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Page 190 Light Reflection and Refraction Chap 10
CHAPTER 10
Light Reflection and Refraction
1. LIGHT screen.
Light is that form of energy which produces the Image of an object formed by a plane mirror is
sensation of sight. Light energy travels through virtual and erect, same size as the object, as much
vacuum well as different transparent media in the form behind the mirror as the object is placed in front of it
of electromagnetic waves. In vacuum as well as in air, and is laterally inverted.
light travels with a constant speed of 3 # 10 8 ms -1 .
Light travels from one point to other along a 4. SPHERICAL MIRROR
straight path. This is called rectilinear propagation of
It is a mirror whose reflecting surface is a part of a
light. A bundle of rays constitutes a light beam.
hollow sphere of the glass. A spherical mirror whose
reflecting surface is curved inwards is called a concave
2. REFLECTION OF LIGHT mirror. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is
curved outwards is called a concave mirror.
It is the phenomenon of bouncing back of light to the
same medium after striking a surface. A glass sheet A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is
having a uniform thin coating of silver on one side curved outwards is called a convex mirror.
acts as a reflector and is called a mirror. 1. In a spherical mirror, the centre point of the
reflecting surface is ‘pole’ (P) .
2.1 Laws of Reflection
Two important laws of reflection are as follows:
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal
to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence,
all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence and angle of reflection are
equal and they lie on opposite sides of normal.
3. IMAGE
When rays of light starting from a point object, after
reflection from a mirror, actually meet or appear to
meet at a point, then this second point is called the
image of that object point.
3.1 Real and Virtual Images

If light rays from an object, after reflection or
refraction, actually meet at a point, then the image
is called a real image. A real image is always inverted
and can be obtained on a screen.
If light rays from an object, after reflection or
refraction, do not meet but appear to meet at a point,
then the image is called a virtual image. A virtual 2. The centre of curvature (C ) of a spherical mirror
image is always erect and cannot be obtained on a is the centre of hollow glass sphere, of which the
given mirror is a part. The radius of curvature 6. Focal plane is a plane passing through principal
(R = PC ) of the given mirror is defined as the focus and normal to the principal axis of a mirror.
radius of the sphere, of which the reflecting 7. The position, nature and relative size of image
surface of the mirror forms a part. formed by a concave mirror depend upon the
3. Principal axis is the line passing through pole position of the object situated in front of the
P and centre of curvature C of a mirror. The mirror as shown in the following table.
diameter of reflecting surface of a spherical mirror Formation of image by a concave mirror for
is called its aperture. different positions of the object
4. The principal focus (F ) of a spherical mirror
Position Position Relative Nature of
is a point on its principal axis where light rays
of the of the size of the the image
travelling parallel to the principal axis of the
object image image
mirror, after reflection, actually meet (in concave
mirror) or appear to meet (in convex mirror). 1. At At the Highly Real and
Principal focus of a concave mirror is a real point infinity focus (F ) diminished inverted
situated in front of the mirror and of a convex (point-
mirror is a virtual point situated behind it. sized)
5. The distance between pole P and principal focus 2. Beyond Between Diminished Real and
F of a spherical mirror is focal length (f ) , i.e., C F and inverted
PF = f . For a spherical mirror, C
R 3. At C At C Same size Real and
f = 2
as the inverted
R = 2f object
4. Between Beyond Enlarged Real and
C and C inverted
F
5. At F At Highly Real and
infinity enlarged inverted
6. Between Behind Enlarged Virtual
P and the and erect
F mirror
8. A convex mirror forms a virtual, erect and
diminished image of an object situated in front of
it as shown in the following table.
Formation of image by a convex mirror for
different positions of the object
Position Position of Relative Nature of

of the the image size of the the image
object image
1. An Behind Highly Virtual
infinity the mirror diminished and erect
at the (point-
focus F sized)
2. Between Behind Diminished Virtual
infinity the mirror and erect
and pole between
P of the P and F
mirror
9. Concave mirrors are used as shaving and make-
up mirrors to see a large-sized erect image of
the face. They are used as reflectors in torches, 7. LINEAR MAGNIFICATION

searchlights and headlights of vehicles to get The ratio of height of the image (h l ) to the height
powerful parallel beam of light. They are used by of the object (h) is linear magnification of an object,
dentists to see large images of a patient’s teeth. i.e.,
Eye and ENT specialists also use these mirrors to
hl v
focus light coming from a lamp onto the eye, ear, m = h =u
nose, throat, etc., of a patient in order to examine Linear magnification is negative for real image
better. They are used to concentrate the sun’s but positive for virtual image. If image is magnified,
radiation to a point in a solar furnace. m > 1 and if diminished, m < 1 .
10. Convex mirrors are used as driver’s mirrors in For plane mirror, m = + 1 .
vehicles in order to have a wider field of view for
traffic coming from behind. They are also used as
reflectors in hilly areas at sharp turns and as shop 8. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
security mirrors in large shopping halls and malls. It is the phenomenon of the change in direction/
bending of a ray of light incident obliquely at the
5. SIGN CONVENTION interface of two different transparent media.
1. When light travels from optically denser medium
According to new Cartesian sign convention for to rarer medium, it bends away from normal.
mirrors, all distances are measured from the pole of
2. When light travels from optically rarer medium to
the mirror and object is always situated to the left of
denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
the mirror. Pole is considered as origin for measuring
distances along principal axis. All distances measured 8.1 Laws of Refraction
to the right of origin along the principal axis are taken
positive and to the left of origin are taken negative. Two important laws of refraction are as follows:
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the
normal to the interface of two media at the point
of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence (sin i) to
the sine of angle of refraction (sin r) is a constant
for light of a given colour or wavelength and for a
given pair of media. This law is called Snell’s law
of refraction.
As per the law,
sin i
sin r = a constant
= (n21)
(Refractive index of med. 2 w.r.t. med. 1)
Along a direction perpendicular to principal 9. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MEDIUM

