1

7
★

★
All phrases must minimally contain a [ ]
The elements that [ ] the Head specify the Head + Complement sequence
and we will accordingly refer to them as Specifiers.
XP is the [ ] of the Head (also called a double-bar projection,
sometimes written as X'')
while the X'-level is a [ ]
The Head itself is a [ ] zero bar projection ( or [ ])
Every [ ], then, has three levels of structure: X'', X', X.
Adjunct 역할 = grammatical function of a constituent that specifies the
[ ] of the situation expressed by a sentence.
Adjuncts are always sisters of [ ] categories in phrases, and have a
[ ] function.
Complements are always sisters of [ ].
a silly preposterous analysis of the sentence

*… they did [not destroy deliberately the garden]

* [an analysis with tree diagrams of the sentence]
* [so fond in the morning of coffee]

the labels Specifier, Adjunct, Head and Complement are [ ] notions,

and only the Head is always obligatory.
a. a student came to see me yesterday [with long hair]
b. *a student came to see me yesterday [of Physics]

A review has just appeared [of my latest book].

[What branch of Physics] are you a student of?
*[What kind of hair] are you a student with?

a. the student with long hair with short arms

b. *the student of Physics of Chemistry
*a student [of Physics] and [with long hair]
*a student [with long hair] and [of Physics]
head

precede

maximal projection

single bar projection

lexical projection
phrase

'how', 'when', 'where' or 'why'

bar-level / modifying

Heads

the property of being stackable differentiates Adjuncts on the one hand from
Complements
and Specifiers on the other. (phrases can in principle contain an unlimited number
of Adjuncts)
Lexical numbers are restricted in the number of Complements they can take
(rarely more than three),
while Specifiers are not generally not recursive.

Complements must be adjecent to their Heads.

functional

It appears that PP Adjuncts can be extraposed from their Heads more freely
than PP Complements.
appear = 자동사 (경동사)인 경우

Object of a Complement preposition can be preposed, but not the

Object of an Adjunct preposition.
Because Complements is not recursive, it does not allow PP Complements
to be stacked in this way.

Only constituents attached at the same level can be coordinated.

1 I node is responsible for two things. One of them is making sure that [ ],
the other is taking care of [ ].

affix hopping 정의

2 a. Perhaps my brother will not bake a cake.

b. My brother perhaps will not bake a cake.
c. My brother will perhaps not bake a cake.
d. My brother will not bake a cake perhaps.
Given that perhaps is a sentence adverb, modal verb is positioned under
[ ], and is not inside the [ ].

3 *He will to sleep

Under the affix movement the resultant inflected Verb remains within
[ ],
4
whereas under the V movement analysis the inflected V ends up as a
constituent of [ ].

5 a. George has probably been working

b. *George will have probably been working

6 a. [He will tell the truth]

b. Will [he tell the truth]?
★

7 a. *Will [he [can] tell the truth]?

b. *Will [he [to] tell the truth]?

8 a. Should I've called the Police?

b. Could they've done something to help?
Should and Could undergo [ ] (=I movement) in direct questions,
from their position between Pronouns and have, into [ ] in front of the
Prnoun.

9 Is Neil playing squash?

the aspectual auxiliary be moves twice : once to [ ], and a second
time under [ ].
10 What will you buy?
The Modal will in I will be moved into the [ ] by [ ], and the wh-NP
what will be moved into the empty NP [ ] position by [ ].
11 a. These lorries produce filthy fumes.
b. Filthy Fumes are produced by these lorries.
The NP these lorries carries an [ ] both in (a) and (b).
Transitive verbs subcategorise for an [ ] or clause, and ditransitive
12 verbs
subcategorise for [ ]. Auxiliary verbs subcategorise for [ ].
13 Filthy Fumes are produced by these lorries.
We have two movements here: the passive auxiliary be has moved to 'I' under
[ ], while the Direct Object has moved from a position following
the main verb to the Subject position of the sentence under [ ].

