MGM University’s

School of Engineering & Technology

First Year B. Tech

Department of Civil Engineering

Lab Manual

20UCC208L: ENGINEERING MECHANICS

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 Vision
Applied Science department is committed to provide the best learning and
creative experience of basic sciences i.e. Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics,
which is the background of engineering studies.

Mission
To provide sound background of basic concepts, principles of physics,
chemistry and Mathematics to engineering students which develops firm base
for further studies in engineering field.

Lab Objectives
1. To describe the working principle of machines and correlate them with day
to day engineering applications.
2. To formulate and solve mechanics problems based on law of moments,
conditions of equilibrium, etc. by using spreadsheet program.
3. To verify theoretical concepts through analytical, experimental and graphical
methods.

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 School of Engineering & Technology
N-6, CIDCO, Aurangabad – 431 003

INDEX OF EXPERIMENTS IN …………………………………………

Sr.
Name of Experiment Page No. Date Remark
No.
01 Polygon Law of Coplanar Forces 13
Centre of gravity of Irregular Shaped
02 22
Bodies
03 Bell Crank Lever 26
04 Lami’s Theorem 31
Support Reaction for Beam
05 35
06 Beam Reaction by Graphics Static 41
Method
07 Moment of Inertia of a Fly Wheel 48
Simple / compound pendulum
08 54
Inclined plane (to determine coefficient of
09 58
friction)
Verification of law of Machine using
10 64
Screw jack
11 Course Projects 77

This is certified that Mr./Ms.………………………. of class ……...

Roll No. …………has performed the experiments mentioned above in
the premises of institution.

Date: / / Lecturer In charge Head of Dept. Principal

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 Table of Content

Sr. Name of Experiment Page No.

No.
I Pre requisite -I 05
II Pre-requisite -II 09
01 Polygon Law of Coplanar Forces 13
02 Centre of gravity of Irregular Shaped Bodies 22
03 Bell Crank Lever 26
04 Support Reaction for Beam 31
05 Beam Reaction by Graphics Static Method 35
06 Moment of Inertia of a Fly Wheel 41
07 Simple / compound pendulum. 48
08 Inclined plane (to determine coefficient of friction). 54
Collision of elastic bodies (Law of conservation of
09 58
momentum).
10 Verification of law of Machine using Screw jack. 64
11 Course Projects 77

Time Allotted for each Practical Session = 02 Hrs.

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PRE - REQUISITE-I

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 PRE-REQUISITE -I

Engineering Mechanics: Engineering Mechanics is the physical science which

deals with the study of forces and their effects on the bodies.

Engineering
Mechanics

Statics (Study of forces Dynamic (Study of forces on

on body which is at rest) body which is in motion)

Kinematics (Study of Kinetics (Study of motion with

motion without reference reference of forces causing
of forces causing motion) motion)

Force:An external agent which changes or tends to change the state of rest or
uniform motion of a body upon which it acts is known as force.
Characteristics of Force: In order to identify a force completely we must know
the following four characteristics about it.
 Magnitude
 Direction
 Point of application
 Line of Action
Weight: The gravitational force of attraction exerted by the earth on a body is
known as the weight of the body. Since this attraction is a force, the weight of
body is expressed in Newton (N) in SI units.
Weight = Mass x Gravitational acceleration
W=mxg

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Displacement: It is the change of position of a particle in a definite direction &
it is measured by a straight distance between the initial and final position of the
particle.
Speed: It is defined as the rate of change of distance with respect to time. Speed
is a scalar quantity and its unit is m/s.
Velocity: It is defined as the rate of change displacement with respect to the
time. It is vector quantity and its unit is m/s.
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity with respect of time is called
acceleration.
Distance: It is the length measured along the path of a body. Distance is a
scalar quantity
Motion: It the change in position of a body with respect to a reference point.
There are three types of motion viz. Translational motion, Rotational motion
and general plane motion.
Translation: If a straight line drawn on the moving body remains parallel to its
original position, then such motion is called translation. Translation can be sub
divided into two types,
1. Rectilinear motion: When particle moves along a straight path is called
rectilinear motion or linear motion.
2. Curvilinear motion: The motion of a particle along a curved path other than
a straight line is known as curvilinear motion.
Angular Motion: The motion of a particle in curvilinear motion is on a curved
path, without changing the position of its centre is called as angular motion.

