapours of nitric acid are condensed and collected in water
cooled receiver
• The complete apparatus is made up of glass as nitric acid vapours are
corrosive in nature can attack rubber or cork
• Concentrated hydrochloric acid is not used in place of concentrated
sulphuric acid as hydrochloric acid is volatile acid may come out along
with vapours of nitric acid
• The temperature of reaction mixture should be less than 2000C as
1) It leads to wastage of fuel,
2) May lead to decomposition of nitric acid
3) Forms a hard crust of Sodium sulphate which becomes difficult to
remove
4) Glass apparatus may develop crack
Pure Nitric acid is colourless but acid obtained in laboratory is slightly yellow
colour due to dissolution of nitrogen dioxide in it which is produced by thermal
decomposition of nitric acid
4HNO3 2H2O + 4NO2 +O2
The yellow coloured can be removed by
• By flushing Carbon dioxide.
• By passing dry air.
• By addition of water to it.
Nitric acid cannot be concentrated above 68% by distillation as it forms
constant boiling mixture

Industrial Preparation of Nitric Acid :-
Name of the Process Ostwald’s Process
Reactants Ammonia and air
Catalyst Platinum
4NH3 +5O2 Pt/8000C 4NO + 6H2O + Heat
Reactions 2NO(g) +O2(g) 500C 2NO2(g)
4NO2 + 2H2O +O2 4HNO3
Chemical Properties :-
1) Reaction with metals :-
Generally nitric acid whether concentrated or dilute acts as oxidising
agent so when reacted with metal oxidises hydrogen to water so it will
not produce hydrogen gas when reacted with metal
Mg + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2
(1% dilute)
Mn + 2HNO3 Mn(NO3)2 + H2
(1% dilute)

Metal Oxide + Nitric Acid Metal Nitrate + Water
CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

Metallic + Nitric Acid Metal + Water
Hydroxide (Dilute) Nitrate
NH4OH + HNO3 NH4NO3 + H 2O
Cu(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O

Metallic carbonate / +Nitric acid Metal + water + Carbon
Bicarbonate (Dilute) Nitrate dioxide
Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
CuCO3 + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

Metallic Sulphites / +Nitric acid Metal + water + Sulphur
Bisulphites (Dilute) Nitrate dioxide
Na2SO3 + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2O + SO2
NaHSO3 + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O + SO2

Metallic + Nitric acid Metal Nitrate + Hydrogen
Sulphide (Dilute) Sulphide
Na2S + 2H NO3 2Na NO3 + H2S
Nitric acid as Oxidizing agent:-
Concentrated as well as dilute nitric acid acts as oxidizing agent as it

decomposes to give nascent oxygen.
2HNO3 (Conc) 2NO2 + 2H2O + [O]
2HNO3 (Dilute) 2NO + H2O + 3[O]
Reaction with Sulphur:- Sulphur gets oxidised to sulphuric acid when reacted
with concentrated nitric acid.
S + 6HNO3 H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O
(Conc)
Reaction with Carbon :- Carbon gets oxidised to carbon dioxide when reacted
with concentrated nitric acid.
C + 4HNO3 CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
(Conc)

Reaction with Copper:- Copper gets oxidised to copper nitrate with release of
Nitric oxide gas( when reacted with dilute ) and Nitrogen dioxide ( when
reacted with concentrated)
3 Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
(Dilute)
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

(Conc)
Test for Nitric acid:-

1) On heating produces reddish brown fumes.
2) Answers brown ring test.
3) On heating with copper turning produces reddish brown gas.
Action of heat on nitrate:-

1) The nitrates of Sodium and Potassium when heated undergoes
decomposition to liberate metal nitrite and Oxygen gas.
2) The nitrates of Calcium till Copper on heating decomposes to forms
metal oxide and releases reddish brown coloured Nitrogen dioxide gas
and colourless Oxygen gas.
3) Nitrate of Mercury and Silver decomposes to give corresponding free
metal with liberation reddish brown Nitrogen dioxide and colourless
Oxygen gas.
4) Ammonium Nitrate which decomposes to gives dinitrogen oxide (N2O)

and water vapour. As both the products are in gaseous state it donot leave
any residue.

