2

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 5

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HFHQW'HYHORSPHQWVLQ&RQWURO$XWRPDWLRQ 3RZHU(QJLQHHULQJ 5'&$3(

&ULWLFDO,QWLPDWLRQ6\VWHPIRU$YRLGLQJ$FFLGHQWV
LQ+DLUSLQ&XUYHVDQG%HQGV
2021 4th International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation & Power Engineering (RDCAPE) | 978-1-6654-1429-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/RDCAPE52977.2021.9633737

3 0DKHVKD &KDLWKUD-3
'HSDUWPHQWRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ 'HSDUWPHQWRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ
6-&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ-666FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\ 6-&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ-666FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\
8QLYHUVLW\0\VRUH,QGLD 8QLYHUVLW\0\VRUH,QGLD
PDKHVKVMFH#\DKRRFRP FKDLWKUDMSUDNDVK#JPDLOFRP

Abstract- 5RDGDFFLGHQWVDUHRQHRIWKHFUXFLDOFRQFHUQVRID ,PDJH 3URFHVVLQJ LV D WHFKQLTXHZKLFKGRHV WKH ORJLFDO


QDWLRQVLQFHDOPRVWPLOOLRQSHRSOHGLHLQURDGDFFLGHQWVDFURVV RSHUDWLRQ RQ WKH LPDJHV XQWLO ZH JHW WKH ILQDO RXWSXW 7KH
WKHZRUOG>@0RVWO\WKHURDGDFFLGHQWVDUHFDXVHGGXHWRWKH ORJLFDORSHUDWLRQLQFOXGHVGLIIHUHQWWHFKQLTXHV7KHRXWSXWRI
RYHU VSHHGLQJ RI WKH YHKLFOHV SRRU URDG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG SURFHVVHGLPDJHZLOOEHDQLPDJHRUH[WUDFWHGIHDWXUHVRIWKH
VRPHWLPHV ZKHQ GULYHU LV EOLQGVLGHG DERXW YHKLFOHV LQ WKH LPDJHDQGLWLVXVHGIRUPDNLQJEHWWHUGHFLVLRQ
RSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQGHHSFXUYHV7KHVHGHHSFXUYHV
DUHFDOOHGDVWKHKDLUSLQFXUYHV,WLVHVVHQWLDOWRDGGUHVVVDIHW\ $QLPDJHFDQEHDGGUHVVHGDV'LPDJHZKHUH[DQG\
LQURDGE\SURYLQJVDIHULQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUW DUHWKHIXQFWLRQRIFRRUGLQDWHV,QWHQVLW\RIDQLPDJHIRU[\
2XUSURSRVHGZRUNLVDERXWDOHUWLQJGULYHUVDERXWYHKLFOHVIURP SRLQWVLVDPSOLWXGHRI),I[DQG\WKHYDOXHRIDPSOLWXGHLV
WKH RWKHU VLGH RI ODQH E\ SURYLGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU DYRLGLQJ OLPLWHGWKHQLWLVDGLJLWDOLPDJH,PDJHVDUHZLWKURZVDQG
DFFLGHQWVLQKDLUSLQFXUYHVDQGEHQGV%\GRLQJWKLVWKHGULYHUV FROXPQV7KHPDLQHOHPHQWRIDQLPDJHLVSL[HOVWKDWFRQWDLQ
ZRXOG KDYH NQRZOHGJH RI NLQG RI YHKLFOHV DSSURDFKLQJ IURP LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWFRORUDQGLQWHQVLW\ZKHUH'LPDJHVDUH
RWKHUVLGHVRWKHWXUQLQJDWEHQGVFDQEHHDV\DQGVDIHU7KLV DUUDQJHGLQWKHIRUPRIDPDWUL[>@
ZLOOPDMRUO\KHOSLQSUHYHQWLQJDFFLGHQWVDQGWUDYHOLQJDFURVV
KLOOVDQGPRXQWDLQVZLOOEHOHVVIHDUIXO,QWKLVZRUNZHKDYH 7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRILPDJHV
DWWHPSWHG WR VROYH WKH SUREOHP DW KDLUSLQ FXUYHV E\
LPSOHPHQWLQJ ,PDJH SURFHVVLQJ DQG 0DFKLQH OHDUQLQJ
 5*% LPDJH 7KH ' LPDJH FRQVLVWV RI WKUHH FKDQQHOV
WHFKQLTXHV 7KH V\VWHP SUHSDUHV LQSXW GDWD XVLQJ LPDJH WKDWDUH5HG*UHHQDQG%OXH
SUHSURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DQG PDNHV XVH RI &RQYROXWLRQDO  *UD\VFDOH LPDJH 7KH JUD\VFDOH LPDJH FRQWDLQV VRPH