The verb put subcategorises (i.e. 'takes') obligatory [ ] and [ ]

14
compelements.
15 a. Little heed was paid - to her proposal
b. Close tabs were kept - on all Thatcherites
c. Little advantage was taken - of the situation
Idiom chunk NPs are restricted to occurring immediately after specific Verbs at
[ ].
16 a. They rolled the ball down the hill
b. The ball was rolled down the hill
a. They will give Mary nothing
b. Mary will be given nothing
★
★
17 It seems that Danny is working.
It appears that Phil is singing.
★
linking verbs are [ ] predicates that take [ ] arguments.
verbs acquire tense
the agreement between Subjects and verbs
the tense and agreement feature are lowered from the I-node
onto the verb inside the VP.

I / VP

The modals and to cannot co-occur, because they fill the same
slot in a tree diagram.

VP, I

V moement is only possible into an empty finit I, and so is

blocked in (b) because I is already filled by the Modal will.
the italicised Modal originates in the I position within S, and is
subsequently moved into an empty C position outside S by a rule
which we call I movement (I-to-C Movement).

the original I position has subsequently been refilled by can/to,

in violation of 'no refilling' condition. (once a given position has been
filled, it cannot be refilled.)

inversion, pre-subject position

The presence of the 'gap' between Pronoun and have

would suffice to block have contraction.

acquire Tense and Agreement, Subject-Auxiliary Inversion

empty C position, I movement, C-specifier, WH movement

agentive role

NP, two NPs, VPs

Verb Movement, NP-Movement

NP, PP

Deep structure

THEME (or Patient)

THEME (or Patient)
Goal
Goal
Mary retains the theta-role of GOAL.
Theta-roles are 'preserved' under movement

linking verbs do not assign thematic roles to their Subjects.

one-place, clausal
1

2
★
3

★
4
★

6
7

10
11
12

13
14

15
★
16
17
18

19
Belgian beer I like, but Belgian wine I hate.
This process is called [ ].
two effects?
* The books about New York nobody like that she bought.

(a) Sally said that she returned my book, and [return my book] she did -.
(b) * Sally said that she returned my book, and [return my book] she - .

* Ralph says that he will clean his room, and [will clean his room] he - .

* Ralph says that he will clean his room meticulously, and [clean his room]
he will - meticuously.
ADVP must be moved along with the main verb and its Direct Object, and is
therefore inside [ ].
We brought - into the country six boxes of excellent French wine.
*I sent - a postcard my cousin from London.
*I sent a postcard to - yesterday my cousin from London.

[Six women -] appeared with yellow hats.

?*[Three men -] noisily left the theatre who were drunk.
Extraposition from NP (ENP) seems to be more acceptable if the verb phrase is
relatively [ ].
* Six women - on their heads appeared with yellow hats. (Tree 그리기)
with yellow hats is [ ]. on their heads is an [ ] of the Head [ ].
N' = [ ] / VP = [ ] / V' = [ ]
* The student of physics is taller than the one of chemistry.
* the one of poems wih a red cover
The big dog chased the small one
A noun which has an overt Complement is simplay an [ ], whereas a noun
which lacks a complement has the status of [ ].
* Barry hired a big Jaguar, and Milly did so a Volkswagen.
Martha put some money in the bank on Friday. And Shirley did so.
Martha put some money in the bank on Friday. And Shirley did so on Monday.
* Martha put some money in the bank. And Shirley did so in her wall safe.
*John wrote a letter and to Fred

John is a superb athlete and in a class of his own.

* John rang -, and Harry picked -, up Mary's sister
In the first conjunct up [ ] the Verb rang to form the [ ], and in the
second conjunct up [ ] the Verb picked, forming the [ ].
*It was [a book] [to Mary] that John gave.
* It was [your big] who built this house brother.
In Cleft and Psudocleft sentence, the material that occurs in the focused position
must be [ ], and only [ ] may appear in this position at a time.
부사 들어갈 수 있는 번호
(1)The team (2) can (3) rely (4) on (5) my support (6).
Certainly
Completely
Topicalisation
1. contrast 2. emphasising (more prominent)

Only the whole NP can be preposed for emphasis, not just part of the phrase.

