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 Country : Russian Federation
Committee : United Nations Security Council
Delegate : Cut Jihan S., Ivan Hardi
Topic : Proxy War in Syria
“The US makes the already catastrophic humanitarian situation in Syria even worse and brings suffering
to civilians. History will set things right, and Washington already bears the heavy responsibility for the
bloody outrage in Yugoslavia, Iraq and Libya.”- Vladimir Putin

The Syrian War has become the second deadliest war in the 21st century (Ray, n.d.) because
of the existence of separatist terrorist groups that are able to sustain because of the unlawful
backing by some foreign parties. Since 2012, Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and Free Syrian
Army (FSA) has been the main cause of chaos in the land by trying to claim every inch of Syrian
territory, causing conflicts and fear to Syria and its people. This is important to note because these
separatist terrorist groups are acting only on their interest—because the fact is—Syrian people are
not in favor with them. This was proven by the 2014 election that democratically elected Bashar
Al-Assad as the president with an 88,3% yes votes (MacMiller, 2018), and other polls concluding
that most Syrians are backing Al-Assad (Steele, 2012). This proves that the United States and its
allies’ motives to support these terrorists are bogus and merely a propaganda to justify their actions
and serves their political interests. Moreover, aggressions against the sovereign Syrian government
and the support given to the separatist terrorist militias are violating the non-intervention principle
of the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) under the 1949 Geneva Convention in the Article
2 of the First and Third Protocol—stating that intervention is only justified when there is uses of
armed forces against states, which was not the case of Syria in mid-2017. Moreover, any countries
deciding to exercise the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) has to first uphold the First Pillar of
Responsibility to Protect (R2P)—constituting that the primary responsibility is to help the state
building their capacity to protect their citizens (“About R2P”, n.d.), not the otherwise by supplying
the terrorists and weakening the state. Having said that, we support the decisions that have been
made by countries that have violated these international laws, such as the United States, to
withdraw from the issue (Schmitt, 2019), but we need measures to guarantee a full withdrawal and
stop of supply to these terrorists, along with international cooperation to reconstruct Syria.

Valuing the State sovereignty, Russian Federation supports the legitimate government of
Syrian Arab Republic, Bashar Al-Assad and we regret the premature and illegitimate
intervention done by many other foreign powers. Contrary to that, Russia’s help to Syria to fight
against the terrorist groups has always been under the official request of Syrian legitimate
government and is conducted in accordance to the existing international laws. First, it upholds the
Treaty of Westphalia and The International Law Commission Article 20-26 stating that intervention
is legitimate if the consent is present. (“When Does a State Violates International Law”, n.d.)
Second, it fulfills the 1949 Geneva Convention which only International Armed Conflict (IAC)
may be intervened by foreign actors. The moment Russia involved in the conflict, it was already an
IAC due to the already existing US intervention. (“When does IHL Apply”, n.d.) Third, Russia-led
strike on terrorist groups is justifiable because according the IHL, they are not civilians and making
them subject to direct attacks. (“Who Does IHL Protect”, n.d.) Fourth, Russia fully complies on all

September 2019 UNSC PP/SC/RUS/CI0019

the International Humanitarian Law principles in doing the protection to Syrian civilians and
combating terrorist groups, such as but not limited to: (1) the principle of proportionality by helping
the Syrian government in combating the US-backed terrorist groups; and (2) the principle of
humanity to prevent further damages and casualties caused by the terrorist groups. (“Basic
Principles of IHL”, n.d.) Fifth, Russia has also provided many humanitarian aids, for example the
establishment of six aid centers to support more than 3000 refugees in Syria (Al-Khalidi, 2016).
Being close in terms of territory and diplomatic relations, Russian Federation will continue to
support the legitimate government of Syrian Arab Republic through combating terrorist group and
reconstructing the country.