Projectile: The freely projected particles which are having the combined effect
of a vertical and a horizontal motion are called projectiles.

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Newton’s First Law:

Newton's First Law of motion states if a body is in state of rest, it will remain
in the state of rest and if it is in the state of motion it will remain in the state of
the motion with same velocity and same direction unless an external force is
applied on it.

Newton’s Second Law:

The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an
object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.

Mathematically, the law says that force is the product of mass and acceleration.

i.e. F = ma
where, m = Mass of the object, a = Acceleration
Newton's third law of motion:
It states that to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
When two objects A and B act on each other, the force exerted by A on B (FAB)
is equal to the force exerted by object B on A (FBA) in magnitude but are in
opposite directions.
i.e. FAB = – FBA
or FAB + FBA = 0

Centre of Gravity: Everybody is attracted towards the centre of the earth due
gravity. The force of attraction is proportional to mass of the body. Everybody
consists of innumerable particles; however, the entire weight of a body is
assumed to act through a single point and such a single point is called centre of
gravity. Everybody has one and only one centre of gravity.

Moment of Inertia: It is a measure of an object’s resistance to changes to its

rotation. It must be specified with respect to a chosen axis of rotation.

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 PRE-REQUISITE-II
STUDY OF SIMPLE MACHINES

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 STUDY OF SIMPLE MACHINES

Aim: To study simple machines.

Machine:
An apparatus using mechanical power and having several parts each with a
definite function and together performing a particular task. At its simplest,
a machine is an invention that does a job better and faster and more powerfully
than a human being.

Load (W):

This is the resistance which machine has to overcome.

Effort (P):
This is the force necessary to work the machine so as to overcome the load and
any other resistance against movement.

Mechanical advantage (M.A.):

This is the ratio of the load applied to the effort applied to the machine i.e.

M.A. = Load applied / Effort applied = W / P

Velocity Ratio (V.R.):

This is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort in any interval of time to the
corresponding distance, moved by the load in the same interval of time.

V.R. = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load = Sp / Sw

Input of machine:
This is the total work done on the machine or energy supplied to the machine.
This is same as work done by the effort. The importance of machine is to lift the
load and overcome the resistance. (Friction of the machine)

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Resistance of machine:

This is the resistance against the movement of load. Resistance of the machine
is mainly due to the friction between the moving parts of the machine.

Output of machine:

It is defined as useful work got out of the machine, i.e. the work done by the
load.

Efficiency of machine: ():

This is ratio of output of machine to the input. This is also same as the ratio of
useful work done by the machine to the energy supplied to it.

Efficiency of machine = Output of machine / Input of machine

= Useful work done / Actual energy supplied

= (W × Sw) / (P × Sp)

= (W/P) / (Sp/Sw)

= M.A. / V.R.

% = (M.A. / V.R.)*100 i.e. efficiency in %.

Ideal machine:

A machine whose efficiency is 100% is called an ideal machine. This machine

is absolutely free from the frictional resistance. In other words, in an ideal
machine, the output is equal to input.

Input = Output

W / P = Sp / S w

P ×Sp = W ×Sw

M.A. = V.R.

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Ideal Effort (Pi):
For ideal machine V.R. = M.A. i.e. W/P = V.R.

Therefore P = W / V.R.

Hence ideal effort is the ratio of load applied to the velocity ratio.

Pi = W / V.R.

Frictional Effort (Pf):

Frictional effort = Actual effort – Ideal effort

Pf = Pa – Pi

Law of machine:
―Law of machine is an equation which states the relation between effort & load.
It gives an effort required for certain load or load that can be lifted with given
effort. It can be expressed in the form of:

P = mW + C

Where, P = Effort applied in ‘N’

W = Load applied in ‘N’

m = Slope of graph line (Graph of actual effort Vs Load)

C = Intercept of line on Y axis / Constant.

Reversibility of simple machine:

A lifting machine in which the load starts moving back to its original position
when the effort is removed is called reversible machine.

