Geography grade 10
Geography grade 10
Geography grade 10
Climate
Climate zones
Weather: the condition of atmosphere of a particular place for a short period of time. For
example sunny rainy stormy
Climate: the average weather condition of a place for a long period of time
Highland climate
Coastal climate
Area= southern coastal strip balochistan and Sindh coast (indus delta, Karachi, makhran coast)
Summer= warm
Winter= mild
Precipitation= balochistan (In winter western depression) Sindh ( secondary monsoon rains)
The maritime influence keeps the daily temperature relatively low
Maritime influence is the effect ocean has on the climate
Arid climate
Climate elements
Temperature
Rainfall
Also known as south west monsoon and winter monsoon winds are called north east monsoons.
In summers sun heats ip the tropical continent more faster than the ocean
Warm air rises creating low pressure areas. It attracts cool moist air from sea bringing man
monsoon winds which blow from the bay of Bengal
After crossing Bangladesh and north india the tail end enters northern pakistan
These winds normally begin in june and cause heavy rainfall in northern Punjab.
Effectiveness of monsoon winds
It varies in amount timing and disturbution that is why monsoon rainfall is limited value to
agriculture.
Monsoon rainfall in heavy showers are not useful for the crops because the land doesn’t absorb
the rain water.
Most of monsoon rainfall drains away causing floods in low lying areas.
But the river indus and its tributaries help to store extra water during rainy season that can be
later utilized in the dry season.
This rainfall occurs during high temperatures conditions from June to September which results
in evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration is when the water turns into vapor and releases into air from plants and
trees.
Advantage of it is that it creates a cooling effect and plants growth is also depended on it. Also
the water cycle also keeps on moving because of it
Disadvantage is that too much of it can lead to water loss and need to irrigation to ensure crop
growth
Crop planning is also difficult as amount and timing is fluctuating
It is more effective because it comes in light showers that continues for everal days
It is insufficient and unreliable and only occurs in the western and northern region.
Coastal and southern pakistan have to depend on monsoon rainfall.
Advantages:
Supplies water of HEP
Barani crops in northern pakistan depend on winter rains
It is more effective because it comes in light showers that continues for several days
snow fall forms glaciers in karakoram hindu kash and Himalayas that feed the Indus system
Disadvantages :
Snowfall lowers temperature making cultivation impossible
Transportation gets blocked causes damage to environment in form of avalanches
Convectional currents
In the summer the earth surface heats up the warm air rises then cools and then condenses.
Because of this it starts raining heavily with thunder and lightning with strong winds for a short
time.
Only northern and north western pakistan receives convectional currents.
Southern pakistan is deprived of convectional currents due to the temperature inversion layer
The temperature inversion layer: prohibits the warm air to reach the condensation level
because of the criss cross pattern of winds and that’s why Karachi and adjoining areas don’t get
convectional currents
Relief rainfall
Tropical cyclone
Highland zone
Farming isn’t possible. People are involved in indoor activities like carpet weaving
Transhumance is also practiced (moving flocks upto the cooler highlands in summer and
returning to the plains in winter)
Many people lead a nomadic life meaning they move from one place to another and don’t stay
at one place for a long time.
In extreme north many areas are inaccessible due to landslides and heavy snowfall hampering
transport link
Job opportunities are also limited and economic activities are hard to carry out
Western highlands and barren mountain of balochistan are sparsely populated due to harsh
weather conditions.
There is a lack of water discourages human settlement
Crop cultivation is also difficult
Arid zone
Low annual rainfall
Very hot during summers
Its very deficient in moisture and very extreme temperature this its not ideal for habitation or
cultivation
Most people are nomads and move with their animals in search of food and water,
Due to scanty rainfall and excessive evapotranspiration a unique system of underground
irrigation karez is practiced.
Karez is a narrow subterranean canal which starts from the base of the hills and mountains
where subsoil water is present. On reaching the surface it irrigates the orchads and fields many
of which are sheltered by date palms.
This method prevents the water from being evaporated by the heat of the sun or absorbed by
the land.
Highlands of balochistan have cold and dry climate
Winter rains from depression are suitable for growing fruits like grapes apples peaches and
melon.
Other crops are millet wheat and barley.
Desert covers almost all of Sindh and southern Punjab.
The area receives only 100mm annual rainfall.
In such extreme heat and low precitipation crop cultivation isn’t possible
But areas have been reclaimed thorugh farming by constructing perennial canals to irrigate the
western part of southern Punjab. Rice wheat cotton and oilseeds are cultivated
Rest of thar desert is barren desert.
The people have to wear thick clothes to protect themselves from hot winds and also turbans.
They move from one place to another in search of water for themselves and their cattles.
Coastal zone
Pakistan has delta coastline in Sindh and hilly makran coast in balochistan
Karachi thatta badin Important for Sindh coast
And ormara gwadar and pasni in makran coast
Karachi has mild climate with low average percitipation and mostly occurs in july august
monsoon rains
Winters are mild
Summers are hot
There is humidity but the cool sea breeze relieves the heat
Winter months are the best time to visit Karachi and tourist visit in these months
Makran coast is dry and hot
The oceanic influence keeps the temperature lower than inland areas.