axis, distances measured above the principal axis are
taken positive but below the principle axis are taken The ratio of speed of light in vacuum (or air) to speed
negative. of light in the given medium is called refractive index
of a medium.
Refractive index,
6. MIRROR FORMULA
Speed of light in vacuum (air) c
If object distance = u , image distance = v and focal n = Speed of light in the given medium = v
length = f , then according to mirror formula, we have
It is a unit-less quantity and its numerical value is
1 1 = 1 or 2 , where R = Radius of 1 or greater than 1. For vacuum and air, n = 1 .
v+u f R
curvature of the mirror 1. If a light ray is refracted from medium 1 to
medium 2, then refractive index of medium 2
On putting numerical values of u, v f or R, proper
w.r.t. medium 1 (n21) is defined as the ratio of
sign must be used according to sign convention.
speed of light in medium 1 (v1) to speed of light
in medium 2 (v2) .
So, refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1,
v
n21 = v12
v n
or n21 = v12 = n12
1
Therefore, n12 = n21
2. Relative refractive index of one medium w.r.t.
another medium too is a unit-less quantity and
its numerical value may be equal to 1 or greater
than 1 or even less than 1.
3. The refractive index of vacuum is called absolute
refractive index.
4. If a ray of light is refracted through a rectangular
glass slab, the angle of emergence is same as angle
of incidence. Hence, emergent ray travels in a
direction parallel to that of incident ray.
But, the ray suffers a lateral displacement whose
value is based on (i) thickness of the glass slab, (ii)
refractive index of the glass slab, and (iii) angle
of incidence. For angle of incidence (+i) = 0c , the 3. The optical centre of a lens is the point on its
lateral displacement is also zero (0). principal axis, a ray of light passing through
5. Due to refraction of light, a pencil immersed in which goes undeviated. It is the centre of the lens.
water in a glass tumbler appears to be displaced
at water-air interface. When a glass slab is placed
over some printed matter, words appear raised up
when observed or seen through the glass slab.
6. If a coin is placed at the bottom of a tumbler
filled with water, the apparent depth of the coin
appears to be less than its true depth because of
refraction of light.
Therefore,
Real depth (h)
Apparent depth (h l )
= Refractive index of water (nw)
For similar reason, a pond of water appears to be
shallower.
10. LENS
Is is a part of refracting material, i.e., glass, bound by
two non-parallel surfaces, of which either both or one
surface is spherical.
A lens thicker at the middle and thinner at the
edges is known as a convex (converging) lens.
A lens thicker at the edges and thinner at the
middle is known as a concave (diverging) lens.
1. A lens contains two centres of curvature and two
radii of curvature as shown in the figure.
2. Principal axis is a line passing through two centres
of curvature of a lens. 4. A point where a light beam travelling parallel
to the principal axis of the lens, after refraction,
actually meets in convex lens or appears to be
diverged from in concave lens is called principal Position Position Relative Nature of
focus (F ) of the lens. As, in a lens, parallel beam of the of the size of the the image
of light may be incident on any of its two surfaces object image image
having two principal foci F1 and F2 , placed
symmetrically on two sides of a lens. 1. An At focus Highly Virtual
infinity F1 diminished and erect
5. Focal length (f ) is the distance of principal focus
(point-
from optical centre of a lens.
sized)
6. Focal plane is a plane passing through principal
focus and perpendicular to the principal axis of a 2. Between Behind Diminished Virtual
lens. infinity focus and erect
The position, nature and size of the image formed and F1 and
by a convex lens are based upon the position of optical O optical
the object placed in front of the lens as mentioned of the lens centre O
in the following table.
8. Lenses are used in spectacles, different optical
Formation of image by a convex lens for different
instruments such as microscope, telescope,
positions of the object
photographic camera, film projector, etc.
Position Position Relative Nature of The sign convention for lenses is same as that for
of the of the size of the the image mirrors except the optical centre of the lens which
object image image is taken to be the origin point.
If object distance = u , image distance = v and
1. At infinity At focus Highly Real and focal length = f , then from the lens formula, we
F2 diminished inverted have
(point- 1-1 =1
sized) v u f
2. Beyond Between Diminished Real and 9. For a linear object placed normal to the principal
2F1 F2 and inverted axis of a spherical lens, linear magnification of a
2F1 lens is stated as follows:
3. At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and Linear magnification of a lens,
as the inverted Height of the (h l )
m =
object Height of the object (h)
4. Between Beyond Enlarged Real and Distance of the image (v)
=
F1 and 2F2 inverted Distance of the object (u)
2F1 Linear magnification is negative for a real image
but positive for a virtual image.
5. At focus At Infinitely Real and
F1 infinity large inverted
(highly 11. POWER OF A LENS
enlarged) It is a measure of its degree of convergence or
6. Between On the Enlarged Virtual divergence of light rays incident on it. It is also defined
focus same and erect as reciprocal of its focal length.
F1 and side of Power of a lens,
optical the lens 1
(P) =
centre O as the Focal length of the lens (in metre)
object = 1
f (in m)
7. A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect and
The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre (D),
diminished image of the object on the same side
where 1 D = 1 m -1 .
of the lens as mentioned in the following table:
Formation of image by a concave lens for different The power of convex lens is taken positive but
positions of the object power of concave lens is taken negative.
1. When two or more thin lenses of powers
P1, P2, P3, ..... are brought in contact, then
Combined power, P = P1 + P2 + P3 + .....
1 =1+1 +1 + 4. A 10 mm long alpin is placed vertically in front of

f f1 f2 f3 ..... a concave mirror. A 5 mm long image of the alpin
is formed at 30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal
For solutions download NODIA app. length of this mirror is
(a) –30 cm (b) –20 cm
(c) –40 cm (d) –60 cm
Sol :
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
5. A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as
shown in Figure. The refractive index of medium B
1. Which of the following can make a parallel beam of relative to A will be
light when light from a point source is incident on it ?
(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens
(b) Convex mirror as well as concave lens
(c) Two plane mirrors placed at 90° to each other
(d) Concave mirror as well as concave lens
Sol :
2. Under which of the following conditions a concave

mirror can form an image larger than the actual
object ?
(a) When the object is kept at a distance equal to its
radius of curvature
(b) When object is kept at a distance less than its (a) greater than unity
focal length
(b) less than unity
(c) When object is placed between the focus and
(c) equal to unity
centre of curvature
(d) zero
(d) When object is kept at a distance greater than its Sol :
radius of curvature
Sol :
6. Beams of light are incident through the holes A and
B and emerge out of box through the holes C and
3. Figure, shows a ray of light as it travels from medium
D respectively as shown in Figure. Which of the
A to medium B . Refractive index of the medium B
following could be inside the box ?
relative to medium A is
(a) A rectangular glass slab

(b) A convex lens
(c) A concave lens
(d) A prism
Sol :
(a) 3/ 2 (b) 2/ 3
(c) 1/ 2 (d) 2
7. A beam of light is incident through the holes on side (c) between 15 cm and 30 cm in front of the mirror
A and emerges out of the holes on the other face of (d) more than 30 cm in front of the mirror
the box as shown in Figure. Which of the following Sol :
could be inside the box ?
11. A full length image of a distant tall building can
definitely be seen by using
(a) a concave mirror
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a plane mirror
(d) both concave as well as plane mirror
Sol :
12. In torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles the

bulb is placed
(a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector
(a) Concave lens (b) very near to the focus of the reflector
(b) Rectangular glass slab (c) between the focus and centre of curvature of the
(c) Prism reflector
(d) Convex lens (d) at the centre of curvature of the reflector
Sol : Sol :
13. In which of the following, the image of an object

8. Which of the following statements is true? placed at infinity will be highly diminished and point
(a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal sized ?
length 0.25 in (a) Concave mirror only
(b) A convex lens has - 4 dioptre power having a (b) Convex mirror only
focal length 0.25 m (c) Convex lens only
(c) A concave lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal (d) Concave mirror, convex mirror, concave lens and
length 0.25 m convex lens
(d) A concave lens has - 4 dioptre power having a Sol :
focal length 0.25 n
Sol :
14. The laws of reflection hold good for
(a) plane mirror only
9. Magnification produced by a rear view mirror fitted
in vehicles (b) concave mirror only
(a) is less than one (c) convex mirror only
(b) is more than one (d) all mirrors irrespective of their shape
Sol :
(c) is equal to one
(d) can be more than or less than one depending For solutions download NODIA app.
upon the position of the object in front of it
Sol :
10. Rays from Sun converge at a point 15 cm in front of 15. The path of a ray of light coming from air passing
a concave mirror. Where should an object be placed through a rectangular glass slab traced by four
so that size of its image is equal to the size of the students as A, B, C and D in Figure. Which one of
object ?
(a) 15 cm in front of the mirror
(b) 30 cm in front of the mirror
them is correct ?
(a) A (b) B (a) Fig. A (b) Fig. B

(c) C (d) D (c) Fig. C (d) Fig. D
Sol : Sol :
16. You are given water, mustard oil, glycerine and 18. Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the
kerosene. In which of these media a ray of light incident ray of light incident on a lens shown in Figure ?
obliquely at same angle would bend the most ?
(a) Kerosene (b) Water
(c) Mustard oil (d) Glycerine
Sol :
17. Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the

ray of light incident on a concave mirror as shown in
Figure ?
Column I Column II
(B) 1 against 1 (q)
n u
(C) m against n (r)
(D) (m + 1) against n (s)

f
(a) Fig. A (b) Fig. B A B C D

(c) Fig. C (d) Fig. D (a) q r p s
Sol :
(b) p q, s, r,
19. A child is standing in front of magic mirror. She finds
(c) r s, q, p
the image of her head bigger, the middle portion of
her body of the same size and that of the legs smaller. (d) r q s p
The following is the order of combinations for the Sol :
magic mirror from the top.
(a) Plane, convex and concave 21. A convex lens (f) forms an images on a screen
(b) Convex, concave and plane Considering the object to be at the zero mark in a
scale, match the following.
(c) Concave, plane and convex
(d) Convex, plane and concave Column I Column II
Sol :
(A) Image (p) Moves the image
of infinite object
20. The graphs given apply to convex lens of focal length further away
f , producing a real at a distance n from the optical
(B) Additional lens (q) Not unique as lens
centre when self luminous object is at distance u from in contact is moved between
the optical centre. The magnitude of magnification is object and source.
m . Identify the following graphs with the first named
quantity being plotted along y-axis. (C) Reduction in (r) Virtual for screen
refractive index position at a distance
Column I Column II < 4f from the
object.
(A) n against u (p)
(D) Slicing the (s) Object at d forms
lens to have real image further
one plane and convex surface nearer
another plano-convex lens.
A B C D Column I Column II
(a) p, q q r q,r (B) (q) Virtual image
(b) r q q, r, s r, s
(c) p, r s p p, r
(d) p q, r r s
Sol :
(C) (r) Magnified image
22. In the following columns, the position of an object is

given is column I and the nature of image formed in a
concave mirror is given in column II.
Column I Column II (D) (s) Image at infinity