If efficiency of machine is >= 50%, machine is reversible.

If efficiency of machine is <50%, machine is irreversible / self-locking.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 01

POLYGON LAW
OF
COPLANAR FORCES

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 01

POLYGON LAW OF COPLANAR FORCES

Aim: To verify law of polygon and calculate the resultant of coplanar

concurrent force system

Equipment: Force table, pulleys, set of weights, light inextensible string, spirit
level, and circular ring.

Theory: If more than three coplanar concurrent forces are acting on rigid body
be represented by the sides of polygon taken in order (tail of second force
coincides with tip of first force) then, closing line of polygon represents the
resultant taken in reverse order (tip of resultant force coincides with tip of last
force). At equilibrium force is zero. Therefore, tail of the first force coincides
with tip of last force i.e. polygon is closed figure.

Ө4
Ө5
Ө3
Ө1
Ө2

P1
P5
P4 String
P2
P3

Foot screw

Figure1: Force Table

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Procedure:

1. Organize the physical set up of experiment &study it.

2. Level the force table by adjusting the foot screws &check it with help of
bubble tube.
3. Apply the forces P1, P2, P3, P4& P5 so that the pivot remains at centre of
ring. Note down the magnitude & direction of forces.
4. Observe the angles between consecutive forces & note it.
5. Draw space diagrams for each reading using Bow’s notation & then draw
the force polygon with proper scale for all forces on graph paper.
6. Observe the nature of polygon whether it is open or closed.
7. Apply unknown weight on one of the strings& adjust the forces in other
strings to so that the pivot remains at centre of ring.
8. Find the unknown weight by drawing space diagram & force polygon.

Observation Table:

Sr. Magnitude of forces (N) Angle between consecutive

forces Remark
No.
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 θ5

1.

2.

3.

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Calculations: Analytical Calculations

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Result:

Sr. Resultant calculated by Resultant calculated by graphical

No. analytical method method
1.

2.

3.

Conclusion:
Resultant of the force system calculated by analytical method and graphical
method is ............................... (Nearly same / Exactly same).

Exercise
1. Which is the correct statement about law of polygon of forces?
A. If any number of forces acting at a point can be represented by the
sides of a polygon taken in order, then the forces are in equilibrium.
B. If any number of forces acting at a point can be represented in
direction and magnitude by the sides of a polygon, then the forces are
in equilibrium.
C. If a polygon representing forces acting at a point is closed then forces
are in equilibrium.
D. If any number of forces acting at a point can be represented in
direction and magnitude by the sides of a polygon taken in order, then
the forces are in equilibrium.

Answer:

2. State triangle law of forces.

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
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 EXPERIMENT NO.02

CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF IRREGULAR

OBJECTS

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

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 EXPERIMENT NO.02
CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF IRREGULAR OBJECTS
Aim: To determine the centre of gravity of irregular objects.

Material Required: Cardboards of different shapes, thread, nail,

pencil,rule/straight edge, load, etc.

Theory: All bodies are attracted towards the centre of the earth with a force
which is equal to its weight. The point in the body at which the weight appears
to be concentrated is called its ‘centre of gravity’.
The point where the total mass of the body seems to act is the centre of gravity.
The centre of gravity of all bodies can be determined by balancing the body on
a knife edge or by suspension with a plumb line from several points. In most
cases, the centre of gravity of a body lies in the body itself, but in few cases
such as the horse-shoe magnet, wine glass and conical flask, the centre of
gravity lies outside as shown in figure.

Procedure -
1. Cut an irregular shape from cardboard.
2. Make three holes close to the edges of the irregularly shaped cardboard.
3. Suspend the object to swing freely on a needle or nail through one of the
holes created.
4. Attach a plumb line to the needle or nail and mark its position on the
cardboard with the help of a rule or a straight edge.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the remaining holes, mark the positions of the
plumb-lines carefully.

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6. Locate the intersection of the three lines drawn; this indicates the centre
ofgravity of the object.

a b

Figure 2: Steps for locating Centre of Gravity

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 Exercise
1. Define Centroid.