VP-Preposing can only apply if the sentence in question contains an auxiliary verb.

Modal auxiliary verbs are not part of the VP.

VP

HNPS

A restriction on HNPS is that we cannot move Indirect Objects or Objects of

prepositions to the right.

light

not a constituent, Adjunct, hats

one / null proform / do so
N0 (X)
N0 (X)
N' (O)

N, N-bar (as well as N)

V0 (X)
V'1 (higher V')
V'2 (lower V')

Only identical categories can be conjoined.

They have the identical function (Complement).
goes with, Phrasal Verb rang up, goes with, Phrasal Verb picked up

complete constituent, only one constituent

S-adverb - (1) (2) (3) (6)

VP-adverb (3) (4) (6)
ry verb.
TG
1

★
★
8

★
9
(a) John wants Mary to see a doctor.
(b) John persuaded Mary to see a doctor.
Semantically, in (a) John wants [ ]
In (b), John persudades person to do something; he does not persuade
an [ ].
What is the appropriate sentence fragment test for 1-(a)?
What is the appropriate sentence fragment test for 1-(b)?
In [want / persuade] case, there is a synonymy between the active and
passive versions.
(a) John persuaded Mary to see a doctor.
(b) John persuaded a doctor to be seen by Mary.

In (a) and (b), there isn't synonymy because [ ].

What Arni persuaded was for Karim to be quiet. (O,X)

What Arni wanted was for Karim to be quiet. (O, X)
(a) Bronwyn wants {it to rain / there to be sun} tomorrow.
(b) *Gwen persuaded {it to rain / there to be sun} tomorrow.
In want-type verbs, the NP is [ ]. In persuade-type verbs,
the NP is [ ].

a. Barbara expects Megan to feed the dog.

b. What does Barbara expect? For Megan to feed the dog.
c. What Barbara wants is the dog to be fed by Megan.
d. What Barbara wants is for Megan to feed the dog.
e. Barbara wants {it to rain / there to be sunshine} tomorrow.
The verb 'expect' seemes to pattern like [ ].

a. Who does Barbara expect to feed the dog? Megan

In this case, the expect case is like the [ ] case and unlike the
want case.
b. Megan was expected by Barbara to feed the dog.
In (b), the second NP is [ ] since it can become the [ ]
Megan seems to behave as [ ].
a. She wanted them to be nice.
b. She wanted to be nice.

a. *Barnett believes for the doctor to have examined Tilman.

b. *Terry proved for Ashely to be an idiot.
c. *Barnett persuaded for the doctor to examine Tilman.
d. *Tina forced for the author to rewrite the introduction.
e. Terry wants very much for Ashely to arrive on time.
f. The administration would prefer for all professional staff to agree a
furlough.
As in (e) and (f), what distinguishes of the want-class of others is ..
This is impossible neither with [ ] : (a) and (b) nor with [ ] : (c) and (d)
an entire state of affairs. (the entire proposition 'Mary see a doctor')

entire proposition - 명제 (Mary see a doctor)

What does John want? For Mary to see a doctor.

Who did John persuade (to see a doctor)? Mary

want

in the active version John acts upon Mary, while in the passive
version he acts upon the doctor.
X
O

subject of the nonfinite embedded clause, object of the main clause verb.

want

persuade

object of the matrix clause, subject of a corresponding passive.

both subject of the embedded clause and direct object of the matrix clauase.

As in (a) and (b), want appear in both raising and control position.
their ability to occur with the complementizer for
pure raising predicates; pure control predicates
멘토
1

10

11
★

TG
12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22
★

23

★
persuade
promise
believe
expect
(a) John tries to be honest.
(b) John seems to be honest.