1HXUDO 1HWZRUN &11  IRU GHWHFWLQJ YHKLFOHV 7KHQ WKH VKDGHVRIEODFNDQGZKLWHLWLVDVLQJOHFKDQQHO
SURSRVHG V\VWHP ZLOO JLYH ZDUQLQJV WR GULYHUV LQ WKH IRUP RI
QRWLILFDWLRQV 0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ PDNHV FRPSXWHU V\VWHPV WR IXQFWLRQ
ZHOO ZLWKRXW H[SOLFLW LQVWUXFWLRQ RU KXPDQ LQWHUYHQH XVLQJ
Keywords— Ghats Section, Road Safety, Accidents, Image DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH 7R DFKLHYH WKLV 0DFKLQH OHDUQLQJ
Processing, Machine learning. DOJRULWKPV DUH XVHG ZKLFK DUH VWDWLVWLFDO PRGHOV WKDW ZLOO
DQDO\]HDQGGUDZSDWWHUQVIURPLQSXWGDWD
, ,1752'8&7,21
$PDFKLQHOHDUQLQJDOJRULWKPGRHVWKHGDWDDQDO\VLVDQG
1RZDGD\VZHNQRZWKDWQXPEHURIYHKLFOHVLVLQFUHDVLQJ
DXWRPDWLRQ%DVHGRQLQSXWGDWDIHGWRDOJRULWKPVPDFKLQH
RQURDGLPPHDVXUDEO\7KLVUHVXOWVLQWRPDQ\W\SHVRIURDG
OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKPV DUH FODVVLILHG DV 6XSHUYLVHG DQG
DFFLGHQWV DQG WUDIILF MDP +HQFH ORW RI UHVHDUFK LV GRQH RQ
8QVXSHUYLVHGDOJRULWKPV
LPSURYLQJURDGVDIHW\DSSOLFDWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHLQUHJLRQVRI
,QGLD WKH DFFLGHQWV DUH PRUH GXH WR WKH EDGO\ GHYHORSHG  6XSHUYLVHG DOJRULWKPV 7KHVH DOJRULWKPV DUH VXE
QDWLRQDO KLJKZD\V TXLFN EHQGV DQG VRPH WHUULEOH KD]DUG FDWHJRU\ RI 'HHS OHDUQLQJ DQG $UWLILFLDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH
]RQHV 5RDG DFFLGHQWV DUH LQFUHDVLQJ GD\ E\ GD\ WUDIILF 7KH\ XVH WKH ODEHOHG GDWDVHW DV LQSXW WR WUDLQ WKH
PDQDJHPHQW DQG DFFLGHQW SUHYHQWLRQ NQRZOHGJH LV ODJJLQJ DOJRULWKP DQG SUHGLFW WKH RXWFRPH EDVHG RQ WKH LQSXW
IDUEHKLQG SURYLGHG>@
 8QVXSHUYLVHG DOJRULWKPV 7KHVH DOJRULWKPV DUH XVHG
,QDQ\VFHQDULRSUHYHQWLRQLVDOZD\VEHWWHUWKDQFXUH7KH ZKHQWKHGDWDDUHQRWNQRZQ6RWKHDOJRULWKPLWVHOIZLOO
SUHYHQWLRQ PHDVXUHVDUH WDNHQIRUDYRLGLQJWKH DFFLGHQWV LQ ODEHO GDWD XVLQJ WKH GDWD SRLQWV FRQWDLQHG ZLWKLQ LW
WKHJKDW VHFWLRQE\XVLQJ GHWHFWLRQDQG DOHUW V\VWHP VRRXU ZLWKRXWKDYLQJDQ\H[WHUQDOLQVWUXFWLRQV
SURSRVHGV\VWHPFRPHVXQGHUWKHSUHYHQWLRQPHDVXUHV  5HLQIRUFHPHQW DOJRULWKPV 7KHVH DUH WKH DOJRULWKPV
WKDW ZLOO LQWHUDFW ZLWK VXUURXQGLQJ HQYLURQPHQW DQG
*KDWURDGVDUHYHU\GDQJHURXVURDGVFRPSDUHGWRRUGLQDU\ SURGXFHVDFWLRQVDQGGHWHFWVHUURUV
URDGV6RDFFLGHQWVDUHPRUHLQKLOO\DUHDVEHFDXVHRIVKDUS 2XUDLPLVWRGHYHORSDV\VWHPZKLFKZLOOKHOSWRGHWHFW
EHQGVLPSURSHUFKDPEHUHWF7KLVUHVXOWVLQLQMXU\DQGGHDWK WKH YHKLFOHV JLYHV WKH FRXQW RI YHKLFOHV DQG ZLOO JLYH
'ULYHUVDUHXQDEOHWRVHHWKHYHKLFOHVIURPRWKHUVLGHODQHWKLV ZDUQLQJVWRGULYHUV7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHVRIRXUV\VWHPDUH
LVDOVRDQRWKHUUHDVRQIRUDFFLGHQWV6XGGHQO\LIWZRYHKLFOHV
FRPHIDFHWRIDFHWKHFKDQFHRIDFFLGHQWLVPRUH$WQLJKW  'HWHFWLRQRIYHKLFOHV
GXH WR ODFN RI VWUHHWOLJKWV LW¶OO EH GLIILFXOW IRU WKH GULYHUV  'LVSOD\VWKH&RXQWRIYHKLFOHVSUHVHQW
GULYLQJLQWKHKLOO\DUHDVDQGPDLQO\ZKLOHWDNLQJDWXUQ  $OHUWGULYHUVZLWKDEX]]HUVRXQGZKHQYHKLFOHVDUH
GHWHFWHG