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

2. State centre of gravity

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

3. Differentiate between centroid and centre of gravity.

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

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 EXPERIMENT NO.03

BELL CRANK LEVER

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

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 EXPERIMENT NO.03
BELL CRANK LEVER
Aim: To verify the Principle of Moments using the Bell Crank Lever apparatus.

Apparatus: Bell crank lever apparatus, hangers, weights, scale.

Theory: Principle of Moments states, ‘the algebraic sum of the moments of a

system of coplanar forces about any point in the plane is equal to the moment of
the resultant force of the system about the same point’.
This principle would be verified for a bell crank lever arrangement.
A lever whose two arms form a right angle, or nearly a right angle and having
its fulcrum at the apex of the angle is referred to as a bell crank lever. These
levers were originally used to operate the bell from a long distance especially
where change in direction of bell wires was involved and hence the name. Now
bell crank levers are used in machines to convert the direction of reciprocation
movement.

Procedure:
1. Arrange three hangers at arbitrary locations on the horizontal arm. Note the
locations x1, x2, and x3 of these hangers from the hinge. Adjust the tension in the
spring connected to the vertical arm such that the two pointers come in the same
vertical line. In this position the horizontal arm is truly horizontal. Note the
tensile force in the spring as the initial tension Ti. Also note the location Y of
the spring from the hinge.
2. Hang the weights W1, W2 and W3 from the hangers. This will cause the arms
to tilt and the pointers to move away from each other. Now adjust the tension in
the spring such that the pointers once again come in the same vertical line. The
horizontal arm is once again in its horizontal position. Note the tensile force in
the spring as the final tension Tf. The tensile force T on the vertical arm is the
difference Tf —Ti.
3. Since the external forces are being supported by the single hinge at the apex
of the arms, implies that the resultant of these external applied forces passes
through the supporting hinge. Therefore to verify the principle of moments we
need to take moments (ΣM) of all the external forces (which includes the
weights of the hangers hanging from the horizontal arm and the tension in the

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spring connected to the vertical arm) about the hinge and if the total sum is zero,
verifies the law of moments since the moment of the resultant is also zero at the
hinge.
4. Repeat the above steps by changing the weights and their location on the
horizontal arm for two more set of observations.

Figure 3: Bell Crank Lever

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Observation Table:

Sr. Ti(N) Y W1 W2 X1 X2 Tf T= ΣM=T×Y-W1×X1 -

No. (m) (N) (N) (m) (m) (N) Tf-Tn W2×X2 -W3×X3
1.

2.

3.

Calculations:
Summation of moments of all external forces at the hinge O.

ΣMo =(T × Y)–(W1× X1)- (W2× X2)-(W3× X3)

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Conclusion:
The sum of moments of all the applied external forces on the bell crank lever,
within limits of experimental error being close to zero, is in accordance to the
‘Principle of Moments’.

Hence the experiment is verified.

Exercise
1. What is mean by moment?
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

2. What is the principle of moments?

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

3. What is unit moment?

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 04
LAMI’S THEOREM

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 04
LAMI’S THEOREM

Aim: To verify Lami’s theorem with equilibrium of three parallel forces

Apparatus: Force table, pulleys, set of weights, light inextensible string, spirit level, and
circular ring.

Theory: Lami’s theorem states that, if three concurrent forces act on a body keeping it
in Equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other
two forces. According to this theorem, when three coplanar, concurrent and non-co-
linear forces act on a body which is in symmetry then the magnitude of each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces.

Procedure:

1) Two smooth small pulleys are fixed, one each at the top corners of a universal force
table as shown in Figure. The pulleys should move freely without any friction. A
light string is made to pass over both the pulleys. Two slotted weights P and Q (of
the order of 50 g) are taken and are tied to the two free ends of the string. Another
short string is tied to the center of the first string at O. A third slotted weight R is
attached to the free end of the short string. The weights P, Q, and R are adjusted such
that the system is at rest.