(a) It tends to be warm in September.

(b) *It/There tries to be warm in September.
(c) It seems to bother Kim that they resigned.
(d) *It/There hopes to bother Kim that they resigned.

It seems [to be easy to fool Ben].

* John seems [to be easy to fool Ben].
The VP to be easy to fool Ben requires [ ] it as its subject.
(a) Tabs are likely [to be kept on participants].
(b) The VP [to be kept on participants] requires a subject which must be the
word
tabs in order to induce an [ ].
#The color red understands the important issues of the day.
understands requires its subject to be [ ].
(a) The cat seemes to be out of the bag. ('The secret is out')
(b) #The cat tries to be out of the bag.
In (a) the meaning of the idiom [ ]. In (b) there is no idiomatic meaning.
(a) The dentist is likely to examine Pat.
(b) Pat is likely to be examined by the dentist.

(a) The dentist is eager to examine Pat.

(b) Pat is eager to be examined by the dentist.

(a) Stephen believed it to be easy to please Maja.

(b) * Stephen persuaded it to be easy to please Maja.
Unlike believe, persuade does not license an [ ].
(a) Stephen believed the cat to be out of the bag.
(b)# Stephen persuaded the cat to be out of the bag.
(a) Understanding this lesson was easy.
(b) It was easy understanding this lesson. (O, X)
(a) Protesting the new polices would be no use.
(b) It would be no use protesting the new policies. (O, X)
(a) It's a real pleasure to work with John.
(b) John is a real pleasure to work with. (O, X)
Tough movement happens with…
an [ ] such as dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, [ ], pleasant,
simple, tough..
an NP that has a similar "[ ]" meaning, for example, a chore, a cinch,
a joy, a pain, a piece of cake, a pleasure, a snap
It is possible to see the director.
The director is possible to see. (O, X)
It is a real honor to work with Professor Hobson.
Professor Hobson is a real honor to work with. (O, X)
It seems Edith to enjoy my company. (O, X)
The value of the dollar is likely to go up in January.
(from 'It is likely [the value of the dollar to go up in January].)
Equivalent sentence with extraposed that clause is possible.
(a) He is sure to complain about something. (O, X)
(b) It is sure that he will complain about something. (O, X)
(c) He is apt to complain about something. (O, X)
(d) It is apt that he will complain about something. (O, X)

(a) John is eager to please.

(b) John is certain to please.
(c) John is easy to please.
John in (a), unlike (b) and (c), [ ]
Bernett tried to understand the formula.
Bernett appears to have two roles in the sentence, one as [ ] of
understand and the other as [ ] of try.
정확히 말하자면, [ ] receive semantic role from 'tried', and [ ] receive
semantic role from 'understand'
It seemed to be raining.
*It tried to be raining.

(a) The cat seemed to be out of the bag.

(b) ? The cat tried to be out of the bag.

O.C
S.C
S.O.R
S.O.R

A control verb like try assigns a semantic role to its subject whereas a raising verb seem d
not assign any semantic role to its subject.

Since control verbs like try and hope require their subject to have agent role, and expletive
or there, which takes no semantic role, cannot function as their subject.

expletive it

idiomatic meaning.

sentient

is retained.

Since the raising predicate likely does not assign a semantic role to its subject, (a) and (b)
have more or less identical meanings.

The control predicate eager assigns a semantic role to its subject, and this forces (a) and
to differ semantically: in (a), it is the dentist who is eager to examine Pat, whereas in (b), it
Pat who is eager to be examined by the dentist.

expletive object
While the idiomatic reading is retained with the raising verb believed, it is lost with
the control verb persuaded.

X, Gerund clauses generally resist extraposition.

exceptions can be found.

O, Tough-movement

ease/difficulty adjective / impossible

ease/difficulty

X, the adjective 'possible' is not a member of the ease/difficulty set

X, the NP 'a real honor' is not a member of the ease/difficulty set.