‹,((( 
Authorized licensed use limited to: Bahria University. Downloaded on December 14,2023 at 04:08:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HFHQW'HYHORSPHQWVLQ&RQWURO$XWRPDWLRQ 3RZHU(QJLQHHULQJ 5'&$3(

,, /,7(5$785(6859(<

7KHUH LV ORW RI UHVHDUFK ZRUN DYDLODEOH RQ 'HWHFWLQJ


YHKLFOHVDQGDOHUWLQJV\VWHP,QRQHRIWKHHDUO\UHVHDUFKSDSHU
E\565DNXOHWDO>@DXWKRUVKDYHSURSRVHGDV\VWHPWR
DYHUW FROOLVLRQV EHWZHHQ YHKLFOHV LQ WKH VKRUW FRUQHUV DQG
KDLUSLQFXUYHVE\DOHUWLQJWKHGULYHUV
7KH\ KDYH PDGH XVH RI XOWUDVRQLF VHQVRU DQG RWKHU
HPEHGGHGV\VWHPV7KH\KDYHUHSODFHGWKHPLUURUVHWXSLQKLOO
DUHDV E\ SODFLQJ XOWUDVRQLF VHQVRUV 3URJUDPPLQJ FRGH
LPSOHPHQWHGLQWKH$UGXLQRFRQWUROOHU
7KHUH LV VRPH UHVHDUFK ZRUN DYDLODEOH RQ $FFLGHQW
SUHYHQWLRQV\VWHP,QWKHUHVHDUFKSDSHUE\$UDYLQGD%HWDO
>@ WKH\ KDYH LPSOHPHQWHG WKHLU ZRUN E\ NHHSLQJ DQ
XOWUDVRQLFVHQVRUDQG/('OLJKWDWWKHFXUYHVVRWKDWLIYHKLFOH
FRPHVIURPRQHHQGRIWKHFXUY\URDGWKHVHQVRUVHQVHVDQG )LJXUH$UFKLWHFWXUDO'LDJUDPRIWKH3URSRVHG6\VWHP
/('OLJKWJORZVDWWKHFXUYHV%\VHHLQJDWWKHOLJKWRQDQG
RIIGULYHUVFDQVORZGRZQWKHYHKLFOHV
 'DWD&ROOHFWLRQ
$QRWKHU UHVHDUFK ZRUN JLYHV XV DQ LGHD RI DYRLGLQJ
DFFLGHQWVLQKDLUSLQFXUYH,QWKLVUHVHDUFKZRUNE\+DUVKDGD 7KH 'DWD &ROOHFWLRQ KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW E\ XVLQJ WKH
7DUJHHWDO>@WKH\KDYHGLVFXVVHGWKHLULGHDRQLPSURYLQJ YLGHRVGDWDVHW:HKDYHFROOHFWHGUHDOWLPHWUDIILFGDWDVHWLQ
URDG VDIHW\ LQ JKDW DUHDV 7KLV WHFKQLTXH FRQVLVWV RI WKDWYLGHRVDUHIURP<RX7XEH>@>@DQGDQRWKHUYLGHRV