Acknowledging US withdrawal from the Syrian conflict, Russian Federation believes the
discussion should be elevated by curating measures to ensure US, and its allies, to fully withdraw
and establishing a set of mechanisms to support the Syrians and their legitimate government in
restoring security and stability. Therefore, Russian Federation proposes a set of norms that could
serve as a basis of the policy directions, with the following provisions:
1. Withdrawal of Illegitimate Parties (WHIP)
In accordance to the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism, Russian Federation calls all member States to stop the financing, direct or
indirect, to groups that are considered as terrorists under United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1566. Moreover, foreign countries involved in the Syrian Proxy War that has
violated international laws shall start to pull out their troops from Syrian sovereign state in
case-by-case approach in a set period of time.
2. Detect, Deploy, Disarm (3D) Framework
Pursuant to resolution adopted by the General Assembly (A/RES/60/1) Article 81-89 and
adopted by Security Council (S/RES/2482 (2019)) Article 10-11 on combatting terrorism,
Russian Federation proposes this framework to detect the activities of existing terrorist
groups in Syria by joint international cooperation, followed by the deployment of Syrian
Army to combat the terrorist groups and conduct the disarmament of illegal stockpiling
weapons and military equipment.
3. International Support for Peace-building and Reconstruction (INSPIRE)
Fostering the unanimously adopted resolution 2282 (2016) on post-conflict peace building,
Russia endorses the Syria reconstruction through supporting the legitimate government.
First, we propose the creation of constitutional committee to review and advise Syria
rewriting their constitutions under their consent. For short-term mechanisms, we propose
the providence of safety zone and humanitarian aid. For long-term mechanisms, we aim to
facilitate the establishment of durable peace and to prevent the recurrence of violence by
institution re-building, and political as well as economic transformation.

Russian Federation believes that the deadly damaging Syrian War caused by the terrorist
groups, that suffers Syrian people and humanity needs to be put to an end. Thus, we hope that the
aforementioned proposals will continuously be built upon and improved in the upcoming assembly.

(Signed) Cut Jihan Shavira & Ivan Hardi

Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations Security Council

September 2019 UNSC PP/SC/RUS/CI0019

Works Cited:

1. About R2P. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.globalr2p.org/about_r2p

2. Al-Khalidi, Sulaeman. (2016) Scores of families leave besieged Aleppo under Russia-
Damascus plan. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-
aleppo-idUSKCN10A0IM

3. Basic Principles of IHL. (n.d.). Diakonia. Retrieved from

https://www.diakonia.se/en/IHL/The-Law/International-Humanitarian-Law-1/Introduction-
to-IHL/Principles-of-International-Law/

4. MacMillan, S. (2018). Bashar Al-Assad: The Democratically Elected President of Syria.

Retrieved from ,https://www.globalresearch.ca/bashar-al-assad-the-democratically-elected-
president-of-syria-2/5584950
5. Ray, M. (n.d.). 8 Deadliest Wars in the 21st Century. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/list/8-deadliest-wars-of-the-21st-century

6. Schmitt, E. (2019). U.S. Troops Leaving Syria, But Some May Stay Longer Than Expected.
Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/world/middleeast/us-troops-syria-
isis.html

7. Steele, J. (2012, Jan 17). Most Syrians back Assad, but you’d never know from western
media. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/17/syrians-
support-assad-western-propaganda

8. When Does a State Violates International Law?. (n.d.). Diakonia. Retrieved from
https://www.diakonia.se/en/IHL/The-Law/International-Law1/Enforcement-of-IL/When-
does-a-state-violate-IL/

9. When Does IHL Apply?. (n.d.). Diakonia. Retrieved from

https://www.diakonia.se/en/IHL/The-Law/International-Humanitarian-Law-1/Introduction-
to-IHL/International-Humanitarian-Law/

10. Who Does IHL Protect?. (n.d.). Diakonia. Retrieved from

https://www.diakonia.se/en/IHL/The-Law/International-Humanitarian-Law-1/Introduction-
to-IHL/IL--self-determination/

11. International Convention for the Supression of the Financing of Terrorism. (1999).
Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-11.pdf