Chapter -10 Sulphuric acid
Commonly known as Oil of vitriol as obtained as oily viscous liquid on heating
green vitriol (Hydrated ferrous sulphate)
Industrial Preparation
Name of the Process Contact Process
Sulphur or sulphide containing ore and
Reactants
Oxygen gas
Catalyst Platinum Or Vanadium pentoxide
Reactions
Roasting
Oxidation of sulpur to S +O2 SO2
sulphur dioxide 4FeS2 +11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Oxidation of sulphur
2SO2 +O2 Pt/V O
2 5 2SO3
dioxide to sulphur trioxide
Conversion of sulphur H2SO4 +SO3 2H2S2O7
trioxide to oleum (Oleum)
Dilution of Oleum
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4
• Platinum is replaced with vanadium pentoxide as platinum gets

poisoned impurities of arsenic oxide and dust particles and
• The direct absorption of sulphur trioxide in sulphuric acid is necessary
because reaction between sulphur trioxide and water results in a mist of
sulphuric acid filling the factory.
Dilution of sulphuric acid is an exothermic process hence always care should be
taken to add acid to water not water to acid as heat release during dilution may
cause acid to acid to spill out and can lead to damage
Chemical Properties
1) Reaction with metals
Metal + Acid (Dilute) Metal Sulphate + Hydrogen
2Na + 2H2SO4 2Na2SO4 + H2
Ca + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2
Mg + H2SO4 Mg SO4 + H2
Zn + H2SO4 Zn SO4 + H2
Fe + H2SO4 Fe SO4 + H2

Metal Oxide + Acid (Dilute) Metal Sulphate + Water
Na2O + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H 2O
CaO + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H 2O

Metallic + Sulphuric Metal + Water
Hydroxide Acid ( Dilute) Sulphate
2NH4OH + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + H2O
Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + 2H2O
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O

Metallic carbonate / Sulphuric Metal + water + Carbon
Bicarbonate Acid (Dilute) Sulphate dioxide
Na2CO3 + 2 H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
CuCO3 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O + CO2

Metallic + Sulphuric Metal + Hydrogen
Sulphide Acid (Dilute) Sulphate Sulphide
Na2S + 2 H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H 2S
FeS + 2 H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2S

Metallic Sulphites / + Sulphuric Metal + water + Sulphur
Bisulphites Acid (Dilute) Sulphate dioxide
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 2Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
NaHSO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2

Reaction as Oxidising Agent :-
Reaction with Carbon:- Concentrated sulphuric acid oxidises carbon to carbon
dioxide
C + 2H2SO4 CO2 +2SO2 + 2H2O
(Conc)
Reaction with Sulphur :- Concentrated sulphuric acid oxidises sulphur to
sulphur dioxide
S + 2H2SO4 3SO2 + 2H2O
(Conc)
Reaction as Dehydrating agent
Dehydrating agent is a substance which removes element of water i.e. hydrogen
and oxygen from the substance and brings out chemical change is called as
Dehydrating agent. Concentrated sulphuric acid has strong affinity for water
which accounts for its dehydrating character
CuSO4 * 5H2O + H2SO4 CuSO4 + [5H2O +H2SO4]
Blue coloured hydrated (Conc) White powdery mass
Copper sulphate anhydrous copper sulphate
C12H22O11 + H2SO4 12C + [11H2O +H2SO4]

White crystalline (Conc) Black porous
Mass of carbon
Reaction as Non-volatile acid :-

In comparison with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid sulphuric acid has higher
boiling point hence it acts a non volatile or less volatile acid
KNO3 + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HNO3
NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3
NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl
KCl+ H2SO4 KHSO4 + HCl