LQVWDOODWLRQRI&&79FDPHUDDQG/&'VFUHHQIRUGLVSOD\LQJ DUHFDSWXUHGE\FDPHUD
WKHYHKLFOHVDQGWKHFRXQWRIWKHYHKLFOHVZKLFKDUHFDSWXUHG
IURP &&79 FDPHUD 7KLV WHFKQLTXH KHOSV LQ UHGXFLQJ ,QSXWGDWDDUHRIPLQLPXPVHFYLGHRDQGHDFKRQHRI
DFFLGHQWVLQWKHKDLUSLQFXUYHVDQGEHQGV WKHPLVGLYLGHGLQWRVLQJOHIUDPHV7KHQHDFKIUDPHLVJLYHQ
DVWKHLQSXWWRWKHLPDJHSURFHVVLQJDOJRULWKPDQGVRPH&11
5HVHDUFKHUV 5DQJD 6UHHGKDU *DOOD KDYH SUHVHQWHG WKHLU SUHWUDLQHGGDWDVHWYLGHRIUDPHVDUHJLYHQDVWKHLQSXWWRWKH
UHVHDUFKRQWKHXQSUHGLFWDEOHDFFLGHQWVDWQLJKWWLPHGXHWR DOJRULWKP7KHVDPSOHUHDOWLPHWUDIILFYLGHRGDWDVHWLVVKRZQ
LQWHQVLW\RIWKHOLJKWDOVRIURPFXUY\VOLSSHU\PRXQWDLQURDGV LQWKHILJXUH
DQGRSSRVLWHVLGHRIWKHYHKLFOHVZKLFKWRRNPDQ\OLYHV7KH
LGHDLVWRSURYLGHWKHVROXWLRQE\IL[LQJWKHXOWUDVRQLFVHQVRU
DWDQRSSRVLWHVLGHRIWKHURDGEHIRUHWKHFXUYHWRLQGLFDWHDQ
DOHUWE\VHQVLQJWKH/('OLJKW>@ 7KHXOWLPDWHJRDORI WKH
SDSHULVWRGLVFRYHUWKHLVVXHVZKLFKFDXVHWKHDFFLGHQWVLQWKH
FXUY\DQGVOLSSHU\URDGV
,QDVXUYH\SDSHUE\*UHHVKPDHWDO>@SUHVHQWHGWKHLU
UHVHDUFK RQ DYRLGLQJ DFFLGHQWV LQ WKH FXUYH URDGV E\
LPSOHPHQWLQJ DUGXLQR ERDUG /(' GLVSOD\ /&' GLVSOD\
*60,5VHQVRUVDQGEX]]HU:KHQWKHYHKLFOHIURP]RQH
VHQVRUV VHQVHV WKH YHKLFOH UHG FRORU /(' OLJKW JORZV DQG )LJXUH2ULJLQDO,PDJH)UDPHIURP9LGHR'DWDVHW
EX]]HULVDOHUWHGDVGDQJHUDQGLWWXUQVLQWRJUHHQOLJKWZKHQ
YHKLFOH SDVVHG DZD\ IURP WKH FXUYH WKLV PHWKRGRORJ\ LV
LPSOHPHQWHGIRUDYRLGLQJDFFLGHQWVLQJKDWDUHDV  'DWDSUHSURFHVVLQJ