September 2019 UNSC PP/SC/RUS/CI0019

 DRAFT RESOLUTION

Draft Resolution 1.X

United Nations Environment Programme

Topic: Geographical Dilemma of Natural Renewable Energy

Sponsors: French Republic and Republic of Korea
Signatories: Argentine Republic, Canada, Commonwealth of Australia, Federal Republic of
Germany, Federative Republic of Brazil, Hellenic Republic, Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom
of Norway, Kingdom of Thailand, Republic of Finland, State of Kuwait, The United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Switzerland, United Mexican States

Guided by the UNEP Guide For Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy Laws,

Acknowledging the timeframe of Sustainable Development Goals end in 2030,

Recalling past international actions pertaining to renewable energy, such as the Climate
Change Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, and the General Assembly resolution 62/208 that
emphasizes on the need of multilateral collaboration to support the overall development of
renewable energy,

Having studied the geographical conditions and boundaries of each country, as well as the
limitations that entail,

Noting with satisfaction the efforts made by the Member States to become more sustainable
and eco-friendly,

Fully aware of each nation’s different conditions and emphasizes the need for an efficient, yet
flexible and adaptive solution,

Alarmed by the ongoing environmental degradation that harms the natural balance, and
threatens the environmental sustainability of the planet,

Hereby resolves,
 Article 1
FRAMEWORK TO OVERCOME GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITATIONS IN
RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPLEMENTATION

1. Recommends the adoption of “RECOVER” or Renewable Energy Conversion

framework with the details as follows:
a. This framework will serve as a guidance for member states in improving their current
share of renewable energy while still taking account of their geographical limitations:
b. The timeline shall comprise of four stages, which are examination, organization,
implementation, and evaluation;
c. The examination stage shall be comprised of the following steps:
i. Conducting research on current progress of renewable energy adoption in each
country of the last 5 years based on the existing Renewables Readiness
Assessment (RRA) created by the International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA);
ii. Classifying member states based on their current renewable energy share to
ease prioritization of assistance;
1. Tier 1: countries with renewable energy share of >60% out of gross
final energy consumption,
2. Tier 2: countries with renewable energy share of 20%-59% out of gross
final energy consumption,
3. Tier 3: countries with renewable energy share of <20% out of gross
final energy consumption,
iii. Conducting research on the untapped potential and unexplored renewable
energy resources and the concurrent problems in implementing them, such as
geographical limitations, lack of supporting infrastructures, inefficiencies in
resources management, financial constraints, or opposing public demands;
iv. Conducting a risk-disaster analysis on renewable energy reliance;
d. The organization stage shall comprise of the following steps;
i. Establishing a comprehensive plan of action comprising of focus areas that
shall be tackled,
ii. Matching partner countries, particularly between best with least performing
ones to ensure exchange of knowledge and close the gap between states,
e. The implementation stage shall comprise of the following steps;
i. Implementing the action plan that has been organized,
ii. Implementing a top-down community involvement program that would be
further elaborated in the following Article 5,
f. The evaluation stage shall comprise of the following steps;
i. Member states shall submit a quarterly report on country’s progress to the
UNEP,
ii. UNEP, through the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG) will conduct an
evaluation of the reports submitted by member states and conduct further
strategic planning on an annual basis,
2. Recommends the establishment of a Special Task Force on Renewable Energy
Resources (ST-RES) which will be the main body responsible for the whole conduct of the
renewable energy plan that is previously established in the RECOVER framework, which
entails:
a. The actors behind ST-RES shall comprise of, but not limited to;
i. State’s institutes,
ii. Government bodies,
iii. NGOs,
iv. UNEP,
v. MNCs,
vi. Voluntary civil society;
b. ST-RES is responsible to conduct research and create reports on;
i. Strategic Measures,
ii. Governance Measures,
iii. Risk and Management Measures,
c. The reports created by ST-RES shall be given to the government as a consideration
for future programs;

