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    Chain of Infection

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    Chain of Infection

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    2 views14 pages

    Chain of Infection

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    naga mani

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    MICRO-TEACHING

    ON
    CHAIN OF INFECTION

    SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

    Mrs. Leena Shalini Madam Mrs.P.Lavanya

    Lecturer M.Sc Nursing 1st Year

    Govt.College of Nursing Govt.College of Nursing

    Somajiguda Somajiguda.
    OBJECTIVES

    General Objectives:

    By the end of the session the students will be able to gain in-depth knowledge
    regarding chain of infection.

    Specific Objectives:

     Define the chain of infection


     Explain standard precautions
     Explain what is chain of infection
     Discuss the chain of infection cycle
     Enlist the signs of infection
     Explain breaking of infectious cycle
     Discuss the role of nurse in chain of infection
    STUDENT BIO-DATA

    Name Of The Student : P.Lavanya


    Course : M.Sc (N) 1st Year
    Name Of The Subject : Nursing Education
    Topic : Chain Of Infection
    Method Of Teaching : Lecture Method
    Group : M.Sc (N) 1st Year
    Date : /07/2024
    Place : M.Sc Nursing 1st Year Classroom
    Duration : 20min
    Name Of The Supervisor : Mrs.Leena Shalini Madam
    CHAIN OF INFECTION

    INTRODUCTION

    Micro-organisms are for normal body functions. Some organisms produce food &
    maintain normal planet’s ecology. The moment harmony is upset, micro organisms are
    capable of producing diseases. An infection occurs when a disease-causing organism
    enters the body and starts to multiply when they come in contact with favorable
    environment.

    WHAT IS AN INFECTION?

    An infection is when germs, bacteria, or microorganisms invade and grow in the


    body. The common cold, flu, strep throat, pneumonia, and UTI are all examples of
    infection. Infections can be categorized into four groups: viral, bacterial, parasitic, and
    fungal. A viral infection is caused by a virus that harms or kills cells in the body. They
    are often fought with antiviral medications or vaccinations. A bacterial infection is
    caused by bacteria that infiltrate the body through scrapes, wounds, the nose, or the
    mouth. Antibiotics are often used to treat this type of infection. Parasitic infection is often
    caused by parasites in water. This type of infection does the most harm to people who
    suffer from malnutrition. Hydration is the first step in treating this type of infection.
    A fungal infection is often spread via rotting plants or feces. A fungal infection is rarely
    deadly and can typically be treated with anti-fungal medications.

    KEY WORDS :

     Infection It is lodgment & multiplication of microorganism in the body.


     It is freedom from infection or prevention of contact with microbes.
     It is transfer of new infection from another host or external environment.
    DEFINITION

    How do viruses pass from one person to the next? When one child has a cold at
    school, why is the rest of the class likely to come down with one the next week? Let's
    explore how infection gets from one place to another, or the chain of infection.

    Chain of infection is a process of infection that begins when an agent leave its
    reservoir through portal of exit & is conveyed by mode of transmission then enters
    through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.

    STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
    How do these elements work together to create a Healthcare Acquired Infection
    (HAI)? Infectious agents (germs) transmitted during healthcare are primarily from human
    beings, but inanimate environmental sources also are implicated in transmission. Human
    reservoirs (where germs reside) include patients, healthcare personnel, household
    members, and other visitors. These individuals may have active infections or may be in
    the asymptomatic (having no symptoms) and/or incubation period of an infectious
    disease

    CHAIN OF INFECTION CYCLE


    INFECTIOUS AGENT OR CAUSATIVE AGENT
    These are any microorganism that can cause a disease such as a bacteria, virus,
    parasite, or fungus. Reasons that the organism will cause an infection are virulence
    (ability to multiply and grow), invasiveness (ability to enter tissue), and pathogenicity
    (ability to cause disease).
     Any organism is capable of causing infection if all the links/components are
    present.
     Bacteria are present inside us, on us and around us in our environment.
     Resident Flora- Bacteria present inside us. Helps in digestion of food.
    ( Unharmful)
     Transient Flora- Bacteria which we get from environment. Air, Drinking
    Water, food, Harmful Get Activated Dust, clothes etc. when meet favorable
    environment.
    VIRUSES: Respiratory infections- influenza, cold etc.
    • GI infections- norovirus.
    • Others- HIV, Hepatitis etc.
    PARASITES • Present in environment.
    • Affects people with weak immune system.
    • Example- Malaria, Tape worm infection etc.

    RESERVIOR :
    It is the place where the microorganism resides, thrives, and reproduces, i.e., food,
    water, toilet seat, elevator buttons, human feces, respiratory secretions etc.
    PORTAL OF EXIT:
    It is the place where the microorganism leaves the reservoir, such as the
    respiratory tract (nose, mouth), intestinal tract (rectum via stool), urinary tract, or blood
    and other body fluids.

    MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
    Mode of transmission is the means by which an organism transfers from one
    carrier to another by either direct transmission or indirect transmission.

    CONTACT TRANSMISSION- DIRECT & INDIRECT Contact transmission is the


    most common route of transmission of organisms in health care settings.
    Direct transmission indirect transmission contaminated articles

    DROPLET TRANSMISSION
    Droplets should come in contact with mucus membrane directly or indirectly through
    sneezing, coughing ,talking etc. Examples of droplet transmission include influenza,
    meningitis etc.

    AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
    There are three common diseases that are transmitted through the airborne route; chicken
    pox (varicella), tuberculosis, and measles.
    VECTOR TRANSMISSION
    Vector transmission occurs when an insect or animal transmits disease to humans. e.g.
    Malaria and Dengue fever etc.

    PORTAL OF ENTRY:
    The opening where an infectious disease enters the host’s body such as mucus
    membranes, open wounds, or tubes inserted in body cavities like urinary catheters or
    feeding tubes.

    SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
    It is a person who is at risk for developing an infection from the disease. Factors include
    young people and elderly people, chronic diseases such as diabetes or asthma, conditions
    that weaken the immune system like HIV, certain types of medications, invasive devices
    like feeding tubes, and malnutrition.
    SIGNS OF AN INFECTION

    There is a wide range of symptoms caused by infection. It can range from no signs
    at all, all the way to death, and everything in between. The most common signs of
    infection are fevers, headaches, chills, sore throats, congestion, shortness of breath, and a
    stiff neck. The reason a fever is the most common symptom is that it is the body's natural
    way of fighting the disease. A high body temperature can slow down the infection and
    ultimately kill the virus or bacteria. Here is a list of possible signs of infection.

     Fever
     Headache
     Chills
     Sore throat
     Shortness of breath
     Stiff neck
     Cough
     Sweats
     Swollen lymph nodes
     Pain/ swelling of the infected area

    BREAKING OF INFECTIOUS CYCLE

    1. Control or elimination of infectious agent


     Cleaning, disinfection & sterilization of contaminated objects significantly reduce
    & often eliminate microorganism. It includes 4 steps-
     Cleaning- It is removal of all soil from object & surface.
     Asepsis- It is absence of pathogenic microorganism. It is of 2 types medical &
    surgical asepsis.
     Disinfection- It is process of killing microorganisms, spores are not involved.
     Sterilization- It is process of killing microorganisms & their spores.
     Clean contaminated objects (reduces the number of organisms).
     Perform disinfection and sterilization (kills or inactivates organisms).
     Use antiseptics to inhibit growth.  Use antiseptic agents/ antimicrobial agents.
    2. Control or elimination of reservoir
    It includes following measures-
     Eliminate sources of body fluids and drainage.
     Bathe with soap and water.
     Change soiled dressings.
     Remove standing water on bedside tables.
     Cover bottles of used solutions.
     Maintain patency of surgical wound drains.
     Empty and rinse suction bottles.
     Empty drainage bags every shift.
     Place syringes and uncapped needles in moisture-resistant, puncture- proof
    containers.
     Limit contact with persons with infection or exposed to infection.

    CONTROL OF PORTAL OF EXIT


     Cover the mouth and nose with tissue, when coughing and sneezing.
     Dispose the used tissue in the garbage can, immediately after use
     Use all personal protective equipment while taking care of patient

    CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION
     Reduce microorganisms spread.
     Wash hands.
     Use personal set of care items for each client.
     Avoid shaking bed linens or clothes.
     Discard any item that touches the floor.

    CONTROL OF PORTAL OF ENTRY


     Skin and mucous membranes - Maintain skin and mucous membrane integrity.
    Use proper hygiene measures.
     Clean wound sites thoroughly. Dispose of used needles in proper receptacles.
     Urinary - Keep all drainage systems closed and intact.
     Discard facial tissues, wound dressings, and other body excreta without touching.

    PROTECTION OF SUSCEPTIBLE HOST


     Provide adequate nutrition.
     Ensure adequate rest.
     Promote body defenses against infection.
     Provide immunizations.
     Maintenance of hygiene.
     Use of personal protective equipment like gloves, gown, Shoe cover, masks & cap.
    ROLE OF NURSE
    Nurses play an important role in preventing the spread of infection They
    recognize signs of infection and educate patients about the treatment of their
    infection. Nurses are positioned to recognize symptoms of new or reemerging infectious
    diseases, track symptoms, refer patients, and educate them about disease transmission and
    how to protect themselves and others. During infectious disease outbreaks, the role of
    nurses is to lead the way in providing safe, effective care.
    In addition to recognizing signs of infection and educating clients about the
    treatment of their infection, nurses also play an important role in preventing the spread of
    infection. A cyclic process known as the chain of infection describes the transmission of
    an infection. By implementing interventions to break one or more links in the chain of
    infection, the spread of infection can be stopped.
    SUMMARY

    Chain of infection is a process in which favorable condition is required for its


    growth &transfer. The presence of pathogen doesn’t mean that an infection will occur.
    There are 6 steps in chain of infection cycle if we are taking certain steps to break the
    cycle, infection can be prevented. Use of aseptic techniques, hand washing , proper
    nutrition, immunization, maintaining hygiene, waste management, Sterilization, use of
    personal protective equipments like gloves, gowns, masks, shoe cover, cap can prevent
    infectious process & break the cycle of infection.
    CONCLUSION

    As a nurses it is important to know the chain of infection and control of infection


    when it is known regarding how to break the chain of infection it is to control the
    infection in hospital and community.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    1. Basavanthappa BT A text book of “Nursing education” published by Jaypee


    publications 1st edition.
    2. Deepk Chandra A text book of “Nursing education” Published by jaypee
    publications 2nd edition
    3. http://www.chainofinfection.com
    4. http://slideshare//.nursingeducation.com

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