Chapter -11 Organic Chemistry
Catenation:- It is the property by virtue of which carbon shows a tendency to

form a bond with other carbon atom to form either long chains, branched chain
or ring structure.
Isomerism:- The phenomenon in which compounds have same molecular
formula but different physical and chemical properties is known as Isomerism
and the compounds possessing this properties are called as Isomers.
Structural Isomerism :- The phenomenon in which compounds have same
molecular formula but different structural formula is called as structural
isomerism and compounds possessing this property are called as structural
isomers.
Chain Isomerism:- The phenomenon in which compounds have same
molecular formula but difference in carbon chain length is called as chain
isomerism and compounds possessing this property are called as chain isomers.
Functional Group Iosmerism:- The phenomenon in which compounds have
same molecular formula but different functional group is known as Functional
group isomerism and compounds possessing this property are called as
functional group isomers.
Hydrocarbon:- Compounds which are made up of carbon and hydrogen only
are called as Hydrocarbon.
Homologous Series:-It is a group of organic compounds having similar

structure, similar chemical properties in which successive members differ from
one another by -CH2 .
Functional Group:- It is an atom or group of atom that defines the structure or
the properties of particular class of organic compound.
Substitution Reaction :- The reaction in which one or more than one hydrogen
atom of alkane gets replaced or substituted by an atom or group of atom is
known as Substitution Reaction
Halogenation :- The reaction in which one or more than one hydrogen atom of
alkane is replaced by halogen is called as halogenation reaction.
Dehydration :-Dehydration means removal of water molecule from the
substance

Dehydrohalogenation :- Dehydrohalogenation means removal of hydrogen as
well as halogen from a molecule
Addition Reaction :-The reactions in which the addition of reaction takes place
in unsaturated hydrocarbon to form saturated hydrocarbon is called as addition
reaction.
Esterification Reaction:- The reaction in which carboxylic acid reacts with
alcohol in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to produce sweet smelling
substance ester is known as esterification reaction.
Denatured Alcohol :- Ethyl alcohol is a part of alcoholic beverages and is also
used as a solvent in the industries In order to make it unfit for drinking certain
poisonous substances like Pyridine, Methyl alcohol and Copper sulphate is
added to it. It is called as Denatured alcohol and the process is called as
Denaturing.
Spurious Alcohol :- It is prepared either by diluting the denatured alcohol with
water and then adding necessary colour and flavours or by fermenting jaggery
and distilling it under unhygienic conditions. Alcohols obtained by this method
is impure and contains impurities like methyl alcohol and acetaldehyde which
can lead to blindness or liver damage or even death also.
Glacial Acetic acid :-Acetic acid freezes at 16.50C.In cold conditions

crystallisation of acetic acid may take place forming an icy mass due to which it
is called as Glacial Acetic acid.
Chemical Reactions:-
Alkanes
1) By decarboxylation of Sodium Salt of carboxylic acid
O
CH3 C O Na+ NaO H CaO CH3 H + Na2CO3
Sodium ethanoate Methane
(Sodium Acetate)
O
CH3 CH2 C O Na + NaO H CaO CH3 CH3 + Na2CO3
Sodium propionate
(Sodium propanoate)

2) From alkyl halide:-
H3C I + I H CH4 + I2
Iodo methane Methane
CH3 CH2 Br + Br H CH3 CH3 + Br2

Bromo ethane Ethane
3) Combustion :-
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) + Heat

Methane
2C2H6 (g) + 7O2 (g) 4CO2 (g) + 6H2O (g) + Heat
Ethane
4) Chlorination Of Methane
H H
H C H + Cl Cl Diffused H C Cl + HCl
Sunlight
H H
Methane Chlorine Chloromethane
(Methyl chloride)
Cl Cl
H C H + Cl Cl H C Cl + HCl
Diffused
H Sunlight H
Chloromethane Dichloromethane
(Methyl chloride) (Methylene dichloride)
Cl Cl
Cl C H + Cl Cl Cl C Cl + HCl
Diffused
H Sunlight H
Dichloromethane Trichloromethane
(Methylene dichloride) (Chloroform)