X, Edith does not receive case.

SSR

It is likely that the value of the dollar will go up in January.

O
O
O
X
However, with some probability adjectives, such as apt, only the subject raising pattern wi
infinitive is possible. (He is apt to complain about something.)

S.S.R
Tough-movement (It is easy to please John. )
originates in subject position. (원래 주어 자리다.)

experiencer, agent

Bernett, Pro
Intransitive raising verbs do not assign a thematic role to their subjects and so pleonastic
elements are semantically allowable subjects.

With raising predicates, expressions can retain their idiomatic interpretation. With control
predicates, the idiomatic interpretation is no longer possible.
1
2
3

★
John wanted [PRO to understand].
John tried [PRO to understand].
*Me to leave without John would be hard on me, not on you!
The NP me fails to [ ], so this sentence is a violation of the [ ].
John tried [PRO to leave].
*[PRO to leave] was tried by John.
nonobligatory control
obligatory control

receive Case, Case Filter.

obligatory control requires that the controller linearly precede PRO.

 1

TG
1
2
3

★
6

10

11

pronouns 추가
12
13
Heidi bopped herself on the head with a zucchini.
Heidi = [ ], [ ]
herself = [ ], [ ]

Poiroti hurt herselfi.

Poiroti hurt themselvesi.
Poiroti hurt myselfi.
[ ] must be bound by a/an [ ].
Poiroti thinks that Mary hurt himselfi.

Mary thinks that Poiroti has hurt himselfi.

the antecedent must be found in some local domain, the [ ]

Poiroti's sister invited himselfi.

Poiroti believes that himselfi is the best.

Poiroti believes Mary's description of himselfi.
Poirot believes any description of himself.
(a) Poiroti believes [Mary's description of herselfi.]
(b) [Mary has described herself.]
NP in (a) is analogous to a subject NP in (b).
Mary thinks that Johni has hurt himselfi.
Mary thinks that Johni has hurt herselfi.
The studenti attacked each otheri.
Maryi believes shei is smart.
Johni believes himselfi to be the best.
Maryi believes heri to be smart.
Tomi wants to prove himi.
Supporters of the president may blame himself.
Bill's sisteri invited herselfi.
Bill's sisteri invited heri.
Billi's sister invited himselfi.
Billi's sister invited himi.
Johni believes any description of himselfi.
Johni believes Mary's description of himselfi.

Francine told Alice all about her.

Francise told Alice all about herself.
Actually, the final design was submitted by Joan and myself. (O, X)
antecedent, binder
anaphor, bindee

X, 성 불일치
X, 수 불일치
X, 인칭 불일치
Reflexives (Bindee) / Antecedent (Binder)
X
the NP Poirot is outside the clause which contains the reflexive and cannot
function as an antecedent.
O
binding domain (=the reflexive must be locally bound)
X, the reflexive himself cannot be successfully bound by the presumed
antecedent Poirot.
the antecedent must c-command the reflexive.
X
X, (a general restrction of the binding domain to NPs)
O

O
X 성 불일치
X, 수 불일치
O
O
X
X
X, C-command
O
X, 세가지 조건 모두 만족해서
X, C-command
O
O
X

someone else
either Francise old Alice
X (myself -> me)
1

2
3

★
8

10

11

★
12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19
Case assingers
tense = [ ], transitive verb = [ ], preposition = [ ], [NP]'s = [ ]
Transitive verbs and prepositions assign [ ] to the [ ].
(a) *He wandered them.
(b) *He overate them.

He -ed attack him

I (-ed) can case-mark [ ].
That he should have attacked Bill was surprising.
he의 case-assigner?
(a) *[Him to attack Bill] would be illegal.

(b) [For him to attack Bill] would be illegal.

(c) [To attack Bill] would be illegal.

How do we call For in (b) ?

(a) *[Him to attack Bill] would be illegal.