Article 2
BUILDING TRANSNATIONAL COOPERATION

1. Recommends Political and Regulatory Planning as an effort to overcome existing political

and regulatory barriers through “SELECtive Shots” initiative to help guide countries in
terms of the strategy of regulatory and policymaking with emphasis on diplomatic action with
details as follows:
a. Establish a special monitoring program by the “SELECtive Shots” member states, to
make the government of each country favor policies that support renewable energy;
b. The target of this initiative is mostly the national government that controls the flows of
laws, regulation, investment, and funding;
c. The mechanism of the initiative can be in the form of bilateral or multilateral
cooperation, through the following measures:
i. Member states will be given guidance and strategy on the policy or regulatory
making under the supervision of UNEP and a special organization that will be
formed to focus on this issue;
ii. Member states will be monitored, and required to submit their progress to
UNEP;
iii. Thirdly, member states that comply and follow the guidance will be given
several privileges that might help their economy, technology and so on by other
member states;
2. Further encourages Member States to establish Renewable Energy Department (RED) that
will be responsible to lead on energy markets, energy efficiency and emissions trading, a
means to provide but not limited to guidance and support for Less-Developed Countries
(LDCs), and landlocked countries also the development of renewable energy technology
innovations and initiatives as follows:
a. RED shall facilitate the cooperation with UNIDO (United Nations Industrial
Development Organization) to conduct the following:
i. Connecting potential investors and technology suppliers to formulate technical
cooperation and facilitate access to suitable technologies for markets in LDCs,
Landlocked Countries and CETs;
ii. Providing professional support to small enterprises for applying sustainable
industrial activities and the transition of renewable energies;
iii. Establishing trade partnerships between member of LDCs, Landlocked
countries with relevant stakeholder in combating limitation of renewable
energy cause by geographical situation;
b. RED aims to;
i. Create trade-capacity building projects as a means to encourage trade
partnerships of renewable energy among Member States and relevant
stakeholders;
ii. Improve and establish electrification in rural communities with the use of
renewable and green technologies based on the available of local natural
resources in each region;
iii. Promote sustainable energy solutions to make industries more productive and
climate resilient.
c. The structures of RED will be structured as follows;
i. Supervision and evaluation body,
ii. Project management body,
iii. Institutional body,
d. The funding of RED comes from countries who wish to invest in the country which
RED will reside,
e. Investing country shall provide;
i. Appropriate funding,
ii. Experts in related field,
f. The government of the country that will be invested in shall provide;
i. Permission to establish RED,
ii. Supports RED in terms of policy,
g. RED shall coordinate energy environment-related matters, focusing on renewable
energy innovations, between ministries and other actors in each Member State,
h. The role of RED shall be to:
i. Conduct monitoring on natural resources and create statistics,
ii. Support natural resource policies,
iii. Perform research on possible renewable energy technology innovations,
iv. Manufacture renewable energy machines through available materials in related
country,
i. RED will be under the investing country’s supervision, therefore, the profit created by
RED will be shared between the Contracting Parties,
 Article 3
FUNDING AND FINANCIAL AID MECHANISMS

1. Recommends the formation of United Nations Funding Agency for Innovation (UN-FAI)
as a complementary body of UNEP and an extension to the Environment Fund scheme that
will be responsible for managing finance for technological initiatives, research, and
development projects of renewable energy of Contracting Parties through the following
mechanism;
a. The UN-FAI will be funded through mandatory payments and voluntary contributions
of countries who wish to be a member,
b. The UN-FAI shall cooperate with NGOs, MNCs, staff, leaders, or state’s department
related to finance and environment to gather data of current country’s condition that
will be stored in UN-FAI database,
c. Contracting Party who wishes to get financial aid is obligated to submit the proposal
of the program to the UN-FAI
d. The proposal shall state;
i. Description of the program,
ii. Target groups,
iii. Impacts and benefits
iv. Implementation steps and timeline
v. Main actors and stakeholders of the program
e. The proposal will undergo background research by UN-FAI to verify the data stated in
the proposal,
f. Once verified, the proposal will be given to the UNEP for a proper check,
g. If the proposal is accepted the financial aid will be given accordingly through
UN-FAI,