,,, 0(7+2'2/2*< 'DWD SUHSURFHVVLQJ LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW VWHS GDWD
7KHGDWDVHWFROOHFWHGDQGWKH0DFKLQHOHDUQLQJDOJRULWKPV VFLHQWLVW DQG HQJLQHHUV VSHQGV PRUH WLPH LQ GDWD FOHDQLQJ
XVHGLQWKLVSURSRVHGZRUNDUHGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQ:H EHIRUH WKH\ EXLOG WKH PRGHO 7KH H[DPSOH RSHUDWLRQV DUH
KDYHDWWHPSWHGWRJHWWKHVROXWLRQE\,PDJH3URFHVVLQJDQG RXWOLHU GHWHFWLRQ PLVVLQJ YDOXH WUHDWPHQWV DQG UHPRYH WKH
0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJDOJRULWKP7KHDUFKLWHFWXUDOGLDJUDPRIWKH XQZDQWHG
SURSRVHGV\VWHPLVGHSLFWHGLQILJXUH 7KHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI ,PDJH 3UH3URFHVVLQJ
WHFKQLTXHV
 3L[HOEULJKWQHVVFRUUHFWLRQVDQGWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
 *HRPHWULF7UDQVIRUPDWLRQV
 ,PDJH)LOWHULQJ
 6HJPHQWDWLRQ
 )RXULHUWUDQVIRUP
 ,PDJHUHVWRUDWLRQ

+HUHZHKDYHXVHGIROORZLQJSUHSURFHVVLQJWHFKQLTXHV


Authorized licensed use limited to: Bahria University. Downloaded on December 14,2023 at 04:08:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HFHQW'HYHORSPHQWVLQ&RQWURO$XWRPDWLRQ 3RZHU(QJLQHHULQJ 5'&$3(

L )UDPHGLIIHUHQFLQJ 6KDSH RU LQWHQVLW\ LV DSSOLHG RQ WKUHVKROG LPDJH WKH
LL ,PDJH7KUHVKROGLQJ FRQWRXUVDUHGHWHFWHG
LLL )LQGLQJ&RQWRXUV LY ,PDJH'LODWLRQ
LY ,PDJH'LODWLRQ
,PDJH'LODWLRQLVDQRSHUDWLRQRQDQLPDJHWKHVOLGLQJRI
L )UDPH'LIIHUHQFLQJ PDWUL[LVSDVVHGRYHUWKHHQWLUHLPDJH7KHGLODWHGLPDJHLV
VKRZQLQWKHILJXUH
'LIIHUHQWLDWLQJWKHSL[HOYDOXHVIURPRQHIUDPHWRDQRWKHU
IUDPHDQGKLJKOLJKWLQJWKHSL[HOVRIWKHREMHFWV7KHVDPHLV
VKRZQLQWKHILJXUH

)LJXUH,PDJH'LODWLRQ
 0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJ0RGHO

)LJXUH)UDPH'LIIHUHQFLQJ &RQYROXWLRQ1HXUDO1HWZRUN

$IWHUDSSO\LQJIUDPHGLIIHUHQFLQJWRWKHRULJLQDOIUDPHWKH 7KH&11LVDVXEFODVVRIGHHSOHDUQLQJ&11DOJRULWKPV
SL[HOVRIWKHLPDJHVDUHKLJKOLJKWHG WDNHV LPDJH IUDPHV DV LQSXW WKH ZHLJKW LV DVVLJQHG WR WKH
FRQYROXWLRQ OD\HU DQG WKH ELDVHG RXWSXW LV SURGXFHG
LL ,PDJH7KUHVKROGLQJ ([WUDFWLQJWKHIHDWXUHVIURPLPDJHVLVDQLPSRUWDQWWDVN&11
KDVWKUHHOD\HUV
,Q ,PDJH WKUHVKROGLQJ JUD\VFDOH LPDJH LV DVVLJQHG ZLWK
RQHRUWZRYDOXHEDVHGRQWKHWKUHVKROGYDOXHLHRQHRU]HUR
7KHEODFNDQGZKLWHSL[HOGLIIHUHQFHLVVKRZQLQWKHILJXUH D 7KH VW OD\HU WDNHV JUD\VFDOH LPDJH DV LQSXW IRU WKH
DOJRULWKPDQGIHDWXUHVDUHH[WUDFWHGIHHGVWKHLPDJHVLQWR
KLGGHQOD\HU