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2) If the point O is in equilibrium under the action of the three forces P, Q and R acting
along the strings then, note the weights attached to each string P, Q, R. Also, note the
angle opposite to each string i.e. the angle between other two forces. For example,
note α as angle opposite P and between Q-R, β as angle opposite Q and between P-R,
and γ as angle opposite R and between P-Q.
3) Calculate the ratio of each force to the sine of angle opposite it and check whether it
is equal to the ratio of other two forces to the sine of angle opposite them,
individually.
4) The experiment is repeated for different values of P, Q, and R and the values are
tabulated.

Observation table:

Sr.
No.
P (N) Q (N) R (N) α (º) β (º) γ (º)
1
2
3

Calculations:

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Result:

Sr. No. P/Sin α Q/Sin β R/Sin γ

1
2
3

Conclusion:

1) The ratio of (P/Sin α), (Q/Sin β) and (R/Sin γ) are ________ to each other.
(Equal / Nearly equal)
Hence, the Lami’s theorem is verified.

Exercise:

1) State Lami’s theorem.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

2) State the applications of Lami’s theorem.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 05
EQUILIBRIUM OF PARALLEL FORCES

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 05

EQUILIBRIUM OF PARALLEL FORCES

Aim: To study Equilibrium of parallel forces – simply supported beam reactions.

Apparatus: Beam reaction apparatus, hooks & weights with hangers.

Theory: When system of parallel forces act on body & keeps the body in
equilibrium then algebraic sum of forces is equals to zero & sum of moment of
forces (active & reactive) about any point in plane of forces is equals to zero.

Procedure:

1. Organize the physical set up of experiment study it.

2. Measure span of beam.
3. Note down initial reading (reactive forces) at support A & B.
4. Apply loads P1, P2, (active forces) at different positions & measure the
distances d1, d2, respectively from support A & note it.
5. Take final readings of reactive forces at supports A & B after loading &
note down in observation table.
6. Calculate analytically support reaction at support A & B.
7. Compare the support reactions at supports A & B calculated by analytical
method with support reactions calculated by deducting initial readings
from final readings at each support.
8. Repeat the procedure for four sets of loadings.

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 Figure 4: Parallel Force Table
Observation:

a) Span of AB = L =......................... m
b) Initial readings at support A =… ...................... N
c) Initial readings at support B = .......................... N

Observation table:
Sr. Loads Distance Support Reactions Support Remark
No. (N) from reactions by
support analytical
A method
P1 P2 D1 D2 At A At B RA RB
Final RA Final RB
Reading (N) Reading (N)
(gm) (gm)
1.

2.
3.

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Calculations:

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Result:

Sr. Reactions calculated by Reactions calculated by

No. Experimental method Analytical method
1.
2.
3.

Conclusion: Support reactions calculated by analytical method and

experimental method are ..................... (Nearly same/ exactly same)

Exercise
1. Define co-planer parallel force system.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

2. What is meant by equilibrium?

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

3. What are the static equilibrium conditions for co-planer concurrent force
system?
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

4. Explain the term ‘support reactions.

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

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 EXPERIMENT NO.06
BEAM REACTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

Page 41
 EXPERIMENT NO.06

Beam Reaction by Graphical Method

Aim: To calculate the support reactions by graphical method.

Statement: A Simply supported beam AB Of span 6 m carries point loads 3 kN

and 6 kN at a distance of 2 m and 4 m from the end A as shown in Fig. Find the
reactions at A and B Graphically.

Procedure: - Graphical Method.

1. First of all, draw the space diagram of the beam to a suitable scale. Let 1
cm length in space diagram represents 1 m length of beam, hence take AB
= 6 cm, distance of load 3 kN from A = 2 cm and distance of 6 kN from A
=4 cm as shown in Fig, A.
2. Now name the loads and reactions according to Bow's notation i.e. load 3
kN is named by PQ. load 6 kN named by QR, reaction RB by SR and
reaction RA by SP.
Now the vector diagram is drawn according to the following steps refer
to Fig. b.
3. Choose suitable scale to represent various toads. Let 1 cm represents 1 kN
load. Hence load PQ (i.e., 3 kN) will he equal to 3 cm and load QR (i.e.,6
kN) 6 cm.
4. Now take any point p and draw line pq parallel to load PQ (i.e., 3 kN). Take
pq = 3 cm to represent the 3 kN,
5. Through q, draw line qr parallel 10 load QR (i.e., 6 kN). Cut qr equal to 6
cm to represent the load of 6 kN.
6. Take any point O. Join the point O to the points q and r as shown in Fig. b.