Cl Cl
Cl C H + Cl Cl Cl C Cl + HCl
Diffused
Cl Sunlight Cl
Trichloromethane Tetrachloromethane
(Chloroform) (Carbon Tetrachloride)
5) Chlorination Of Ethane :-
C2H6 + Cl2 Diffused Sunlight C2H5Cl + HCl

Ethane Chlorine Ethyl Chloride
C2H5 Cl + Cl2 Diffused Sunlight C2H4Cl2 + HCl

Ethyl Chloride Chlorine Dichloroethane
C2H4Cl2 + Cl2 Diffused Sunlight C2H3Cl3 + HCl

Dichloroethane Chlorine Trichloroethane
C2H3Cl3 + Cl2 Diffused Sunlight C2H2Cl4 + HCl

Trichloromethane Chlorine Tetrachloroethane
C2H2Cl4 + Cl2 Diffused Sunlight C2HCl5 + HCl

Tetrachloroethane Chlorine Pentachloroethane
C2HCl5 + Cl2 Diffused Sunlight C2Cl6 + HCl

Pentachloroethane Chlorine Hexachloroethane
Alkenes
1) Dehydration of alcohol
H H H H
H C C H Conc. H2SO4 H C C H + H2O

160-1700C
H OH Ethene
Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol)

2) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halide
H H H H
H C C H Alcoholic H C C H + KBr + H2O

KOH
H Br Ethene
Bromo ethane
(Ethyl bromide)
3) Addition of Hydrogen:-
H H H H
H C C H + H2 Ni/Pt/Pd H C C H
3000C
H H H H
Ethene Ethane
4) Addition of Chlorine:-
H H H H
H C C H + Cl2 H C C H
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Ethene Ethylene Dichloride
1,2- Dichloro ethane
5) Addition of Bromine (Test for Unsaturation)

H H H H
CCl4
H C C H + Br2 H C C H
Br Br Br Br
Ethene Ethylene Dibromide
1,2- Dibromo ethane

Alkynes
1) Action of hot water on calcium Carbide:-
Ca
HO H +C C + H OH H C C H + Ca(OH)2
Water Calcium Carbide Water Acetylene(Ethyne)
OR
CaC2 + 2H2O C 2H 2 + Ca(OH)2
2) By dehydrohalogenation of 1,2 -dibromo ethane
Br H
H C C H Alcoholic H C C H +2KBr + 2H2O

KOH
H Br Ethyne
1,2 –Dibromo ethane
3) Addition of Hydrogen:-
H H
2500C
H H
Ethyne Ethene
H H H H
2500C
H H H H
Ethene Ethane

4) Addition of chlorine :
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Acetylene Dichloride
Ethyne (1,2- Dichloro ethene)
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Acetylene Dicholride Acetylene Tetra chloride
(1,1,2,2- Tetra chloroethane)
6) Addition of Bromine in carbon Tetra chloride :-

Br Br
H C C H + Br2 CCl4 H C C H
Br Br
Acetylene Dibromide
Ethyne (1,2- Dibromo ethene)
Br Br Br Br
CCl4
H C C H + Br2 H C C H
Br Br Br Br
Acetylene Dibromide Acetylene Tetra Bromide

(1,1,2,2- Tetra Bromo ethane)

Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)
1) By alkalis hydrolysis of Ethyl bromide:-
CH3 CH2 Br + Na OH Boil/Hydrolysis CH3 CH2 OH + NaBr

Ethyl Bromide Dilute Ethyl alcohol
2) Combustion:-
CH3 CH2 OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Ethanol
3) Reaction with sodium metal
2CH3 CH2 OH + 2Na 2CH3 CH2 ONa + 2H2

Ethanol Sodium Ethoxide
4) Reaction with acetic acid (Esterification

O O
CH3 C OH + H OCH2 CH3 Conc H2SO4 CH3 C O CH2 CH3 + H2O
Acetic acid Ethanol Ethyl Acetate
(Ethyl Acetate)
5) Dehydration of alcohol:-
H H H H
H C C H Conc. H2SO4 H C C H + H2O