E 7KHRXWSXWOD\HUSURGXFHVWKHDFFXUDWHUHVXOWVEDVHGRQ
WKHZHLJKWVSURYLGHGLQWKHLQSXWOD\HUDQGKLGGHQOD\HUV

F 7KH KLGGHQ OD\HU FRQVLVWV RI WZR WR WKUHH OD\HUV ODUJH
GLPHQVLRQVRIGDWDDUHUHGXFHGXVLQJKLGGHQOD\HUV7KH
$UWLILFLDO1HXUDO1HWZRUN $11 LVPDGHXSRIPXOWLSOH
QHXURQVZKLFKDUHQRWFDSDEOHRIH[WUDFWLQJIHDWXUHVIURP
)LJXUH,PDJH7KUHVKROGLQJ WKHLPDJH
,I WKH SL[HO YDOXH LV JUHDWHU WKDQ D WKUHVKROG YDOXH WKHQ  7KLVLVZK\ZHXVHFRPELQDWLRQRIFRQYROXWLRQOD\HUVDQG
EODFNDQGZKLWH SRROLQJOD\HUV6LPLODUO\WKHFRQYROXWLRQDQGSRROLQJOD\HUV
FDQ¶WSHUIRUPFODVVLILFDWLRQKHQFHZHQHHGDIXOO\FRQQHFWHG
LLL 'HWHFWLQJ&RQWRXUV 1HXUDO1HWZRUN7KHVWUXFWXUHRI&11DOJRULWKPLVVKRZQLQ
7KHFRQWRXULGHQWLILHVWKHVKDSHRIDQDUHDLQWKHVSHFLILHG ILJXUHDQGGLVFXVVHGDERXWWKH&11OD\HUVLQWKHVXEVHTXHQW
LPDJH ZKLFK LV KDYLQJ WKH VDPH FRORU DQG LQWHQVLW\ VHFWLRQV
%RXQGDULHVDUHGUDZQDURXQGWKHUHJLRQRILQWHUHVWV&RQWRXUV
DUHKLJKOLJKWHGXVLQJGLIIHUHQWFRORUVDVVKRZQLQWKHILJXUH

)LJXUH6WUXFWXUHRI&11$OJRULWKP:RUNLQJLQ
WKH3URSRVHG6\VWHP>@
)LJXUH'HWHFWLQJ&RQWRXUV
@ ,QSXW


Authorized licensed use limited to: Bahria University. Downloaded on December 14,2023 at 04:08:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HFHQW'HYHORSPHQWVLQ&RQWURO$XWRPDWLRQ 3RZHU(QJLQHHULQJ 5'&$3(

7KHPXOWLSOHLPDJHVDUHJLYHQDVLQSXWHDFKLPDJHVDUH
ODEHOHG LQWR GLIIHUHQW QDPHV 7KHVH SUHODEHOHG LPDJHV DUH
JLYHQDVLQSXWWRWKHDOJRULWKPZKLFKLVFDSDEOHRIDFFHSWLQJ
DQHZYHKLFOHLPDJHDQGFODVVLI\LQJLW%HIRUHEXLOGLQJQHXUDO
QHWZRUNPRGHO LPDJHV DUH FRQYHUWHGLQWR D JUD\VFDOHIURP
5*%FRORULPDJHIRUPEHIRUHWKH\DUHSURFHVVHG
5*%&RORU,PDJHWR*UD\VFDOH,PDJH

7KHUROHRI &11 LVWRUHGXFH ODUJH YROXPH RI GDWD LQWR 
VPDOOGDWDVRWKDWLWFDQEHXVHGYHU\HDVLO\7KHUHGXFWLRQ 
VKRXOG EH ZLWKRXW GURSSLQJ DQ\ IHDWXUHV &RQYHUVLRQ IURP )LJXUH2ULJLQDO)UDPH
5*%WRJUD\VFDOHLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRPDNHWKHDOJRULWKPWR 
RSHUDWHIDVWRQPDVVLYHGDWDVHWV 7KHILJXUHVKRZVWKHRULJLQDOIUDPHLVGLVSOD\HGEHIRUH
SUHSURFHVVLQJ LV GRQH LW LV WKH ILUVW IUDPH ORDGHG IURP WKH
@&RQYROXWLRQQHXUDOQHWZRUN YLGHRGDWDVHW
7KH FRQYROXWLRQ QHXUDO QHWZRUN DOJRULWKP FRQVLVWV RI
WUDLQLQJ GDWD LW WDNHV JUD\VFDOH LPDJH DV LQSXW WR WKH
FRQYROXWLRQOD\HU7KLVOD\HUFRQVLVWVRINHUQHOZLWKGLIIHUHQW
W\SHVRIZHLJKWVZKLFKLVXVHGWRH[WUDFWWKHIHDWXUHVIURPWKH
LPDJH 7KH NHUQHO LV PRYHG RYHU WKH LPDJHV E\ XVLQJ WKH
ZHLJKW RI NHUQHO DQG LW WULHV WR FDOFXODWH WKH IHDWXUHV ZLWK
SL[HOV 7KH VWULGH SURFHVV WDNHV SODFH  LWHUDWLRQV RYHU WKH

