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    biology class notes

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    Saleha Umar
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    class notes

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2 views3 pages

    biology class notes

    Uploaded by

    Saleha Umar
    class notes

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ACADEMIC SESSION 2024-2025- Term I

    Name: Subject: Coordinated Science (Double)


    Year: 11 Topic: Revision
    Section: 11M/11A Revision – Biology outline

    1. Characteristics of Living Organisms

    • Key Life Processes: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion,


    Nutrition (MRS GREN).
    • Importance of these processes for survival and reproduction.

    2. Cells

    • Structure: Common features like cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus in animal cells; additional
    features like cell wall, chloroplasts, and vacuole in plant cells.
    • Microscopy: Differences between light and electron microscopes.

    3. Movement Into and Out of Cells

    • Diffusion: Passive movement of particles down a concentration gradient.


    • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
    • Active Transport: Energy-requiring movement of substances against a gradient.

    4. Biological Molecules

    • Carbohydrates: Energy source; examples include glucose and starch.


    • Proteins: Growth and repair; made of amino acids.
    • Lipids: Energy storage; components of cell membranes.

    5. Enzymes

    • Role: Biological catalysts speeding up reactions.


    • Factors like temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect activity.

    1
    6. Plant Nutrition

    • Photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy into glucose (6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂).
    • Mineral Requirements: Role of nitrates and magnesium in growth and chlorophyll production.

    7. Human Nutrition

    • Balanced Diet: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber.
    • Digestive System: Role of organs like stomach, liver, and intestines.

    8. Transport in Plants

    • Xylem: Water and mineral transport.


    • Phloem: Transport of sugars (translocation).
    • Transpiration: Water loss through stomata and factors affecting it.

    9. Transport in Animals

    • Heart: Structure and function in the double circulatory system.


    • Blood: Composition and functions of plasma, red and white cells, platelets.

    10. Gas Exchange in Humans

    • Lungs: Alveoli structure for gas exchange.


    • Breathing mechanism and the role of diaphragm and rib cage.

    11. Respiration

    • Aerobic Respiration: Energy release using oxygen (C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O).
    • Anaerobic Respiration: Energy release without oxygen, producing lactic acid.

    12. Coordination and Response

    • Nervous System: Role of receptors, effectors, and the central nervous system.
    • Hormones: Chemical messengers like insulin and adrenaline.

    13. Drugs

    • Effects of substances like alcohol and nicotine on the body.


    • Medicinal vs. recreational drug use.
    TERM 1/WEEK 13/ BIOLOGY OUTLINE / COORDINATED SCIENCE (DOUBLE) 2
    14. Reproduction

    • Plants: Sexual reproduction in flowers (stamens, carpels, pollination).


    • Humans: Reproductive system and fertilization process.

    15. Inheritance

    • DNA: Structure and role in genetics.


    • Mendelian Genetics: Understanding dominant and recessive traits through Punnett squares.

    16. Variation and Selection

    • Variation: Differences within a species (continuous and discontinuous).


    • Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest and evolution.

    Important Note:

    1. Focus on Diagrams: Review key structures (e.g., heart, leaf, cell).


    2. Practice Definitions: Be concise and precise.
    3. Attempt Past Papers: Test understanding under timed conditions.
    4. Utilize Keywords: Summarize processes with technical terms (e.g., "osmosis = water movement
    through semi-permeable membrane").

    TERM 1/WEEK 13/ BIOLOGY OUTLINE / COORDINATED SCIENCE (DOUBLE) 3

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