160-1700C
H OH Ethene
Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol)

Acetic acid [ETHANOIC ACID]
1) Action of alkali:-
O O
CH3 C OH + NaOH CH3 C ONa + H2O

Acetic acid Sodium acetate
2) Action of alcohol(Esterification)
O O
CH3 C OH + H OCH2 CH3 Conc H2SO4 CH3 C O CH2 CH3 + H2O
Acetic acid Ethanol Ethyl Acetate
(Ethyl Acetate)

Chapter -12 Practical Chemistry
Part 1 :- Detection of Ions by using Flame Test
Sample Colour imparted to the flame Cation present
A Golden yellow colour Na+1 ion may be present
B Lilac colour K+1 ion may be present
C Brick red colour Ca+2 ion may be present
D Peacock green colour Cu+2 ion may be present
Part 2 :- Identification of gases
Name of Odour/
Colour Nature Confirmatory Test
the gas Smell
A burning splinter gets
Hydrogen Colourless Neutral No smell extinguished with pop sound
and gas burns with blue flame
A burning splinter burns more
Oxygen Colourless Neutral No smell brightly when introduce in jar
containing oxygen
A gas turns lime water milky
but do not affect pink coloured
Carbon
Colourless Acidic No smell KMnO4 paper/solution or
dioxide
orange coloured K2Cr2O7
paper/solution
Gas turns moist blue litmus red
which then turns colourless
Greenish
Choking (bleaches moist blue litmus
Chlorine yellow Acidic
smell paper)
gas
Turns starch iodide paper blue
black
Fumes in moist air
Turns moist blue litmus paper
red
Hydrogen
Colourless Irritating Produces dense white fumes
chloride Acidic
gas smell with glass rod dipped in
gas
ammonia solution

A gas turns lime water milky
Pungent and also turns pink coloured
Sulphur
Colourless Acidic choking KMnO4 paper/solution
dioxide
smell colourless or orange coloured
K2Cr2O7 paper/solution green
Turns moist blue litmus red
Hydrogen Colourless Rotten egg
Acidic Turns lead acetate paper silvery
Sulphide gas smell
black
Turns moist red litmus blue
Characteristic
Colourless Produces dense white fumes
Ammonia Basic pungent
gas with glass rod dipped in
smell
concentrated hydrochloric acid
Turns white anhydrous Copper
Water sulphate blue
Colourless Neutral Odourless
Vapour Turns blue cobalt chloride
paper pink
Pungent,
Nitrogen Reddish Turns moist blue litmus red
Acidic irritating
dioxide brown gas Turns KI paper brown
smell
Part 3 :- Identification of cation present in the salt by using Sodium

hydroxide and Ammonium hydroxide Solution
Formula Action of NaOH Action of NH4OH

Salt
of
Solution Solubility Solubility
Precipitate Colour Colour
in Excess in Excess
Ca(NO3)2 Ca(OH)2 Milky white Insoluble -------- ----------
Soluble
Chalky
Pb(NO3)2 Pb(OH)2 Chalky white [Colourless Insoluble
white
solution]
Soluble Soluble
Gelatinous Gelatinous
Zn(NO3)2 Zn(OH)2 [Colourless [Colourless
white white
solution] solution]
FeSO4 Fe(OH)2 Dirty Green Insoluble Dirty Green Insoluble
Reddish Reddish
FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 Insoluble Insoluble
Brown Brown