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7. Now in Fig. a extend the lines of action of the loads (3 kN and 6
kN). and the two reactions. Take any point 1, on the line of action of
the reaction RA. Through 1, draw the line 1-2 parallel to pO,
intersecting the line of action of load 3 kN at point 2.
8. From point 2, draw line 2-3 parallel to qO, intersecting the line of action of
load 6 k N at 3. Similarly, from point 3. draw a line 3-4 parallel to rO,
intersecting the line of action Oi reaction RB at B point 4.
9. Join 1 and 4. The line 1-4 is known as closing line, From the vector
diagram, from point O, draw line Osparallel to line 1-4.
10. Measure the length sp and rs. The length sp represents reaction RA and
length rs represents reaction RB.

Figure. A Figure. B

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Calculations of support reaction by Analytical Method:

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Page 45
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Observation table:
Sr. Loads Distance Support Reactions Support reactions Remark
No. (N) from By graphical by analytical method
support Method
A
P1 P2 D1 D2 At A At B RA RB
RA (N) RB (N)
1.

2.

Result:

Sr. Reactions calculated by Reactions calculated by

No. Graphical method Analytical method
1.
2.

Conclusion: Support reactions calculated by analytical method and Graphical

method are ..................... (Nearly same/ exactly same)

Exercise
1. What are different types of supports?
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
2. What are the Graphical equilibrium conditions for co-planer concurrent
force system?
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

3. Explain Bow’s notations.

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
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 EXPERIMENT NO.07

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FLY WHEEL

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

Page 48
 EXPERIMENT NO.07

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FLYWHEEL

Aim: To find moment of inertia of flywheel

Apparatus: Flywheel mounted on axle and supported by bearing, pan, weights,

and stop watch.

Theory:
Moment of Inertia is the property of the body by virtue of which it resists the
change in the state of its angular motion about any axis. It depends upon the
mass of the body and the distance with respect to axis of rotation.

For falling mass,

Initial velocity = v = 0

Height of fall = h

a = 2h / t2

Resultant force = T-mg

-F = T-mg

-ma = T-mg

T = m(g-a)

Moment ‘M’= Iα

T*r = I *a / r (since a = r α)

I = T r2/ a

I = m (g - a) r2 / a

Page 49
 Fly wheel

Bearings
Loose Pin

Falling mass &

Pan

Figure 6: Fly Wheel

Procedure:

1. Attach a long thread about 1.8 m length to the axle of flywheel and end of
thread is attached to the axle while the pan is attached to the outer end of the
thread.

2. Weight should be added so that pan must be in suitable line on the wheel by
which we can calculate number of revolutions of the wheel.

3. Wrap the thread on the axle and measure the height of the pan from the
ground level, and then add the weights in the pan and take readings of time
required for pan to touch the ground.

4. This time is calculated by using the stop watch as soon as weight starts
moving down.

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5. Take different weights and corresponding time and complete the observation
table.

Observation table:

Sr. Mass (m) Time (t) Acceleration (a) Tension (T) M.I. = (T × r2 ) / a
No. kg sec a = 2h / t2 , m/s2 T = m (g – a) Kg -m2
Kg.m/s2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Calculations:

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Result: Moment of Inertia of fly wheel is--------------- Kg- m2.

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 Exercise

1. Define moment of inertia.

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
2. State theorem of parallel axis.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
3. Define radius of gyration.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
4. What do you mean by second moment of area?
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

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 EXPERIMENT NO.08

COMPOUND PENDULUM

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

Page 54
 EXPERIMENT NO.08
COMPOUND PENDULUM

Aim: To find the moment of inertia of the compound pendulum.

Apparatus: A steel rod with holes in it for suspension (bar pendulum), A knife
edged fulcrum, stop watch, meter scale.

Theory: Compound pendulum is defined as a right body suspended in a

vertical plane, from a point on the body other than centre of gravity. On giving
small angular displacements, it oscillates and performs harmonic motion.

