M5

1–5

- EFIS system consists of left and right system of PFD and ND.

- Benefits of new-age digital avionics systems are: weight reduction, high rate
of integration, high accuracy and reliability, saves electrical power, saves
space.

- Essential function of an integrated avionics system is high speed exchange of

information’s between system, subsystems and LRU.

- The colour on PFD display indication may alert pilot on potentially

hazardous flight conditions.
- P/Ns for EFIS screens in cockpit are the same to avoid to many different
spares.

- EADI gets information from Flight director computer.

- EICAS stands for Engine Indication and Crew Alert system.
- ECAM stands for Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring.
- MFD stands for Multi-Function Display.
- Maintenance control panel may be used on ground only.
- BITE stands for Built-In Test Equipment.
- There are 2 PFDs in the cockpit.
- TCAS stands for Traffic Collision Avoidance System.
- The major benefit of multi-functional indicators is displaying data from
various systems.

- The benefits of integrated avionics systems are: increased reliability, less

weight, less power consumption.
- Analog instruments on modern airplanes are for emergency purposes.

6–7
- Binary presentation "100101" is 37 in decimal.
- 44 converted from decimal to binary system is 101100.
- Decimal number "17" is represented in Hexadecimal as 11.
- Decimal number 8 is 10 in octal.
- In binary system the decimal 26 is represented as 11 010.
- In binary system the decimal number "144" is represented as 10010000.
- 77 octal converted to binary is 111111.

8
- Air Data Computer (ADC) converts the pitot-static data to electrical signals.
- AC is bipolar signal and DC is unipolar signal.

- DA converter converts binary signals to analog signals.

9 – 10
- The interface between the computer and/or users is accomplished via digital
data buses, which can transport information in one way or both ways.

- Time-division multiplexing enables transmission of many different

information through data buses at the same time.
- ARINC 629 - signals can travel in both directions at once.
- ARINC 429 - signals can travel in one direction only at the same time.

- The data bus is made of twisted shielded pair of wires. Shield must be
grounded at both ends.

- Aircraft ethernet uses twisted pair wires for low-speed data transfer and
fiber-optic cables for high-speed data transfer.

11
- A negative AND gate is the same as NOR gate.
- An OR gate with both inputs inverted becomes a NAND gate.
- NOR gate: when three input signals are 1 and 0 and 0, the output is 0.
12
- A CPU is a microprocessor as a central part of the computer structure.

- A software is a group of computer programs, routines, rules documentation,

possibly associated documentation and data pertaining to the operation of
computer system.

- A program is a plan or a routine for solving a problem on a computer and it

consist a sequence of coded instructions suitable for data processing for a
computer.

- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication

and division.

13
- Basic elements of Fibre optics system are: light source, transmitter, fiber-
cable and receiver.

- Silica glass fiber cable has the lowest attenuation.

- LED AND Laser diode can be the light source for fiber optic cable.

14

- An electronic gun is a part of CRT display.

- Pixel electrode is a part of LCD display.
- LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display.
- 7 segment display is used for displays alphanumerical data.
- Colour CRT has 3 electron guns.
- First glass cockpits were using CRT technology.

- Fiber optic receiver has photodiode detector which converts the light into
electrical signal.

- Cathode ray tube is evacuated glass tube which produces images by

focusing an electron beam on phosphorous coated screen area.
15
- CMOS integrated circuits have very low current consumption and are ESD.

- ESD related components shall be packed in electrostatic shielded conductive

bag.

- You should wear anti-static wrist strap while working with ESD components.

16
- Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and
reliability concerns used in avionics.

- The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded

software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized
for safety.

- Safety-critical avionics usually have a hazard analysis.

17
- EMI stands for electromagnetic interference.

- To determine the direction of magnetic flux flow through the conductor, use
right hand rule.

- Carbon fiber is 1000 times more resistive than aluminium.

18 – 40
- EFIS consists of PFD and ND.
- ECAM or EICAS systems have two displays on central instrument panel.
- Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) concept share resources among many
line replaceable units.

- EICAS stands for Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System.

- Engine operating parameters are displayed on EICAS.

- In Fly-by-wire system actuators servo valves are opened by electrical signal.

- Air Data Computer in short is ADC.
- Level 3 warning on ECAM is a warning that requires immediate corrective
action.

- ECAM stands for Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring.

- Engine parameters are displayed on lower EICAS display.

- ACARS stands for Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting system.

- LRU Stands for Line Replaceable Unit.

- Inertial navigation uses gyroscopes to measure angular velocity.

- Inertial Measuring Unit (IMU) detects a change in geographic position,
velocity and orientation during flight.

- Thrust Management System (TMS) drives auto-throttle control.

- EICAS Basic system layout is two displays, a display select panel, two
computers, supplied with analog and digital data from engine and system
sensors.