(Position of object) (Nature of
image)
(A) At infinity (p) Real
(B) Between infinity and (q) Inverted
centre of curvature
(C) At centre of curvature (r) Diminished A B C D
(D) At focus (s) Enlarged (a) p, q q r, s q,r
(t) Same size (b) p q, r, s q p, q, r, s p, q, r, s
(c) p, s q r, s, t r
A B C D (d) p q, r r s
(a) p, q q r, s q,r Sol :
(b) r, s q, r s, t p, q, r, s
(c) p, s q r, s, t r 24. Assertion : Convex mirror is used as a rear view
mirror.
(d) p, q, r p, q, r p, q, t p, q
Reason : Convex mirror always forms inverted image.
Sol :
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
For solutions download NODIA app. is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
23. An optical component and an object S placed along
its optic axis are given in Column I. The distance (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
between the object and the component can be visaed. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
The properties of images are given in Column II. Sol :
Match all the properties of images from Column II
with the appropriate components given in Column I.
25. Assertion : Refractive indices of all transparent
Column I Column II mediums are more than 1 (except air).
Reason : Air is the rarest medium.
(A) (p) Real image
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Sol :
26. Assertion : When light travels from one medium 30. Assertion : On moving from optically rarer to denser
to another. The direction of propagation of light in medium, a ray of light bends away from the normal.
second medium changes. Reason : Speed of light is more in denser medium and
Reason : Light travels with different speeds in different less in rarer medium.
mediums. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
is the correct explanation of Assertion. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. Sol :
Sol :
31. Assertion : When light from sun is focussed on a sheet
27. Assertion : Radius of curvature of a spherical mirror of paper using a convex lens, the paper begins to burn
is half its focal length. producing smoke. It may even catch fire after a while.
Reason : A ray of light incident parallel to principal Reason : Convex lens is a converging lens.
axis after reflection passes through C . (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
28. Assertion : After refraction though a rectangular 32. Assertion : Power of a convex lens is positive and that
glass slab, emergent ray is parallel to the direction of of a concave lens is negative.
incident ray. Reason : Convex lens forms real image and concave
Reason : Refractive indices of air and glass are lens forms virtual image.
different. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
Sol :
33. Assertion : Convex mirror is used as a shaving mirror.
29. Assertion : Magnification of real images is taken Reason : Convex mirror always forms an enlarged
negative. image.
Reason : Magnification is ratio of image distance and (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
object distance. is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
is the correct explanation of Assertion. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. Sol :
Sol :
34. Assertion : A small source of light casts a sharp 38. Assertion : Large concave mirrors are used to
shadow of an opaque object. concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar cookers.
Reason : Light travels in straight lines. Reason : Concave mirror converges the light rays
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason falling on it to a point.
is the correct explanation of Assertion. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is is the correct explanation of Assertion.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Sol : (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Sol :
35. Assertion : Concave mirror has a real focus.
Reason : Concave mirror always forms real image. 39. Assertion : A ray incident along normal to the mirror
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason retraces its path.
is the correct explanation of Assertion. Reason : In reflection, angle of incidence is not equal
to angle of reflection.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Sol :
36. Assertion : For observing traffic at our back, we prefer (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Sol :
to use a convex mirror.
Reason : A convex mirror has a much larger field of
view than a plane mirror or a concave mirror. 40. Assertion : When a concave mirror is held under
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason water, its focal length will decrease.
is the correct explanation of Assertion. Reason : The focal length of a concave mirror is
independent of the medium in which it is placed.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Sol :
37. Assertion : A concave mirror of focal length ‘f ’ in air (d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
Sol :
is used in a medium of refractive index 2. Then the
focal length of mirror in medium becomes double.
Reason : The radius of curvature of a mirror is double
of the focal length.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason ONE MARK QUESTIONS
not the correct explanation of Assertion. 41. What is light ?
Sol : SQP 2021

(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. 42. What kind of wave is light ?
Sol : Sol : OD 2017
For solutions download NODIA app.

43. What is image ?
Sol : Foreign 2014
44. What is real image ? 60. State a condition for no refraction of light when light
Sol : OD 2019
enters from one medium to another.
Sol : Delhi 2011
45. What is virtual image ?

Sol : Delhi 2016
61. Write the position between refractive index and speed
of light in the medium.
Sol : Delhi 2017
46. For regular reflection what is relation between angle
of incidence and angle of reflection ?
Sol : SQP 2018
62. What is the care of refraction ?
Sol : Delhi 2014
47. When a ray is made incident normal to the plane,

what is angle of incidence and angle of reflection ? 63. “Refractive index of glass is 1.5.” What does it mean
Sol : Delhi 2012
by this statement ?
Sol : OD 2011
48. Write the mirror formula.

Sol : SQP 2020
64. Write the lens formula.
Sol : Foreign 2013
49. Write the formula of magnification.

Sol : Comp 2017
65. Is it possible to form a real image using a real object
with a concave lens ?
Sol : OD 2016
50. Write one use of concave and convex mirrors each.
Sol : OD 2013
66. In which direction, the ray of light bends as it travels

51. Why do we use convex mirror for side-view mirror ? from denser to rarer medium ?
Sol : Delhi 2011 Sol : Delhi 2012
52. Can a virtual image be screened ? 67. What is the value of 1 n2 # 2 n1 ?

Sol : Delhi 2016 Sol : AI 2011
53. Define the focus of a spherical mirror. 68. Define absolute refractive index of a medium.
Sol : Foreign 2014 Sol : Foreign 2009
54. What is centre of curvature of convex mirror ? 69. What is the relation between emergent ray and incident
Sol : AI 2015
ray when light ray passes through a rectangular glass
slab ?
Sol : OD 2015
55. What is the minimum distance between an object and
its real image in case of a concave mirror ?
Sol : Delhi 2011
70. Refractive index of water is 4/3 and for glass it is 3/2,
with respect to air. What is the refractive index of
56. Draw a ray diagram to show reflection of an incident glass with respect to water ?
Sol : OD 2006
ray parallel to principal axis by a convex mirror.
Sol : OD 2019
71. What is meant by magnification in the context of

57. If the object is placed between the pole P and focus image formation by mirror and lenses ?
Sol : Delhi 2011
F of the concave mirror, what will be the position,
size and nature of the image formed ?
Sol : AI 2013
72. Which property of concave mirror is utilised for using
them as shaving mirror?
Sol : Delhi 2017
58. What is value of speed of light in vacuum ?
Sol : Foreign 2011
73. What are the values of angle of incidence and angle of

59. Does the speed of light change with medium ? reflection for the normal incidence ?
Sol : SQP 2017 Sol : OD 2016
74. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius 84. The power of a lens is - 4.0 D . What is the nature of
of curvature is 32 cm. the lens ?
Sol : OD 2014 Sol : Delhi 2011
75. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light 85. Define refractive index of a medium.
Sol : Delhi 2009
through a glass slab and mark angle of refraction
and lateral shift suffered by the ray of light
passing through the slab. 86. Refractive index of water with respect to air is 1.33.
(b) If the refractive index of glass for light going from What is the refractive index of air with respect to
air to glass is 23 , find the refractive index of air water ?
Sol : OD 2015
for light going from glass to air.
Sol : Delhi 2012
87. What is the minimum distance between an object and