We have,

Io= (t2 mgb/4π) & IG= (Io mb2)

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Observations:
Mass of uniform bar, m= ------kg

No. of oscillations = 20

Length of the bar L = 1m

Analytically,

IG = mL2/12.

Observation Table:

Sr. b T(sec) t=T/20 Io=(t2mgb/4π) IG=(Io mb2) IG

No. (m) (sec) (Average)

1
2
3

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Result:
1. Moment of inertia of the compound pendulum
(experimental)=…………………
2. Moment of inertia of the compound pendulum (analytical)
=………………………
Exercise
1. If the mass moment inertia of the object is increased to 4 times then
what will be the effect of time period of the compound pendulum?
a) Doubled
b) Remains same
c) Halved
d) Decreases by √2 times
Answer: …….
2. All simple pendulums are compound pendulums.
a) True
b) False
Answer: …….
3. Which of the following shape of the body can be considered as
compound pendulum?
a) Cylindrical
b) Cubical
c) Cuboidal
d) Any rigid body
Answer: ……….

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 EXPERIMENT NO.09

FRICTION

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

Page 58
 EXPERIMENT NO. 9
FRICTION
Aim: To find the Coefficient of Friction between two surfaces.
Apparatus: Inclined Plane with pulley, weights, block, weight pan, etc.
Theory: Friction force is developed whenever there is a motion or tendency
ofmotion of one body with respect to the other body involving rubbing of
thesurfaces of contact. Friction is therefore a resistance force to sliding
betweentwo bodies produced at the common surfaces of contact.
Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth, however flat it may
appear. On every surface there are ‘microscopic hills and valleys’ and due to
this the surfaces get interlocked making it difficult for one surface to slide over
the other. During static state the friction force developed at the contact surface
depends on the magnitude of the disturbing force. When the body is on the
verge of motion the contact surface offers maximum frictional force called as
‘Limiting Frictional Force’.
In 1781 the French Physicist Charles de Coulomb found that the limiting
frictional force did not depend on the area of contact but depends on the
materials involved and the pressure (normal reaction) between them.
Thus, frictional force F α N, or
F = μsN
Here μs is the coefficient of static friction, a term introduced by Coulomb. The
value of μslies between 0 and 1 and it depends on both the surfaces of contact.
Coefficient of static friction ‘μs’ between two surfaces can be found out
experimentally by two methods, viz. Angle of Repose method and Friction
Plane method.

The minimum angle of an inclined plane at which a body kept on it slides down
the plane without the application of any external force is known as Angle of
Repose. It is denoted by letter φ.
Angle of repose, φ = tan-1 μs

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 N

W Sin θ


F


W Cos θ

Figure 5: Friction factor apparatus

Procedure:

1. Set the inclined plane with glass top at some angle with the horizontal. Note
the inclination θ of the plane on the quadrant scale. Take a box of known
weight, note its bottom surface (whether surface is soft wood, or sand paper, or
card board etc,) and weight W (weight of box)
2. Tie a string to the box and passing the string over a smooth pulley, attach an
effort pan to it.

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3. Slowly add weights in the effort pan. A stage would come when the effort
pan just slides down pulling the box up the plane. Using fractional weights up to
a least count of 5 gm, find the least possible weight in the pan that causes the
box to just slide up the plane. Note the weight in the effort pan. This is force
‘P’.
4. Repeat the above steps 1 to 3 by changing the weights in the box for two
more sets of observations.

Observation Table:

Type of Weig Angle Weight Coefficient Avera Angle of Repose

surface ht of of the in of Friction ge (µ)
Analytical experimental
block Plane effort (µ)
(W) (θ) pan (P)
in in ‘N’
‘N’

Wood

Carpet
Cloth

Calculations:

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Result:

Coefficient of friction between glass and wood is………………….

Coefficient of friction between glass and carpet cloth is …………….

Conclusion:
Wooden block has smooth contacting surface than carpet cloth, therefore its
coefficient of friction is .................... (less than/ more than) carpet cloth.