- TCAS II system is incorporated on aircraft with more than 30 seats or more

than 15000 kg.

- TCAS I system is incorporated on aircraft between 10 and 30 seats.

- ILS stands for Instrument Landing System.
- GPS stands for Global Positioning System.
- Laser gyros measure angular rate by two lasers.

- GPS system shall receive - to determine position on the Earth - signal from at
least three satellites.

- EICAS operational mode: this mode displays engine operating parameters

and alerts which require crew attention or action.
- An aircraft usually has 4 main computer racks.
- FMS stand for Flight Management System.
- TCAS uses air-to-air traffic monitoring and alerting system.

- FMS system provides remote radio tuning, waypoint selection and storage,
information of navaids and earth reference points, vertical navigation.

- Primary function of FMS is to provide high accuracy long range and short-
range lateral navigation including vertical navigation.

- The FMS knows the characteristics of each navigational sensor and

organises use of these sensors in order to provide the most accurate
navigation.

- TCAS triggers "TRAFFIC" alert when intruder is 35-48s away.

- The FMS basic units are Control display unit, Flight management system
computer, FMS data loader.

- TCAS triggers "CLIMB" or "DIVE" when intruder is 20-30s away.

- The FMS provides centralized pilot control for Navigation, Flight planning,
Radio tuning, NAV data management, Steering commands.

- GPS is a satellite-based time measurement navigation system that decodes

signals and computes range from satellite to aircraft based on clock
synchronization.

- The GPS space segment employs 24 satellites orbiting at an altitude of

10898 nautical miles and transmitting time and orbital position information
signals.

- GPS system is used to determine extremely accurate three-dimensional (3D)

position, velocity and time.

- GPS measurement is based on time of signal travel.

- PFC (Primary Flight Computer) gets data through ARINC bus.
- GPS receiver is passive and does not transmit to the satellite.
- The GPS satellite continuously transmits its own unique encoded signal.
- LRUs can be tested separately by BITE testing.

- IRS is the only self-contained single source of all navigation data - without
the need of external references.

- The basic measurement instruments of the IRS are rotation and motion
sensors.

- IRS provides calculations for position, orientation and velocity of the

aircraft.

- ECAM displays are mounted one on top and second on the bottom on the
centre of the instrument panel.

- EICAS displays are mounted side by side in the centre of the instrument
panel.

- Modern Flight Control Computers convert analog signal to digital signal.

- On the aircraft there are two redundant EFIS systems.

- Laser gyros are nowadays commonly used in IRS systems.

- Laser gyro is a sealed cavity of triangular cross section containing a mixture

of helium and neon gases.

- Inmarsat system uses 3 satellites.

- SATCOM system on the aircraft enables passengers to use WI-Fi connection.

- Electro Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) have their own hydro reservoirs only.
- Electro Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) have their own fixed displacement hydro
pump installed on itself. True.

- Electro Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) advantage against classic hydro

actuators is less weight because they do not need any hydraulic lines.

- When TCAS issues Resolution Advisory (RA), pilot gets visual and aural
information what action to be taken.

- FMS system gets different inputs in order to calculate optimum flight paths
and bring aircraft to its final destination.
- In the FMS independent mode flight planning from one FMS system is
shared with other FMS system.

- TCAS receiver transmits interrogations and receives replies from other

aircraft’s transponders through both antennas.

- FMS system consists of two redundant FMCs and two CDUs.

- TCAS computes and determines the trajectory of all the aircraft in the
vicinity.

- The TCAS may generate two levels of warning advisories: traffic advisories
(TA) and resolution advisories (RA).

- The TCAS traffic advisory is issued 35-48 seconds before collision.

- The TCAS resolution advisory is issued 20-30 seconds before collision.
- The TCAS resolution advisory provides corrective or preventive actions.
- TCAS coordination is done through the active mode S transponder on the
aircraft.

- When the intruder has a mode S transponder installed, the TCAS can receive
the aircraft identification (squitter), range, bearing and altitude. In this case,
avoidance manoeuvre coordination will be performed between the two
aircraft.

- The TCAS system has two antennas - one top and one bottom installed.
- PFD will display the TCAS mode of operation and a visual TRAFFIC warning.
- TCAS indication will be yellow for a traffic advisory or red for a resolution
advisory.

- When a resolution advisory condition exists, visual and aural advisory

information will be delivered by TCAS system.

- The mode S and C transponder is a dual system used for air traffic control
(ATC).

- Modern digital auto flight systems work in closed-loop control system -

position of flight surfaces are sent back as an input info.

- Primary flight controls are Elevator, Rudder and Ailerons.

- Pushing left pedal: aircraft yaws to the left.
- Fly-by-wire in general means: mechanical inputs into flight control actuators
are replaced by electronics inputs.