76. A ray of light is incident on a convex mirror as shown. its real image in case of a concave mirror ?
Sol : Foreign 2010
Redraw the diagram and complete the path of this
ray after reflection from the mirror. Mark angle of
incidence and angle of reflection on it.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
88. What are the properties of the image formed by a

plane mirror ?
Sol : Comp 2021
Sol : SQP 2017 89. Distinguish between convex mirror and concave
mirror.
Sol : OD 2019
77. Define the term principal focus for a convex mirror.
Sol : Delhi 2013
90. Name the type of mirror used in a solar furnace. How

78. What are the units of power of a lens ? is high temperature achieved by this device ?
Sol : Foreign 2011 Sol : Comp 2020
79. In what condition, the image formed by a concave 91. Identify the nature of the mirror and mention two
mirror is virtual ? characteristics of the image formed when magnification
Sol : OD 2015 (m) = + 6 .
Sol : Delhi 2017
80. Name the type of mirror which always forms a virtual

92. (a) What should be the position of the object, when
and diminished image.
Sol : OD 2016 a concave mirror is to be used :
(i) as a shaving mirror, and
81. Name the type of mirror which is known as shaving (ii) in torches producing parallel beam of light ?
mirror. (b) A man standing in front of a mirror, finds his
Sol : Delhi 2012
image having a very small head and legs of normal
size. What types of mirrors are used in designing
82. How does the size of the image change as the object such a mirror ?
Sol : OD 2011
is brought closer from infinity towards the convex lens
Sol : AI 2010
93. Where should an object be placed in front of a concave

83. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the mirror of focal length 20 cm so as to obtain a two
meaning of this statement ? times magnified real image ?
Sol : Foreign 2016 Sol : Foreign 2013
94. How do we distinguish a medium to be rarer or denser?

Sol : Comp 2016
95. State Snell’s Law.

Sol : Delhi 2011
Sol : Comp 2010

96. What is the meaning of
(i) optical centre and
103. Complete the diagram in your answer book and write
(ii) principal axis ?
Sol : Delhi 2017 the nature of the image formed.
97. When does a convex lens form

(i) a virtual, erect, enlarged image
(ii) real, enlarged image ?
Sol : SQP 2013
98. State laws of refraction of light.

Sol : OD 2011 Sol : Comp 2016
99. (a) What happens to a ray of light when it travels 104. Draw a ray diagram to show the position and nature
from one medium to another having equal of the image formed by a convex lens when the object
refractive indices ? is placed;
(b) State the cause of refraction of light. (i) beyond 2F.
Sol : Foreign 2009
(ii) between F and 2F.
Sol : Foreign 2011
100. What is meant by refractive index ? If the speed of

light in a medium is 23 rd of the speed of light in 105. Name the type of lens that can be used as magnifying
vacuum, find the refractive index of that medium. glass. Give reason(s) and draw a ray diagram to
Sol : AI 2012
support your answer.
Sol : Delhi 2015
101. One portion of a convex lens is covered as shown.

Will the lens produce a complete image of the object? 106. To get a real and inverted image of same size as that
Describe in brief the characteristics of the image of the object by a thin convex lens of focal length 20
formed. cm, where should the object be placed ? Draw a ray
diagram to show image formation in this case.
Sol : Delhi 2013
107. An object is 2 m away from a lens, which forms an erect

image one-fourth the size of the object. Determine the
focal length of the lens. What type of lens is this ?
Sol : AI 2011
108. Two lenses of power - 2.5 D and + 1.5 D are placed

in contact. Find the total power of the combination of
Sol : OD 2014 lenses. Calculate the focal length of this combination.
Sol : Delhi 2012
102. The given diagram shows an object O and its image

I . Copy the diagram in your answer book and draw 109. An object placed at a distance of 30 cm infront of
suitable rays to locate the lens and its focus. Name a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Write four
the type of lens in this case. characteristics of the image formed by the mirror.
Sol : SQP 2017
110. An object is placed at a distance of 40 cm infront of a 119. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm infront of
convex mirror of radius of curvature 40 cm. List four a concave mirror. It forms a real image 4 times larger
characteristics of the image formed by the mirror. than the object. Calculate the distance of the image
Sol : Delhi 2013
from the mirror.
Sol : OD 2016
111. (i) Name the spherical mirror used as :

(a) Shaving mirror, 120. What is the difference between virtual images
(b) Rear view mirror in vehicles, produced by concave, plane and convex mirror ?
Sol : Delhi 2010
(c) Reflector in search light.
(ii) Write any three differences between a real and a
121. The linear magnification produced by a spherical
virtual image.
Sol : OD 2015 mirror is + 3. Analyse this value and state the (i) type
of mirror and (ii) position of the object with respect
to the pole of the mirror. Draw ray diagram to show
112. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm infront of a
the formation of image in this case.
concave mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. List four
characteristics of the image formed by the mirror.
Sol : Delhi 2017
113. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from

a concave lens of focal lengths 15 cm. List four
characteristics (nature, position, etc.) of the image
formed by the lens.
Sol : OD 2014
114. An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex Sol : Foreign 2012
lens of focal lengths 20 cm. List four observations

(nature, position, etc.) of the image formed by the 122. State the two laws of reflection of light.
lens. Sol : Delhi 2010
Sol : OD 2017
123. Differentiate a real image from a virtual image giving

115. An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from concave two points of difference.
lens of focal length 30 cm. List four characteristics Sol : OD 2014
(nature, position, etc.) of the image formed by the

lens. 124. An object of height 1.2 m is placed before a concave
Sol : Comp 2010
mirror of focal length 20 cm so that a real image
is formed at a distance of 60 cm from it. Find the
position of an object. What will be the height of the
116. State two positions in which a concave mirror
image formed ?
produces a magnified image of a given object. List Sol : OD 2016
two differences between the two images.
Sol : Foreign 2016
125. A convex lens of focal lengths 10 cm is placed at a
distance of 12 cm from a wall. Calculate the distance
117. What is meant by power of a lens ? What does its sign
from the lens where an object can be placed so as to
( + ve or - ve ) indicate ? State its S.I. unit. How is
form its distinct real image on the wall.
this unit related to focal length of a lens. Sol : OD 2013
Sol : AI 2013
126. A concave mirror is known as a converging mirror

118. The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are
4 3 while a convex mirror is known as diverging mirror?
3 and 2 respectively.
Explain why ?
If the speed of light in glass is 2 # 10 8 ms-1 , calculate Sol : Delhi 2017
the speed of light in (i) vacuum, (ii) water.

Sol : Delhi 2011
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS 133. A concave mirror produces three times enlarged real
image of an object placed at 12 cm in front of it.
Calculate the radius of curvature of the mirror.
Sol : SQP 2017
127. A concave mirror is used for image formation for
different positions of an object. What inferences can
be drawn about the following when an object is placed 134. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal
at a distance of 10 cm from the pole of a concave length 20 cm. The image is three times the size of the
mirror of focal length 15 cm ? object. Calculate two possible distances of the object
(a) Position of the image from the mirror.
Sol : Foreign 2015
(b) Size of the image
(c) Nature of the image
135. Why does a ray of light passing through the centre
Draw a labelled ray diagram to justify your inferences. of curvature of a concave mirror after reflection, is
Sol : Comp 2020
reflected back along the same path ?
Sol : Delhi 2009
128. The refractive index of a medium x with respect to

2
medium y is 3 and the refractive index of medium 136. It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object,
4 using concave mirror of focal length 20 cm.
y with respect to medium z is 3 . Find the refractive
index to medium z with respect to medium x . If the (i) What should be the range of distance of an object
speed of light in medium x is 3 # 10 8 ms -1 , calculate from the mirror ?
the speed of light in medium y . (ii) Will the image be smaller or larger than the
Sol : Comp 2020
object ?
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation
129. (a) Which mirror do we use as a rear-view mirror in in this case.
vehicles ? Sol : AI 2013
(b) Draw a ray diagram to illustrate the formation of

an image when an object is placed anywhere in 137. How can you identify the three types of mirrors
front of the mirror on its principal axis. State the without touching ?
nature and position of the image formed. Sol : OD 2010
Sol : SQP 2018
138. The diagram given below shows an object O and its

130. (a) Mention two properties of image formed by a image I . Copy the diagram and draw suitable ray to
convex mirror. locate the lens and its focus. Name the type of lens
(b) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of an image, used in this case.
when the object is placed beyond C in front of a
concave mirror.
Sol : Comp 2021
131. We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using

a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. What should Sol : AI 2011
be the range of distance of the object from the mirror?

Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in 139. Name the type of mirror used in the following
this case. situations and support your answer with a reason :
Sol : Delhi 2011
(i) Mirror used for shaving.
(ii) Mirror used by ENT doctors.
132. A real image, 15 th the size of an object, is formed at
(iii) Mirror used in the vehicles for viewing the traffic
a distance of 18 cm from a mirror. What is the nature
approaching from behind.
of mirror ? Calculate its focal length. Sol : OD 2017
Sol : OD 2014
For solutions download NODIA app. 140. Why does a pencil immersed in water appear bent
and short ? Explain with the help of a ray diagram.
Sol : Foreign 2016
141. (a) State laws of refraction. 149. (a) For the same angle of incidence 45°, the angle of
(b) A ray of light is incident normally to the surface refraction in two transparent media; I and II is
of a glass slab placed in air. Find the angle of 20° and 30° respectively. Out of I and II, which
incidence and angle of refraction in this case. medium is optically denser and why ?
Sol : OD 2013
(b) Light enters from air to diamond which has
refractive index of 2.42. Calculate the speed
142. State two uses of concave mirrors. of light in diamond, if speed of light in air is
Sol : Delhi 2014
3.00 # 10 8 ms-1 .
Sol : Comp 2016
143. (a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the refraction of

light through a glass slab. 150. An object is placed in front of a convex lens of focal
(b) Refractive index of the diamond is 2.42. What length 15 cm. The image formed is three times the
does it mean ? size of the object. Calculate the two possible distances
Sol : Delhi 2015 of the object from the lens.
Sol : SQP 2011
144. (a) State the relationship between focal length and 151. (a) Consider two pairs of medium – pair A (1 and 2),
radius of curvature of a spherical mirror. pair B (3 and 4). With the help of a given table
(b) Why is the refractive index of a medium always point out in which medium light speeds up as it
greater than one ? moves in pair A and in pair B respectively.
(c) A lens has - 4 D power. Is the lens concave or
Medium Refractive Index
convex ?
Sol : Delhi 2017
1. Water 1.33
2. Benzene 1.50
145. A transparent medium P floats on another
3. Turpentine 1.47
transparent medium Q . When a ray of light travels
obliquely from P to Q , the refracted ray bends away 4. Alcohol 1.36
from the normal. Which of the two media P or Q is
(b) Find refractive index of benzene with respect to
optically denser and why ?
Sol : AI 2011 water.
Sol : OD 2014
146. What is lateral displacement? State two factors on

152. (a) Give two conditions in which a ray of light passes
which it depends.
Sol : Comp 2009 without bending while entering from one medium
to another.
(b) How is refractive index of a medium related to
147. A ray of light is incident obliquely on a glass slab.
velocity of light in the medium ?
Draw a ray diagram showing the path of the light ray. Sol : Delhi 2016
Clearly mark angle of incidence, angle of refraction,
angle of emergence and lateral displacement of the ray.
Give a formula to find refractive index of glass slab 153. A point object is placed at a distance of 12 cm from a
in terms of angle of incidence and angle of refraction. convex lens on its principal axis. Its image is formed
Sol : Foreign 2006 on the other side of the lens at a distance of 18 cm
from the lens. Find the focal length of the lens. Is the
image magnified ? Justify your answer.
148. (a) With the help of a ray diagram show that when Sol : Foreign 2012
light falls obliquely on a side of a rectangular glass
slab, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident
ray. 154. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed at a
distance of 24 cm from the screen. How far from
(b) The refractive index of water for light going from the lens should an object be placed so as to form a
air to water is 1.33. Find the refractive index of real image on the screen ? Also find the nature and
air for a beam of light going from water to air. magnification of the image produced by the lens.
Sol : OD 2010 Sol : Delhi 2017

155. Draw labelled ray diagrams to show the formation of

the required images in each of the above two cases.
Sol : AI 2010
160. (a) A compound lens is made of two lenses in contact

having powers + 12.5 D and - 2.5 D . Find the
focal length and power of the combination.
(b) The magnification produced by a mirror is + 1 .
What does this mean ?
Sol : Comp 2008
(a) A ray of light is incident at an angle of 45° at the

interface of medium (1) and medium (2) as shown 161. Name the type of lens used to obtain;
in the above diagram. Redraw this diagram in (i) an erect, enlarged and virtual image of an object.
the answer book and complete it. If the angle (ii) an erect, diminished and virtual image of an
of refraction is 30° find the refractive index of object.
medium (2) with respect to medium (1). Draw labelled ray diagrams to show the formation of
(Given that sin 45c = 12 and sin 30c = 12 ) image in each case. Which of these lenses could also
(b) If second medium is water in place of medium (2), form a magnified and real image of the object ? State
will the angle of refraction increase or decrease ? the position of the object for which this could happen.
Why ? (Refractive index of water = 4/3 ) Sol : Foreign 2010
Sol : Delhi 2016
162. (a) Define power of a lens and write its S.I. unit.
156. (a) What is meant by ‘power’ of a lens ? (b) A convex lens of power 4 D is placed at a distance
(b) State its unit and define it. of 40 cm from a wall. At what distance from the
(c) Which of the two lenses has a greater power : lens should a candle be placed so that its image is
(i) a convex lens of focal length 5 cm ? formed on the wall ?
Sol : Delhi 2013
(ii) a convex lens of focal length 50 cm ?
Justify your answer.
Sol : OD 2011 163. An object is placed at a distance 100 cm from a lens of
power - 4 D . Find the position and nature of image
157. A convex lens forms a real image four times magnified so formed.
at a distance of 60 cm from the lens. Calculate the Sol : OD 2007
focal length and the power of the lens.

Sol : Foreign 2015
164. It is required to get :
(i) a magnified, erect and virtual image.
158. (i) Where should an object be placed in case of a
(ii) a diminished, virtual and erect image of a given
convex lens to form an image of same size as the
object.
object ? Show with the help of a ray diagram the
What type of lens should we use in each case and
position and nature of the image formed.
where should the object be kept ?
(ii) With the help of ray diagram, illustrate the
Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in
change in position, nature and size of the image
each case.
formed if the convex lens in case (i) is replaced by
concave lens of same focal length. Which of these lenses could also form a magnified,
real and inverted image of an object ? Also indicate
(iii) State the condition under which a light ray passes
the position of object for which this could happen ?
undeviated through a lens. Sol : Foreign 2010
Sol : Delhi 2013
165. (a) Name the kind of lens that can form;

159. Which lens can be used as a magnifying glass ? For
which position of object does a convex lens form; (i) an inverted magnified image.
(a) a virtual and erect image ? (ii) an erect diminished image.
Draw ray diagrams to illustrate your answer in
(b) a real and inverted image of same size as that of
each case.
object ?
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formed is equal to the size of the object ? Also find the
of an object placed between f and 2f distances power of the lens.
Sol : OD 2011
from a convex lens.
Sol : SQP 2013
171. (a) Define 1 dioptre of power. Find the focal length of

166. (a) Define optical centre of a spherical lens. a lens of power - 2.0 D .
(b) You are given a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. (b) Why does a lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler
Where would you place an object to get a real, appear to be bigger than its actual size ?
inverted and highly enlarged image of the object ? (c) Study the table given below and state the medium
Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation. in which light ray will travel fastest. Why ?
(c) A concave lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At
what distance should an object be placed so that Medium A B C
it forms an image at 15 cm away from the lens ? Refractive index 1.33 1.5 2.4
Sol : AI 2016
Sol : Foreign 2014
167. One half of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm is

172. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
covered with black paper.
image by a convex lens when an object is placed
(i) Will the lens produce a complete image of the in front of the lens between its optical centre and
object ? principal focus.
(ii) Show the formation of the image of an object (b) In the above ray diagram mark the object-distance
placed at 2F1 of such covered lens with the help of (u) and the image-distance (v) with their proper
a ray diagram. sign ( f +ve or - ve as per the new cartesian
(iii) What will happen to the intensity of the image sign convention) and state how these distances
formed by a convex lens which is partly covered are related to the focal length (f ) of the convex
with black paper ? lens in this case.
Sol : Comp 2012
(c) Find the power of a convex lens which forms a
real and inverted image of magnification - 1 of
168. (a) An object is placed at the focus of a convex lens. an object placed at a distance of 20 cm from
Draw a ray diagram to locate the position of the optical centre.
image formed, if any state its position and nature. Sol : SQP 2016
(b) An object placed 50 cm from a lens produces a

virtual image at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. 173. An object 4 cm in height is placed at 15 cm in front
Find the focal length of the lens and also state the of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. At what
type of the lens used. distance from the mirror should a screen be placed
Sol : Delhi 2007
to obtain a sharp image of the object. Calculate the
height of the image.
169. (a) A divergent lens has focal length of 20 cm. At what Sol : Delhi 2017
distance should the object from the lens be placed

so that an image is formed 10 cm away from the 174. A 3 cm tall object is placed 18 cm in front of a concave
lens ? What is the magnification produced, by the mirror of focal length 12 cm. At what distance from
lens ? the mirror should a screen be placed to see a sharp
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the position and image of the object on the screen. Also calculate the
nature or the image formed by a convex lens when height of the image formed.
an object is placed between optical centre and Sol : OD 2014
focus of the lens.

Sol : OD 2009
175. The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of
30 cm from a mirror is formed on a screen placed
170. (a) Explain in brief, convex lens is converging in infront of the mirror at a distance of 60 cm from its
nature. pole. What is the nature of the mirror ? Find its focal
(b) A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a length, if the height of the flame is 2.4 cm, find the h
needle at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where is the eight of its image. State whether the image formed is
needle placed in front of convex lens if the image
erect or inverted. and highly enlarged image of the object. Draw a ray
Sol : Foreign 2010
diagram.
Sol : Delhi 2013
176. If the image formed by a lens for all positions of

an object placed infront of it is always erect and 183. Explain with the help of diagram why a pencil partly
diminished, what is the nature of the lens ? Draw a immersed in water appears to be bent at the water
diagram to justify your answer. If the numerical value surface.
Sol : OD 2016
of the power of this lens is 10 D, What is its focal
length in the cartesian system ?
Sol : OD 2017
177. Draw ray diagram to show the formation of three

times magnified (i) real and (ii) virtual image of an
object by a converging lens. Mark the position of O,
F and 2F in each diagram.
Sol :
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
OD 2010
178. (i) Define optical centre of a spherical lens.

(ii) A divergent lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At 184. (a) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the path of
what distance should an object of height 4 cm a ray of light incident obliquely on one face of a
from the optical centre of the lens be placed so glass slab.
that its image is formed 10 cm away from the (b) Calculate the refractive index of the material of
lens. Find the size of the image also. a glass. Given that the speed of light through the
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of glass slab is 2 # 10 8 m/s and in air is 3 # 10 8 m/s.
image in above situation. (c) Calculate the focal length of a lens, if its power is
Sol : OD 2016
- 2.5 D .
Sol : Comp 2020
179. “A lens can form a magnified erect image as well

as magnified inverted image of an object placed in 185. (a) Complete the following ray diagram :
front of it.” State the nature of this lens and draw ray
diagrams to justify the above statement. Mark the
positions of O, F and 2F in the diagram.
Sol : Delhi 2006
180. The image formed by a spherical mirror is real,

inverted and is of magnification - 2 . If the image is
at a distance of 30 cm from the mirror, where is the
object placed ? Find the focal length of the mirror.
List two characteristics of the image formed if the (b) Find the nature, position and size of the image
object is moved 10 cm towards the mirror. formed.
Sol : Foreign 2012
(c) Use lens formula to determine the magnification
in this case.
181. A mirror is fitted in a wall of the AGRA FORT. When Sol : Comp 2020
you stand at a proper location, a full-size image of the

Taj Mahal can be seen in this mirror. 186. A person suffering from myopia (near-sightedness)
(a) What kind of mirror is it ? was advised to wear corrective lens of power - 2.5 D .
(b) Draw a ray diagram for such a mirror when the A spherical lens of same focal length was taken in the
object is at infinity. laboratory. At what distance should a student place
Sol : Comp 2007
an object from this lens so that it forms an image at
a distance of 10 cm from the lens ?
Sol : Comp 2020
182. You are given a convex lens of focal length 10 cm.
Where will you place an object to get a real, inverted
187. Prove that for a concave mirror the radius of curvature say magnification produced is - 1 ?
Sol : Foreign 2009
is twice its focal length.
Sol : SQP 2018
193. Name the types of mirror(s) that should be used :

188. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal (i) as a rear-view mirror
length 20 cm. The image is three times the image (ii) by the dentists.
of the object. Calculate two possible distances of the
Also draw ray diagram(s) and mention the reason(s)
object from the mirror.
Sol : OD 2016 for their use.
Sol : Comp 2011
189. (a) Name the mirror that :

194. Draw a ray diagram in each of the following cases to
(i) can give real as well as virtual image of an show the position and nature of image formed when
object. the object is placed :
(ii) will always give virtual image of same size of (i) between pole and focus of a concave mirror.
an object.
(ii) between focus and centre of curvature of a concave
(iii) will always give virtual and diminished image mirror.
of an object.
(iii) at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror.
(iv) is used by a doctor for examining teeth.
(iv) between infinity and pole of a convex mirror.
(b) With the help of a ray diagram explain the use of
(v) at infinity from a convex mirror.
concave mirror as solar concentrators. Sol : Comp 2013
Sol : AI 2007
195. State the types of mirrors required to get :

190. (i) Under what conditions, a concave mirror produces
(i) virtual and diminished image of an object.
a virtual and magnified image ? Draw a labelled
ray diagram to show the formation of image in (ii) real and inverted image of an object.
the above case. Also state the position of object Show image formation in both the above cases in the
to produce magnified and real images. form of ray diagrams. Which of the above mirrors
(ii) A ray of light moving along principal axis is falling can also form (i) real and magnified (ii) virtual and
on a concave mirror. Draw the path of reflected magnified image,of the object ? Draw ray diagrams to
ray. Also state the values of angles of incidence justify your answer.
Sol : Delhi 2010
and reflection in this case.
Sol : Delhi 2012
196. (a) Name the type of mirror used by a dentist to

191. (a) State two characteristics of image formed by a examine the teeth of a patient.
convex mirror. (b) Name the type of mirror used as a rear-view
(b) With the help of a diagram, define (i) pole, (ii) mirror in motor cars.
focal length of a concave mirror. (c) Draw ray diagrams to show the image formation
(c) Convex mirror is used as a rear-view mirror in in both the above cases. Also state the position
vehicles. Give reason. and nature of the image so formed.
Sol : OD 2010
Sol : Foreign 2007
192. (a) Draw ray diagrams for the following and state the 197. Draw a ray diagram to show a virtual image of 25 th
nature, size and position of the image formed in the size of an object 4 cm high, using a spherical
each case : mirror. Mark the position of the object, image and
focal length.
(i) For a concave mirror, object at 2F . Sol : Delhi 2014
(ii) For a concave mirror, object between F and

P.
198. For what position of the object does a concave mirror
(iii) For a convex mirror, object between P and form a real, inverted and diminished image of the
infinity. object ? Draw a ray diagram.
(b) Write the mathematical expression for Sol : Delhi 2011
magnification produced by mirrors. When do we