Exercise
1. Define friction.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

2. What is mean by coefficient of friction?

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

3. Define angle of repose.

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 10
SIMPLE SCREW JACK

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade
Signature of Teacher

Page 64
 EXPERIMENT NO. 10

SIMPLE SCREW JACK

Aim: To study simple screw jack and find its V.R. and its various performances

Apparatus: Simple screw jack, thread, pan, weights, etc.

Theory:
A screw jack is used to lift & support heavy loads. Jacks used for lifting trucks
or cars for repairs are screw jack. To lift such heavy loads, comparatively very
small effort is applied at the end of the handle.

Screw jack consists of a screw & a drum is mounted at its head. Load is kept on
the drum therefore it is called as Load drum. Load drum is rotated with the help
of the thread passing over the pulley and having effort applied at its end.

When screw jack completes on the rotation load drum will also complete one
rotation. Distance moved by effort is equals to the circumference of the load
drum at the same time load is lifted by distance equals to the pitch of the screw.

Therefore, velocity ratio =Distance moved by effort

Distance moved by load

= Circumference of load drum =CW

Pitch of the screw P
Procedure:
1. Observe the machine – ‘Screw Jack.’ Identify the various components Such
as screw, load drum, pulley.

2. Measure the pitch of the screw and circumference of load drum.

3. Find the velocity ratio.

4. Set up the machine and attach heavy load drum.

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 L
W

Pitch

Screw

Figure 7: Screw Jack

5. Find corresponding effort (P) by gradually increasing the value so that when
effort (P) moves down, load (W) just starts moving up. Label the motions in the
diagram.

6. Repeat the procedure for different heavy load W.

7. Draw the graph by taking load values on x-axis and effort values onY-axis
with suitable scale. Note the co-linear relationship between efforts & load W.

8. Find slope (m) and intercept (C) on y-axis for the straight line, and write
relation in the form of P= (m.W+C). Note this equation is called as Law of
machine.

9. Calculate mechanical advantage & subsequently efficiency for each set of

load (W) & corresponding effort (P) by relation MA= load (W) /Effort (P)
&efficiency (%η) = MA/V.R. x 100. Tabulate the same in observation table.

10. Calculate ideal effort (Pi) for each of load (W) by a relation P i = W / V.R. &
tabulate it. Note that effort (P) in actual machine is greater than ideal effort (Pi)
required in ideal machine. Plot the graph of ideal effort - Pi(On y-axis) & Load
–W (On x-axis).

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11. Note linear relationship between them.

12. Calculate effort lost in friction (Pf) for each of the load (W) by relation Pf =
P – W / V.R. & tabulate the same.

13. Plot the graph of ‘Effort lost in friction’ Pf (on y-axis) against Load (W) on
X-axis. Note the linear relationship between Pf& W.

14. Draw an interference from the graph plotted.

15. Draw the graph taking load on x-axis and mechanical advantage &
efficiency on y-axis.

16. Calculate load loss in friction by the formula Wf= P x V.R. – W.

17. Find the maximum mechanical advantage & maximum efficiency for the
machine.

Observations:
1. Diameter of load table: D =
2. Pitch of Screw: p =
3. Circumference of load table: πD =
4. Velocity Ratio: Sp/Sw = πD/p =

Observation Table:

Sr. Load (W) Effort M.A. = η%= Pi = W/V.R. Pf = Pa-Pi

No. Newton (Pa) W/Pa M.A./V.R.
Newton * 100
01

02

03

04

05

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Calculations:

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Result:

i. V.R. of machine: = Sp/Sw

Sp = Circumference of load table = πD =
Sw = Pitch of screw = p=
Therefore V.R. = Sp/ Sw= πD/p=
ii. Efficiency of machine = M.A. /V.R.=
iii. Percentage of efficiency = (M.A./V.R.)*100=

Conclusion:
i. Efficiency of machine is less than 50%, the machine is irreversible.
ii. V.R. of machine remains constant.
iii. Efficiency of machine increases with load in the beginning and then
remains constant.
iv. The graph line indicates a linear motion.
v. As load on machine increases, the effort required to lift also increases.

Exercise
1. Define velocity ratio.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

2. What is efficiency of machine?

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

3. Define mechanical advantage.

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

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Rough Work

Page 76