Rainfall below 250mm
Low precitipation causes a water problem in gwadar. Water is provided through reservoirs
dependent on rain.
Moderate climate allows trade activities to occur throughout the year
Sindh coast economic activities also occur throughout the year.
Farming is possible all year
Seaports are open all year to carry international trade
Road and railway transport links are avalibale always
Air flights are rarely cancelled .
All types of industry ranging from cottage and small scale to large scale are operational all year
But tropical cyclones can cause flooding damaging infrastructure
Fishing is nearly impossible in rough seas thus fishing communities suffer economic losses due to
tropical cyclone.
River floods
Reasons of flooding
Benefits of flood
Bring nutrients to the land and contribute to the health of indus delta also known as wet land
Spread a layer of alluvium which increases fertility of land
Allowing river to overflow naturally can prevent more serious flooding downstreams
Fish production increases in the Arabian sea due to nutrients in indus delta
Recharge water supplies
Agricultural development
Agriculture: is a primary industry concerned with obtaining raw materials from the ground for
immediate consumption or further processing
Inputs
Natural
land
soil
climate
water
human / economic
capital
machines
fertilizers labor
knowledge
land ownership
traditions
irrigation
pesticides
Processes
Ploughing by Bullocks Rice
Ploughing: turn up the earth of (an area of land) with a plough, especially before sowing.
Soil Sowing by Labor
Climate Irrigation by Traditional methods Maize
Water Fertilizing by Natural Manure Vegetables
Natural Manure Weeding by Labor
Draft Power Threshing by Labors
It involves growing crops and raising livestock primarily for personal or family consumption
It produces food and raw material for themselves and people who work for them.
Any surplus for sale is a bonus.
Most small scale farmers have difficulty in earning a living due to less income.
They depend on nature.
Cash crop farming
Is farming where the crop is grown for sale and to maximize profit
Kharif crop: sown in summer (april – may) harvested in winters (oct – nov) (summer crop)
Rahila sowed many many crops
Rice sugarcane millet maize cotton
Rabi crops: sown in winters (oct-now) and harvested in summers (april – may) (winter crop)
When bob goes out playing
Wheat barley groms oilseeds pulses
Explain how to human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash crop
farming system you should develop your answer? /4
the use of machinery lie tractors can increase production by plughing at a much faster speed
and it can also multitask when combined with harvesting. Skilled labor can be hired which could
increase efficiency meaning increase which could also help in the decrease in scarcity of food
Wheat
rabi crop
temperature: 20 to 30 degree Celsius needs 120 days to grow with moist weather
rainfall: moderate rainfall
soil: moderately stiff loamy and clayey land must be well drained
cultivation:
barani farming is the farming which depends on rainfall for cultivation
wheat doesn’t need a lot of water
the land is irrigated twice
one month after sowing and again one month before harvesting
Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small scale subsistence farming? /4
Women fetch water from the wall for preparing meals and irrigation they also work on the fields
during harvesting time. During the harvest season if the crops are more in number then
unskilled labor is hired on low wages. Ploughing is done by a traditional wooden plough driven
by draught power provided by animals like cow. Deri seeds are also sown naturally by the family
member
Seeds: high yielding varities, maxi pak and deri seeds
Rice
kharif crop
Temperature: 20 to 30 degree Celsius no cold season
Rainfall: heavy rainfall of 1270mm but over 2000mm is ideal
Requires plenty of rainfall during the 4-6 months growing period and sunny harvest time
Soil: loamy or clayey. Impervious sub soil layer
Cultivation: rice seeds are initially sown into beds or nurseries
When the plants are about 23cm high they are transplanted into prepared fields.
The fields have been flooded to a depth of 30.37cm.
The water is then drained off for harvesting to begin.
Threshing of rice can be done by people draught animal or by machine.
After threshing rice is taken to rice mills for polishing and packing
By product: rice husk may be used for making cardboard or mix with mud and water and used
to cover roots or houses.
Variety of rice seeds:
Irri pak (international rice research institute)
High quality basmati rice
Cotton
Sugarcane
Other crops
Maize
Millet
Pulses
Oilseeds
Extracted from seeds like sunflower seeds soyabean rape seeds mustard sarse rai seame castor
seeds
However production of oil seeds is not sufficient to cater the local requirement
Only 30% of the demand is met through local production but 70% is being imported
Tobacco
More than 60% of pakistans tobacco is grown in kpk sawat mardan charsada manshera district.
It is also grown in Punjab main tobacco growing districts are sahi wai ranjanpur tobatek Singh
Faisalabad and jhang
Nomadic:
They move from place to place along with their animals in search of food and water
They rear sheep goat and camel
Sheep and goat provide them with milk and meat and camel is used to load their belonging.
When they find a grazing ground of water they settle there for weeks to allow the animals to get
fodder and water
Transhumance:
Animals are kept in pastries high in the mountains in summers and brought down to lower
pastures in winters
Pastoral farming = livestock
Arable farming = crop
Animals: goat sheep cattle yak dzo (cross between cattle and yak)
Output: meat diary products and wool
Subsistence farming: animals are reared by the people who consume them
Areas: villages of Punjab and Sindh
Commercial farming:
Cattle
Buffalos
Poultry