2. Recommends the establishment of Equipment Funding and Donation Program (EF-DP) as

branches of “SELECtive Shots” framework to tackle the financial problems, with the aim as
follows:
a. The aim of this funding is specialized towards giving assistance in regards to export
and import tariff for any kind of equipment and/or tools needed to develop renewable
energy;
b. The target of this initiative is not limited to specific countries, but shall be prioritized
to small and landlocked countries in which their territory is a complicated area where
the transfer process is difficult;
c. The mechanism of this initiative shall be as follows:
i. The member states will be given assistance or privilege in the form of import
and export tariff reduction of any kind of equipment and tools that is related to
renewable energy development;
ii. This initiative will cover both financial and technological barriers by
stimulating technology transfer between countries which will increase the
development of renewable energy, thus decreasing the cost of it;
3. Encourages member states to obtain additional funding on a case-by-case basis through:
a. Proposing a partnership proposal to the World Bank to gain financial aid through their
existing Renewable Energy Financial Instrument Tool (REFINe);
b. Engaging with NGOs and INGOs, such as Greenpeace and Green Climate Fund, to
raise project funds from civil societies;

Article 4
INCREASING PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

1. Recommends each Member State to prioritize the establishment of an integrated Strategic

Plan on the use of Renewable Energy Resources (SPO-RES) Framework as a guide to the
management of renewable energy projects. SPO-RES aims to;
a. Determine the objectives of the Member State where it can be used as a guide to help
the actors specify on what matter they should focus on, which include:
i. Local and/or Regional Government Bodies,
ii. Private Sector,
iii. Academics,
iv. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs),
b. The role of the governments shall be;
i. Takes the principal responsibility in developing country’ general energy policy
including taxation,
ii. Oversees the promotion of energy efficiency in the all related sectors,
iii. Supports the implementation of the recommendation,
iv. Coordinate with neighbouring partners on the design and implementation of
climate and energy policies,
c. The cooperation between these actors are based on mutually beneficial contracts and
agreements that have been agreed upon before the implementation, the contracts and
agreements will be decided by the following mechanisms;
i. The private sector is obligated to create a proposal of the program they wish to
invest in accordingly to,
ii. The proposal is sent to the related government body where the academics and
environmental NGOs will also take part as advisors to give further
recommendations,
iii. Once accepted, the private sector is permitted to run their program in
accordance with the proposal that has been agreed on,
d. The contracts and agreements of the programs are differentiated based on the
timeframe of the program as follows;
i. Short-term Strategic Plan,
ii. Medium-term Strategic Plan,
iii. Long-term Strategic Plan,

2. Encourages the establishment of public-private partnerships to further expand investment

in renewable energy through the following means:
 a. The objective of this partnership is to attract more investment from companies
to fund and support the development and usage of renewable energy;
b. The government can accelerate the adoption of renewable energy among
companies through the following means:
i. Tax reduction and incentives for companies with a significant growth
of renewable energy usage with the amount that shall be decided under
the agreement of national governments;
ii. Utilize Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), Feed-In Tariff (FIT)
and/or “SELECtive Shots” policy to further promote the usage of
renewable energy not just by producing and consuming renewable
energy yet also influencing and making society see renewable energy
as a new trends and lifestyle through entertainment industry;
iii. Subsidies on products made through renewable energy resources;
iv. Investment grants to encourage transition towards environmental
technologies;
v. Interest subsidy, encouraging lower interest to revitalize the market in
the midst of economic downturn;
vi. Technical assistance, companies will be provided for advice,
assistance, and training pertaining to the installation, and operation of
renewable technology.
c. The government can support renewable energy producers by facilitating the
creation of a market auction system with details as follows but are not limited
to:
i. The auction will enable companies and utilities to buy electricity from
renewable power producers through open tender and fixed-price deals;
ii. The auction will also enable companies to invest in the development of
renewable energy by exploiting bidding prices;