John believes [him to be a liar].

IP 그려보기
The situation in which a verb like believe can govern into an IP and assign
case to its subject NP is often referred to as [ ] abbreviated as [ ].
(a) I know [IP John to be the best candidate].
(b) I don't know [CP whether [IP - to go to the party]].
(c) * I don't know [CP wheter [IP John to go to the party]].

(c) is ungrammatical because [ ].

(a) and (c) difference?

(a) *Poirot is envious Miss Marple
(b) Poirot is envious of Miss Marple

(a) is ungrammatical because [ ].

how is (b) grammatical?

(a) Poirot speaks [English] fluently.
(b) *Poirot speaks fluently [English].
(a) *Poirot believes sincerely [English to be important].
(b) Poirot believes sincerely [that English is important].
In (a) the verb believe must case mark the subject of the non-finite clause,
hence ought not to be separated from it; again the NP English [ ].
In (b), a finite clause does not need to be [ ]. The case filter applies to
[ ], not to clauses.
(a) John really did go there.
When case is assigned in a [ ] configuration the adjacency condition is
not relevant.
(a) Belgium were beaten by Italy in the semi-finals.
(b) *It was beaten Belgium.
(c) *There was beaten Belgium.

a. I believe Emsworth to have attacked Jinny.

b. I believe Jinny to have been attacked.
c. It was believed Emsworth to have attacked Jinny.
d. It was believed that Emsworth had attacked Jinny.

비문

(a) I gave John a book.

(b) John was given a book.

how is (b) grammatical?

Every overt NP must be assigned abstract case.

Every NP with a [ ] gets Case.
PRO 는 격을 받음 (O, X)
PRO 는 θ-role 받음 (O, X)
Double-Object Rule: The [first / second] NP in the Double-Object construction
gets Objective case.
nominative, accusative, oblique, genetive
accusative case, NP they govern

Intransitive verbs like wander or overeat cannot assign case to a

complement NP.

[Spec, IP] IP의 Spec 자리 (즉, He)

should (시제가 I-node 에 들어있으므로)

the sentence is saved by the insertion of for as the complementizer of

the non-finite clause.
The sentence is saved by the omission of the overt subject of the
infinitival clause.
Prepositional Complementizer

to, the non-finite I of the infinitival clause, cannot assign case

to the [Spec, IP].
(a) is ungrammatical because it violates the case filter.

exceptional case-marking, ECM

it violates the case filter. Infinitival to is assumed to be unable

to assign case.
(a)= ECM, whether = barrier

envious cannot case-mark their complement, thus the sentence is ruled out
by the case filter since the NP Miss Marple will not be assigned case.
Of-Insertion enables the complement NP to receive case.

The case assigner and the element to which case is assigned should
be adjacent.
violates the case filter.

case-marked, NP

Specifier-head agreement (between [Spec, IP] and INFL)

a passivized verb loses the ability to assign structural ACCUSATIVE case

to its complement.

c. a passivized verb loses the ability to assign structural ACCUSATIVE case

to its complement.

the direct object is inherently case-marked. Inherent case is not lost under
passivization.

phonetic matrix
X
O

second
1

★
7

8
★

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

★
17

★
18

19

20

21

22
Relative Clause도 Clause다!! 괄호치는 습관 들이자.

(a) John, who is a linguist, was not impressed by Professor Fish's arguments.
(b) * John who is a linguist was not impressed by Professor Fish's arguments.

(a) * Any man, who goes back on his word, is no friend of mine.
(b) Any man who goes back on his word, is no friend of mine.

(a) * The plan, that we discussed yesterday, will be adopted.

(b) The plan that we discussed yesterday will be adopted.

(a) *They gave the job to Rob, who is very qualified, who starts next month.
(b) I really like that car that you have that your wife is always zipping around town in.

(a) Professor Fish gave everyone an A, which was just fine with Alice.
(b) *Professor Fish gave everyone an A which was just fine with Alice.