LPDJHV 
@2XWSXW )LJXUH)UDPHZLWKRXW9HKLFOHV
7KHRXWSXWOD\HURI&11DOJRULWKPLVEDVHGRQWKHWUDLQHG 
GDWDVHWZHKDYHJLYHQWUDLQHGGDWDVHWLQWRLQSXWOD\HUDQGWKH )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH IUDPH ZLWKRXW DQ\ YHKLFOH VR WKH
FRQYROXWLRQOD\HUVSURGXFHVWKHYHKLFOHGHWHFWHGUHVXOWV YHKLFOHFRXQWLVJLYHQDV]HUR
@<ROR)UDPHZRUN
7KH<ROR VWDQGVIRU <RX 2QO\/RRN 2QFH LW LV D &11
DUFKLWHFWXUH ZKLFK LV PDLQO\ XVHG IRU GHWHFWLQJ UHDOWLPH
REMHFWV<RORIUDPHZRUNZRUNVDVDOJRULWKPDSSOLHVRQVLQJOH
QHXUDOQHWZRUNWRWKHLQSXWLPDJHDQGWKHQLPDJHDUHGLYLGHG
LQWR VRPH UHJLRQ WKH GHWHFWHG LPDJH LV VKRZQ XVLQJ WKH
ERXQGHGER[HV
 1RWLI\LQJ2WKHUVLGH9HKLFOHV

7KH1RWLILFDWLRQLVSURYLGHGWRRWKHUVLGHRIODQHGULYHUV 
E\GLVSOD\LQJQDPHFRXQWRIYHKLFOHVDQGDOHUWLQJXVLQJ 
DEX]]HUVRXQG )LJXUH&DU'HWHFWHG

,9 5(68/76$1'',6&866,216 &DU LV GHWHFWHG ZLWKLQ D ERXQGHG ER[ VR WKH GHWHFWHG
YHKLFOHFRXQWLVLQFUHDVHGWRRQH,WLVQRWLILHGVRWKDWRWKHU
VLGHYHKLFOHGULYHUVFDQEHDOHUWHGVKRZQLQILJXUH

 
 
)LJXUH9LGHR'DWDVHW )LJXUH7UXFN'HWHFWHG
 
 
9LGHRGDWDVHWLVORDGHGDQGLWLVGLYLGHGLQWRIUDPHVZH $7UXFNLVGHWHFWHGZLWKLQDERXQGHGER[VRWKHGHWHFWHG
KDYHGLYLGHGIUDPHVSHUVHFRQGLQWKHJLYHQYLGHRV7KH YHKLFOHFRXQWLVLQFUHDVHGWRRQH,WLVQRWLILHGVRWKDWRWKHU
ORDGHGIUDPHQXPEHUVDUHGLVSOD\HGLQWKHFRPPDQGSURPSW VLGHYHKLFOHGULYHUVFDQEHDOHUWHGVKRZQLQILJXUH
VFUHHQVKRZQLQWKHILJXUH




Authorized licensed use limited to: Bahria University. Downloaded on December 14,2023 at 04:08:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HFHQW'HYHORSPHQWVLQ&RQWURO$XWRPDWLRQ 3RZHU(QJLQHHULQJ 5'&$3(