Article 5
ENGAGEMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY

1. Calls upon the establishment of COMMUNAL or Community Engagement Plan to

further engage local communities to support the development of renewable energy, with the
plan as follows:
a. The objective of this program is to engage local communities through the Key
Opinion Leader (KOL) in three areas:
i. Increasing acceptance of building renewable energy infrastructures
within the community;
ii. Educating the community on the benefits of renewable energy, which
can be done by campaign under the SELECtive Shots proposal;
iii. Influencing the community to support and shift to using renewable
energy;
b. The plan will consist of three stages, namely analysis, engagement strategy,
and lastly monitoring and evaluation;
 c. The analysis shall comprise of the risks and potentials in relation to building
the necessary infrastructures to support renewable energy encompassing three
factors, which are policy, social, and economic aspects;
d. The engagement strategy shall comprise of the following:
i. Benefit and profit-sharing programs which can be achieved through
incentives and commissions;
ii. Certain incentives for communities;
iii. Provide innovative green jobs and green growth opportunities under
the private companies that are in charge of the infrastructure building;
e. The monitoring and evaluation shall be comprised of the following:
i. Regular monitoring and evaluation of the progress;
ii. Metrics of monitoring or key performance indicators;
iii. Complaint and dispute resolution process;
f. During the conduct, the parties involved shall maintain liability as stated in the
formal agreement;

2. Recommends the support of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to comply with the
usage of renewable energy through collaboration with the UNIDO under its UNIDO
consortia to conduct the following mechanisms:
a. Connecting potential investors and technology suppliers to facilitate access to suitable
renewable energy technologies for markets in LDCs;
b. Providing professional support to SMEs to help them apply and transition to
renewable energy in their industrial activities, whether in terms of technological
support, technicalities, or knowledge-sharing;
c. Giving first-hand knowledge to relevant regional stakeholders on the how-to’s of
renewable energy implementation in local environment;

3. Recommends the establishment of the Campaign and Public Diplomacy Program (CAPD)
as a of “SELECtive Shots” and the Importance of Applying Clean Energy Campaign
(IMPACE) to solve the social-cultural barriers in renewable energy implementation, through:
a. Engagement of society through campaigns and education of the benefits of renewable
energy to increase overall demand and stimulate market growth of renewable energy;
b. The campaign shall utilize entertainment industries to stimulate and influence society’s
mindset to change the lifestyle preferences that is more favorable to renewable energy;
c. The campaign shall also collaborate with schools or other educational institutions to
build the mindset of the young generation to support and be more leaning toward
renewable energy;
d. The mechanism of this CAPD initiative is through double approaches, which
comprises:
i. A national approach through campaign in which synergize with NGOs to
influence and raise awareness of local citizens;
ii. An international approach through Public Diplomacy in which synergize with
other states to influence and raise awareness of local citizen;
 Article 6
THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY

1. Recommends the creation of an Intensive Private and/or MNCs Engagement (IP-ME) to

gain supplementary funds that shall play a complementary role to the Feed-in Tariff (FIT)
scheme as an international help aid to struggling countries on achieving the SDGs 2030
during Covid-19 pandemic through the following mechanism;
a. Background of this initiative shall cover:
i. Study on the decreasing of fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy
demand;
ii. Study on the suspension of energy usage due to lockdown and quarantine;
iii. Study on the shift in society lifestyle related to renewable energy;
b. The details of this initiative will be as follows:
i. Reducing the import and production of non-renewable energy by investing
more on renewable energy;
ii. Engaging the entertainment industry as part of CAPD initiative to influence
society to more leaning toward renewable energy;
iii. Approaching the private sector and MNCs to invest more in renewable energy
during the hiatus in energy usage by providing several incentives such as tax
subsidies, market opportunity, supportive policy;
c. The agreement shall includes:
i. Periodical objectives,
ii. Overall objectives,
iii. Benefit or profit sharing,
d. Funding for CTF applicant will be given under the following steps;
i. The funding is given periodically rather than all at once,
ii. Country who’s doing the funding is allowed to monitor and supervise the
whole project for transparency,
iii. If during the first periodical funding the CTF applicant fails to achieve the
target, the funding shall be stopped and the country will not be allowed to
apply for another CTF

2. Trusts the United Nations Environment Programme, along with the corresponding member
states and related stakeholders, to remain actively involved in the matter.