(a) The thief, who(m) they finally managed to apprehend, was so frightened that he
could hardly speak.
(b) * The thief, they finally managed to apprehend, was so frightened that he could
hardly speak.

(a) The student who the dean sent a message to is out of town.
(a') The student the dean sent a message to is out of town.
(b) The student to whom the dean sent a message is out of town.
(b') * The student to the dean sent a message is out of town.

(a) The reports which the government prescribes the size of are boring.
(a') The reports the government prescribes the size of are boring.
(b) Last week I met a girl whose brother works in your lawn firm.
(b') * Last week I met a girl brother works in your law firm.
(a) The guy standing next to Fred is a famous poet.
(b) The bill passed by Congress was voted.
(c) He's someone familiar with the details.
Reduction of S relatives occurs by deleting the relative pronoun and a following
form of the verb be, leaving a [ ], [ ], or [ ].
A shark weighing over 400 pounds washed up on the beach.
A woman resembling your wife is sitting in front of me.
Postnominal modifiers with [ ] verbs in present participle form might be a
special type of reduced relative clause.
Alan finally came up with a good answer to that problem that was so tough to solve.

Omission is impossible. The relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause,
and this sentence [ ].

The person for whom he bought the ring is none other than your sister.
Omission is impossible. The reason is that [ ],
Here is a chair (to sit on).
Here is a chair (on which to sit).
*Here is a chair (which to sit on).
In Infinitival Relative Clauses, a relative pronoun is possible only if the preposition
moves to the front; we cannot add relative pronouns to the stranded versions.
I am looking for an essay question [with which to challenge the students].
That's not the best area [to build a house in].
We need a freezer in which [to put the ice cream].
That is a good place for you [to beign your trip from].
I found a great video for us [to watch on Saturday].
They cleared some space in which [to spread out their papers].

Andrew is the teacher whom we love most.

function: [ ], form: [ ]
That's the gast station where I'm working now.
function: [ ], form: [ ]
We have no house which we live in.
*We have no house which we live.

We have no house where we live.

*We have no house where we live in.

a. the claim that the proof was made

b. the claim that John found upsetting

The student to the dean sent a message is out of town.

정문 비문
*The manner which he spoke in was shocking

*A preposition is an abomination up with which we will not put.

The sports car than which the Alfa Romeo was faster was a Porsche.

정문 비문

(A) The reports are boring. (B) The government prescribes the size of the reports.
만들 수 있는 문장 3개
Nonrestrictive relative clause can modify proper nouns, while restrictive
relatives cannot.

Nonrestrictive relative clause may not modify any, every, or no + noun

or indefinite pronouns such as anyone, everyone, or no one, while restrictive
relatives may.

Nonrestrictive relative clauses may not be introduced by that, while

restrictive relatives may.

Nonrestrictive relative clauses cannot be stacked. Restrictive relatives

can be stacked.

Nonrestrictive relative clauses may modify an entire sentence. Restrictive

relatives may only modify noun phrases.

Reduction is not possible in nonrestrictive relative clauses.

In IO and OP relatives, reduction can occur only in the patterns that have
the preposition stranded at the end of the clause.
of which POS relatives with stranded positions can be reduced. However,
POS relatives introduced by whose cannot be reduced.

a present participle, a past participle, or an adjective followed by a

prepositional phrase.

stative

does not contain one of the features which permrit omission of the subject.
(a following form of be + a present participle, a past participle, or an
adjective followed by a prepositional phrase)

The relative pronoun is preceded by the preposition for.

I am looking for an essay question to challenge the students with.

That's not the best area in which to build a house.
We need a freezer to put the ice cream in.
That is a good place from which to beign your trip. / to begin your trip from.
I found a great video to watch on Saturday.
They cleared some space to spread out their papers in.
Infinitival relative clauses have a verb in its infinitive form and are not
always introduced by relative pronouns. (ex. Here is a chair to sit on. / Here
is a chair on which to sit.)