199. An object of 4.0 cm size is placed at a distance of (i) Focal length,

25 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. (ii) Intensity of the image formed by half lens.
At what distance from the mirror should a screen be Sol : Delhi 2017
placed to obtain a sharp image of the object ? Find

the nature and size of the image formed. 204. A student focused the image of a candle flame on a
Sol : OD 2009
white screen by placing the flame at various distances
from a convex lens. He noted his observation in the
200. (a) Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of following table :
virtual image in case of the following mirror :
(i) concave mirror Distance of the flame Distance of the screen
(ii) convex mirror from lens (cm) from lens (cm)
(b) How can concave mirror help in harnessing Sun’s 60 20
energy ? 40 24
Sol : Comp 2014
30 30
201. (a) State the laws of refraction. 24 40
(b) What is meant by the term absolute refractive 12 70
index ? The speed of light in a transparent
Analyse the above table and answer the following
medium is 0.6 times that of the speed in vacuum.
questions :
Find refractive index of the medium.
(i) What is the focal length of convex lens ?
(c) How should a ray of light be incident on a
rectangular glass slab so that it comes out from (ii) Which set of observation is incorrect and why ?
the opposite side of the slab without being (iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation
displaced ? Draw a ray diagram to illustrate your for any correct set of observation.
Sol : OD 2010
answer.
Sol : OD 2016
205. A student focused the image of a candle flame on a

202. (a) Draw a ray diagram in each of the following cases white screen using a convex lens. He noted down the
to show the position and nature of the image position of the candle, screen and the lens as under :
formed when the object is placed; (i) Position of candle = 12.6 cm
(i) between optical centre and principal focus (ii) Position of convex lens = 51.8 cm
(F) of a convex lens. (iii) Position of screen = 91.0 cm
(ii) between F and 2F of a convex lens. (a) Calculate the focal length of the lens.
(iii) at 2F of a convex lens. (b) Where will the image be formed if he shifts the
(b) How will the nature and position of image formed candle towards the lens at a position of 32.2 cm ?
change in cases (i) and (ii) in part (a) of this (c) What will be the nature of the image formed if he
question if the lens is replaced by a concave lens ? further shifts the candle towards the lens ?
Draw the corresponding ray diagram. (d) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the
Sol : Comp 2008
image in case (c) as said above.
Sol : Foreign 2013
206. (a) Define 1 dioptre power of lens.

203. A thin converging lens forms a;
(b) A 2 cm long pin is placed at a distance of 16 cm
(i) real magnified image.
from a convex lens of focal length 12 cm. Find the
(ii) virtual magnified image of an object placed in position, size and nature of the image formed.
front of it. Sol : AI 2006
(a) Write the positions of the objects in each case.

(b) Draw labelled ray diagrams to show the image 207. State the type of lens used to get;
formation in each case. (i) Virtual and diminished image of an object.
(c) How will the following be affected on cutting this (ii) Real and diminished image of an object.
lens into two halves along the principal axis ? Justify your answers in the above two cases by drawing
ray diagrams. Which of the above lens can also form size of object. It is represented by m .
(i) real and magnified and (ii) virtual and magnified
Size of image
image of an object ? Draw a ray diagram to justify m =
Size of object
your answer.
Sol : OD 2016 Sign of magnification by mirror gives the information
about the nature of the image produce by it.
(i) Describe the nature of image formed.
208. A 2.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the
principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. (ii) If the object x distance from the pole of mirror,
The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find then find image distance from the pole.
the nature, position and size of the image formed. (iii) If the radius of curvature of mirror is R, then
Sol : SQP 2011
write the relation between object distance, image
distance and focal length of the mirror.
209. A needle placed 45 cm from a lens forms an image on (iv) Give one use of concave mirror.
Sol :
a screen placed 90 cm on the other side of the lens.
Identify the type of lens. Determine its focal length
and the power. What is the size of image, if needle is 213. A concave lens is thick at the edges and thin at the
5 cm in height ? centre, while a convex lens is thick at the centre
Sol : Comp 2010
and thin at the edges. We can distinguish between a
concave lens and a convex lens without touching them.
210. (i) To construct a ray diagram we use two rays For this keep a book close to a lens and observe the
which are so chosen that it is easy to know their image of the text of the book through the lens. If the
directions after reflection from the mirror. List letters appear enlarged, then it is a convex lens and if
two such rays and state the path of these rays the letters appear diminished then it is a concave lens.
after reflection in case of concave mirrors. Use Convex lens converges light rays and hence known
these two rays and draw ray diagrams to locate as converging lens. Similarly, concave lens diverges
the image of an object placed between pole and light rays and is known as diverging lens. Linear
focus of a concave mirror. magnification produced by a lens is equal to the ratio
(ii) A concave mirror produces three times magnified of the image distance to the object distance. Power of
image on a screen. If the object is placed 20 cm in a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.
front of the mirror, how far is the screen from the (i) What type of image is always made by a concave
object. lens ?
Sol : Delhi 2017
(ii) If magnification produced by a spherical lens is
+0.75, then what is the nature of the lens ?
211. (i) If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of (iii) What is the power of a convex lens with focal
the object placed infront of it is always diminished, length 80 cm ?
erect and virtual, state the type of the mirror and
(iv) What kind of lens is present in human eye ?
also draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. Sol :
Write one use such mirrors and put to and why ?
(ii) Define the radius of curvature of spherical mirrors. For solutions download NODIA app.
Kind the nature and focal length of a spherical
mirror whose radius of curvature is + 24 cm . 214. When light ray goes from one transparent medium
Sol : OD 2015
to another transparent medium, it suffers a change
in direction, into second medium. The extent of the
change in direction suffered by the phenomenon of
change in the path of light rays when going from one
COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS medium to another medium is known as refraction.
Ray is a given pair of media can be expressed in terms
of refractive index. The refractive index is related to
212. A concave mirror forms image of an object thrice in an important physical quantity in the relative speed
its size on a screen. Magnification of a mirror gives
information about the size of the image relative to the
object. It is defined as the ratio of size of image to the
of light in different media. their centres and makes light rays passing through
them spread out. Converging lenses are thicker in
their middle than at this edges and make light rays
passing through them focus at a point. These are
used in spectacles to help people with poor vision see
better. The converging lenses magnify by bending the
rays of light that pass through them to meet at a
point called focus. Thicker the converging lens is at
its centre, the more its magnifies and closer the focus
is to the lens.
(i) Ravi uses two lenses A and B of same size and
same material as shown. P1 and P2 are the powers
of A and B. An object is kept at the same distance
(i) When light goes from one medium to another,
from the lens between F and 2F of each lens on
which of the three parameters, frequency,
the principal axis in turn. Let I 1 and I 2 be the
wavelength, velocity change ?
image formed by two lenses respectively. What is
(ii) A ray of light enters into the glass from air. Does the relation of image distances of both lens ?
it bend towards normal ?
(iii) Light enters from air to glass having refractive
index 1.50. What is the speed of light in the glass?
The speed of light in vacuum is 3 # 108 ms-1 .
(iv) What is the unit of refractive index ?
Sol :
215. Convex mirror is used as a rear view mirror in vehicles.

Since the image of the object formed is small in size,
the field of view is increased. Convex mirror is also (a) Distance of image I 2 will be less than distance
used in street lights to diverge light over a large area. of I 1 from the lens.
(b) Distance of image I 2 will be greater than
distance of I 1 from the lens.
(c) Size of image I 1 will be equal to size I 2 .
(d) Size of image I 2 will be less than size I 2 .
(ii) Write down the relation between the power of lens
of both lenses ?
(iii) Meenakshi uses above two lenses A and B along
with another two lenses C and D, as shown :
(i) In driver’s mirror, what type of image is formed

behind the vehicle ?
(ii) What can you say about field of view of a convex
mirror ?
(iii) A convex mirror is used to form the image of an
object. What is the nature of formed image ? She is able to see the subject matter on the
Sol : black board while sitting in the front row in the
classroom but is unable to see the same matter
while sitting in the last row.
216. Lenses are objects made of transparent materials
Which of the above four lenses will she require to
such as glass or clear plastic that has curved surfaces.
correct the defect in her vision? Why ?
Diverging lenses are thicker at their edges than at
(iv) Natasha places an object on the principal axis
of above given lens A. One end of this object (iii) What is the minimum distance between an object
coincides with the focus F and the other end with and its real image formed by a convex lens ?
Sol :
2F. What will be the nature of the image formed
by the lens on the other side ?
Sol :
218. Study the following table for a convex lens for different
positions of object and answer the following questions:
217. The image formed by a convex lens depends on the
position of the object in front of the lens. When the Position of Position of Relative size of
object is placed anywhere between focus and infinity, object image image
the image formed by convex lens is real and inverted. At infinity At focus F2 Highly
The image is not obtained on the screen why the diminished
object is placed between the focus and the lens. The point sized
distance between the optical centre O of the convex Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and Diminished
lens and the focus point F1 and F2 is its focal length. 2F2
When the object shifts from - 3 to F1 , the image
moves from F2 to + 3. At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size
Between F1 and Beyond 2F2 Enlarged