9, 5()(5(1&(6
>@ KWWSVZZZZKRLQWQHZVURRPIDFWVKHHWVGHWDLOURDGWUDIILF
LQMXULHV
>@ KWWSVQHSWXQHDLEORJLPDJHSURFHVVLQJLQS\WKRQDOJRULWKPV
>@ KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL0DFKLQHBOHDUQLQJ
>@ 565DNXO65DYLDDQG.17KLUXNNXUDONDQL³,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
9HKLFOH 0LVKDS $YHUWLQJ 6\VWHP 8VLQJ $UGXLQR 0LFURFRQWUROOHU´
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK 7HFKQRORJ\ ,-(57 
3DJHV$SULO
>@ $UDYLQGD%&KDLWKUDODNVKPL&'HHNVKD$VKXWKD.³6HQVRU%DVHG
 $FFLGHQW 3UHYHQWLRQ 6\VWHP´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI ,QQRYDWLYH
 5HVHDUFK LQ (OHFWULFDO (OHFWURQLFV ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ $QG &RQWURO
(QJLQHHULQJ3DJHV-XQH
)LJ0RWRUELNHLV'HWHFWHGDQG'LVSOD\HG
>@ +DUVKDGD7DUJH$QXVKND0DKDMDQ0RKLW3DWLO<RJHVK/LODNH9LMD\
 6RQDZDQH³$GYDQFH5RDG6DIHW\IRU*KDW5RDG¶V$W+DLUSLQ%HQG´
$ 0RWRUF\FOHLV GHWHFWHG ZLWKLQ D ERXQGHG ER[ VR WKH -DQ
GHWHFWHGYHKLFOHFRXQWLVLQFUHDVHGWRRQH,WLVQRWLILHGVRWKDW >@ 5DQJD6UHHGKDU*DOOD³'LPLQLVKLQJ5RDG$FFLGHQWVRQ6KDUS&XUYHV
RWKHUVLGHYHKLFOHGULYHUVFDQEHDOHUWHGVKRZQLQWKHILJXUH 8VLQJ $UGXLQR´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI $GYDQFHG 5HVHDUFK DQG
 3XEOLFDWLRQV3DJHV1RYHPEHU
>@ *UHHVKPD.ULWKL . - 6DKDQD 6XGKDNDUD % 7KLUWKDVKUHH 6KHWW\
 ³5RDG 6DIHW\ ,Q *KDW 6HFWLRQ´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI &UHDWLYH
5HVHDUFK7KRXJKWV ,-&57 3DJHV0D\
>@ KWWSV\RXWXEH7;90]H]I0
>@ KWWSV\RXWXEHMV;.-\
>@ KWWSVWRZDUGVGDWDVFLHQFHFRPFRQYROXWLRQQHXUDOQHWZRUNIRU
LPDJHSURFHVVLQJ







)LJXUH7UXFNDQG&DU'HWHFWHG 

,QDVLQJOHIUDPHWZRYHKLFOHVWUXFNDQGFDULVGHWHFWHG,W 
LVQRWLILHGVRWKDWRWKHUVLGHYHKLFOHGULYHUVFDQEHDOHUWHGLQ
WKHDERYHILJXUH 

 



)LJXUH1RWLI\LQJ8VHU
9 &21&/86,21
5RDG$FFLGHQWVDUHYHU\GDQJHURXVDQGWUDJLFZKLFKWDNHV
OLIHZLWKLQVHFRQGV,WFDQEHDYRLGHGE\WDNLQJVRPHKROLVWLF
PHDVXUHV  :H KDYH SURSRVHG D V\VWHP ZKLFK ZLOO KHOS WR
DYRLGDFFLGHQWVZKLFKRFFXUVRQWKHURDGVRIWKH*KDWVHFWLRQ
LHKDLUSLQFXUYHVDQGEHQGV+HUHLQWKLVZRUNZHXQGHUVWRRG
DERXW FDXVHV DQG HIIHFWV RI DFFLGHQWV DQG KDYH SURSRVHG D
V\VWHPZKLFKKHOSVLQSUHYHQWLQJDFFLGHQWV
KHQHZWHFKQLTXHFRQVLVWVRIWUDIILFYLGHRGDWDVHWZKLFK
ZLOO EH DQDO\]HG DQG YHKLFOHV ZLOO EH GHWHFWHG XVLQJ LPDJH
SURFHVVLQJPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJDOJRULWKPDQG<RORIUDPHZRUN
$OHUWPHVVDJHVZLOOEHJLYHQWRWKHRWKHUVLGHYHKLFOHGULYHUV

,Q WKH IXWXUH ZRUN WKLV V\VWHP FDQEH DGGHG ZLWKPRUH
QXPEHURIGDWDVHWIRUSURFHVVLQJDQGZKHQWUDIILFMDPRFFXUV
DW WKH JKDW VHFWLRQ ,I YHKLFOHV VWRS PRUH WKDQ VSHFLILHG
WKUHVKROGYDOXHWKHQDQLPPHGLDWHQRWLILFDWLRQVKRXOGEHVHQW
IRUFOHDULQJWUDIILFDQGHDV\PRYHPHQWVRIYHKLFOHV




Authorized licensed use limited to: Bahria University. Downloaded on December 14,2023 at 04:08:46 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

You might also like