Soluble
[Inky blue/
CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 Pale blue Insoluble Pale blue Royal blue
colour
solution]
Part 4 :- Identification of anion present in the salt by using dilute sulphuric

and concentrated sulphuric acid.
Test Observation Inference
A colourless gas evolves with

brisk effervescence which turns Gas evolved is CO2 and
Salt solution lime water milky but do not affect confirms the presence of
+ Dilute pink coloured KMnO4 Carbonate ( CO3-2 ) or
H2SO4 paper/solution or Orange coloured Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-1)
K2Cr2O7 paper /solution radical in the salt

suffocating smell or smell of burnt
Gas evolved is SO2 and
sulphur which turns lime water
Salt solution confirms the presence of
milky, turns pink coloured
+ Dilute Sulphite (SO3-2) or
KMnO4 paper/solution colourless
H2SO4 Bisulphite ion (HSO3-1)
or Orange coloured K2Cr2O7 paper
radical in the salt
/solution green
A colourless gas evolves with Gas evolved is H2S and

Salt solution
rotten egg smell which turns lead confirms the presence of
+ Dilute
acetate paper silvery black Sulphide (S-2)
H2SO4
radical in the salt
pungent smell which produces
Gas evolved is hydrogen
dense white fumes with glass rod
chloride and the formation
dipped in Ammonia solution.
Salt + Conc of curdy white precipitate
Aqueous solution of salt produces
H2SO4 confirms the presence of
curdy white precipitate with Silver
Chloride (Cl-1) radical in the
nitrate solution which soluble in
salts
excess of NH4OH

Salt + Conc A reddish-brown gas evolves with Gas evolved is Nitrogen
H2SO4 +Heat an irritating smell and whose dioxide gas and turning KI
intensity increases on adding a paper brown confirms
small piece of copper turning presence of Nitrate (NO3-1)
A gas turns moist KI paper brown radical in the salts
Salt + Water A white precipitate will be formed Formation of white
+ BaCl2 which is insoluble in mineral acid precipitate confirms the
solution presence of Sulphate
(SO4-2 ) radical

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IMPORTANT

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 1

Trend of Properties Across period and Down the Group

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 2

Molecules and Bonding :-

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 3

ELECTRON-DOT AND CROSS DIAGRAMS

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 4

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 5

Acidic strength increases Neutral Basic strength increases

Reactions of Laboratory Preparation of Salts:-

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 6

PbCO3 +2 HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

Pb(NO3)2 +2NaCl PbCl2 + 2NaNO3

9) Iron (III) Chloride

Methods of preparation of salts

1 Direct Combination/Synthesis FeCl3,AlCl3,ZnCl2, ZnS, PbS, CuS

2 Simple Displacement FeSO4.7H2O,ZnSO4.7H2O,ZnCl2,AlCl3

3 Decomposition by Acids Pb(NO3)2, FeSO4,

5 Neutralisation Pb(NO3)2, FeSO4,

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 7

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 8

Molar volume = Gram molecular mass (GMM)

Relative atomic mass (RAM) = Mass of one atom of element

Relative molecular mass (RMM) = Mass of one molecule of substance

Gram atoms = Mass in grams of element

Gram molecule = Mass in grams of substance

Number of moles of an atom = Mass of element(in gram)

Vapour density = Mass of certain volume of gas = Molar mass

Percentage composition of mass =

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 9

Molecular Formula = n × Empirical Formula

n= Molecular formula weight (Molecular weight)

Volume of gas A at Volume of gas B at

Mass of Multiply by Multiply by

Number of particles of Number of particles of

If going in Opposite direction to arrow then Divide

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 10

Electrolysis: - The process of chemical decomposition of the substance in its

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 11

• The surface of the article to be electroplated should be thoroughly

Electrolysis of acidulated water :-

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 12

Electroplating an article with Silver

Electroplating an article with Nickel

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 13

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 14

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 15

Common Ores of metal

Process involved in metallurgy

Crushing of Ore Froth Flotation

Concentration of Ore Electromagnetic separation

Roasting & Calcination Gravity Separation

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 16

Conversion of Bauxite into Alumina :-

1) Conversion of Bauxite into Alumina (Bayer’s Process)

NaAlO2+ 2H2O 50-60OC Al(OH)3 + NaOH

Ignition 2Al(OH)3 1100 OC Al2O3 + 3H2O

Important Points For Quick Revision -Ketan.R.Thakkar 17

Dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6)