2F1
At focus F1 At infinity Infinitely
large or highly
enlarged
Between focus On the same Enlarged
F1 and optical side of the lens
When the object shifts from F1 to O, the image moves centre O as the object
- 3 to O.
(i) What is the nature of the image, if an object is
placed at infinity ?
(ii) Identify the nature of the image for which the

object is between focus and optical centre.
(iii) What is position of image, when object is place at
focus (f1) ?
(iv) What is the focal length of a lens for an object
A student did an experiment with a convex lens. He placed 50 cm from the lens producing virtual
put an object at different distances from the lens. In image at a distance of 10 cm in front of the lens.
each case, he measured the distance of the image from (a) 12 cm (b) - 12.5 cm
the lens. The results were recorded in the following (c) 5 cm (d) - 5 cm
table. Sol :
Object distance (in cm) Image distance (in cm)
219. Is there a relationship between the radius of curvature
25 100
R , and focal length f , of a spherical mirror ? For
30 24 spherical mirrors of small apertures, the radius of
40 60 curvature is found to be equal to twice the focal
length. We put this as R = 2f . This implies that
60 30
the principal focus of a spherical mirror lies midway
120 40 between the pole and centre of curvature.
Unfortunately, his results are written in the wrong (i) Write relation between radius of curvature and
order. focal length.
(i) What is the focal length of this lens ? (ii) For which type of mirrors above relation is
verified?
(ii) Rewrite the image distances in the correct order.
(iii) What should be size of the aperture ?
(iv) Where is the principle focus of a spherical mirror lies?

Sol :
220. “Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one

medium to another medium is called refraction of
light.”
When light travels from a rarer medium to a
denser one, it bends towards the normal î > r h and (i) How can you calculate the magnification of a
when travels from a denser medium to a rarer one. it spherical mirror ?
bends away from the normal î < r h . (ii) What does a negative sign in the value of
Where, i = Angle of incidence magnification indicates?
(iii) Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose
and r = Angle of refraction
radius of curvature is 32 cm.
We can see refraction in our daily life, some of the (iv) Why does the height of the object is taken to be
examples are given below : positive?
The bottom of a tank or pond containing water Sol :
appears to be raised due to refraction of light which
takes place when light rays pass from the pool of water 222. Harish is a student of class X. He is very passionate
into the air. The letters appear to be raised when about doing science experiment. Recently, he visited
viewed through a glass slab placed over the document Delhi with his parents to witness science fair. He
because of refraction of light. purchased different types of lenses, mirrors and other
When a light ray enters in a glass slab, then the articles. One day, during games period, a student of
emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it is same class fell down and lips started bleeding. On
shifted sideward slightly. observation, it was found by Physical Education
In this case, refraction takes place twice, first teacher that very fine pieces of glass, difficult to
when ray enters glass slab from air and second when observe, stranded over there. Harish immediately
exits from glass slab to air. rushed to Physics Lab and bought a lens. The bigger
(i) What do you mean by optically rarer and denser image of stranded glass pieces eased the first aid job.
medium ? (i) Name the lens and mirror bought by Harish.
(ii) What is the cause of refraction ? (ii) Draw the ray diagram showing formation of very
(iii) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction through a big image of object by lens. What should be the
glass slab. position of object to get such image ?
Sol :
(iv) Give one example of refraction from our daily
life experience other than the two examples given
above. 223. In a small town fair Amit took his friend and showed
Sol : him a mirror in which his image showed upper half
body very fat and lower body very thin. Amit’s friend
221. While dealing with the reflection of light by spherical got upset but Amit explained him by showing his
mirrors, we shall follow a set of sign conventions similar image in the mirror.
called the New Cartesian Sign Convention. In this (i) Name two mirrors used in this fair shop.
convention, the pole (P) of the mirror is taken as the (ii) Name the mirror in which the size of image is
origin. The principal axis of the mirror is take as the small.
Sol :
x -axis of the coordinate system. In a spherical mirror,
the distance of the object from its pole is called the
object distance û h . The distance of the image from 224. Analyse the following observation table showing
the pole of the mirror is called the image distance variation of image distance (v) with object distance
^v h . Magnification produced by a spherical mirror (u) in case of convex lens and answer the questions
gives the relative extent to which the image of an
object is magnified with respect to the object size. It
is expressed as the ratio of the height of the image to
the height of the object. It is usually represented by
the letter ^m h .
that follow, without doing any calculations.
Object distance u Image distance v

(cm) (cm)
1. - 90 + 18
2. - 60 + 20
3. - 30 + 30
4. - 20 + 60
5. - 18 + 90
6. - 10 + 100
(i) What is the focal length of the convex lens ? Give
reason in support of your answer.
(ii) Write the serial number of that observation
which is not correct. How did you arrive at this
conclusion ?
(iii) Take an appropriate scale to draw ray diagram
for the observation at S. No. 4 and find the
approximate value of magnification.
Sol : Foreign 2012
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Page 190 Light Reflection and Refraction Chap 10

3.1 Real and Virtual Images

Position Position of Relative Nature of

the face. They are used as reflectors in torches, 7. LINEAR MAGNIFICATION

Along a direction perpendicular to principal 9. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MEDIUM

1 =1+1 +1 + 4. A 10 mm long alpin is placed vertically in front of

2. Under which of the following conditions a concave

(a) A rectangular glass slab

12. In torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles the

13. In which of the following, the image of an object

(a) A (b) B (a) Fig. A (b) Fig. B

17. Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the

(C) m against n (r)

(D) (m + 1) against n (s)

(a) Fig. A (b) Fig. B A B C D

22. In the following columns, the position of an object is

Column I Column II (D) (s) Image at infinity

(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.

For solutions download NODIA app.

45. What is virtual image ?

47. When a ray is made incident normal to the plane,

48. Write the mirror formula.

49. Write the formula of magnification.

66. In which direction, the ray of light bends as it travels

52. Can a virtual image be screened ? 67. What is the value of 1 n2 # 2 n1 ?

71. What is meant by magnification in the context of

73. What are the values of angle of incidence and angle of

87. What is the minimum distance between an object and

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

88. What are the properties of the image formed by a

90. Name the type of mirror used in a solar furnace. How

80. Name the type of mirror which always forms a virtual

93. Where should an object be placed in front of a concave

94. How do we distinguish a medium to be rarer or denser?

95. State Snell’s Law.

Sol : Comp 2010

97. When does a convex lens form

98. State laws of refraction of light.

100. What is meant by refractive index ? If the speed of

101. One portion of a convex lens is covered as shown.

107. An object is 2 m away from a lens, which forms an erect

108. Two lenses of power - 2.5 D and + 1.5 D are placed

102. The given diagram shows an object O and its image

111. (i) Name the spherical mirror used as :

113. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from

114. An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex Sol : Foreign 2012

lens of focal lengths 20 cm. List four observations

123. Differentiate a real image from a virtual image giving

(nature, position, etc.) of the image formed by the

126. A concave mirror is known as a converging mirror

the speed of light in (i) vacuum, (ii) water.

128. The refractive index of a medium x with respect to

(b) Draw a ray diagram to illustrate the formation of

138. The diagram given below shows an object O and its

131. We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using

be the range of distance of the object from the mirror?

143. (a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the refraction of

146. What is lateral displacement? State two factors on

For solutions download NODIA app.

155. Draw labelled ray diagrams to show the formation of