AdjP, relative clause

AdjP, adverbial relative clause

which violates the case filter. (관계대명사는 명사의 범주에 속하기 때문에
반드시 격을 할당 받아야 한다. )
격을 받아줄 NP가 없기 때문에 비문

(a) is a noun compelemnt, (b) is a relative clause

X The student to whom the dean sent a message is out of town.

When way or manner is the object of the preposition in, the preposition
must be moved and cannot be stranded.

Most phrasal prepositional verbs do not permit the elements following the
verb to be moved.

The conjunction than cannot move to the front of the clause with the
relative pronoun.

The reports which the government prescribes the size of are boring.
The reports of which the government prescribes the size are boring.
The reports the size of which the government prescribes are boring.
TG
1

4
5

9
10

11

12

13
14

15

16

17

18

19

★
20

21

22

23

24

★
This poem was written by Herny Wadsworth Longfellow.
? Poems were written by Herny Wadsworth Longfellow.

Arthur Ashe was liked by everybody.

? Arthur Ashe was liked by me.

This old jalopy of mine must be wanted by somebody!

Two gallons of water are held by the watering can. (O, X)

identify the meaning difference of each sentences.
(a) Everyone in the room speaks two languages.
(a') Two languages are spoken by everyone in the room.
(b) Few people read many books.
(b') Many books are read by few people.
(c) Moles dig tunnels.
(c') Tunnels are dug by moles.
Her high C shattered the glass.
The glass was shattered by her high C.
The glass shattered.
Ergative allows the subject of a sentence to be [ ], but the morphology of
the verb to be in the [ ].
The window was broken by the gang.
*The window broke by the gang.

Situations in which agentless "Ergative" sentences are preferred to passive sentences

with an explicit or implicit agent.
The bank closes at 5 p.m.

We were sitting quietly after dinner, when sudenly the door opened.

Left hanging on the fence, the red balloon suddenly burst.

The ice on the pond melted earler than usual.

Princes increased due to a variety of factors.

She doesn't frighten easily by noises in the dark. (O, X)

There was a sudden noise outside and she frightened immediately. (O, X)

After the party he was fainted. (O, X)

The accident was occurred late last night. (O, X)

This bed was slept in by Herbert Hoover. (O, X)

These spare parts were manufactured in Thailand by highly trained workers.

These spare parts were manufactured in Thailand.
equal 은 stative verb이다 (O, X)
John was found a nice apartment by Susan. (O, X)

The shop is closed at five o'clock.

ambiguity

The shop is opened at five o'clock.

The shop is closed at five o'clock.
Another 10 percent of the population is gathered around this new elite.
Another 10 percent of the grape harvest is gathered in small baskets in late August.
The boxes are stacked on top of the bench in that corner.
The boxes are assembled on top of the bench in that corner.
Those birds are found in warm climates.
Those birds are found by a special electronic homing device.
The shutters on the window were closed before the storm began.
The shutters were closed as soon as the strom began.
He gets confused easily.
He got stuck in the elavator.

get + participal adjective / passive 구별법?

His solution to the problem got known by everyone (O, X)

His solution to the problem was understood by everyone. (O, X)
His solution to the problem got understood by everyone. (O, X)
His solution to the problem was known by everyone (O, X)
At the meeting, someone brought up the matter of the missing $20. (O, X)
At the meeting, the matter of the missing $20 was brought up. (O, X)

John fell for a tall blonde with icy blue eyes. (O, X)
A tall blond with icy blues eyes was fallen for (by John). (O, X)

Possible exceptions are…

The criticism and complaints are getting him down. (O, X)
He is being gotten down by the criticism and complaints. (O, X)

Last fall, John ran for the office of mayor. (O, X)

Last fall, the office of mayor was run for by John. (O, X)

Everyone got along with him. (O, X)

He was gotten along with by everyone. (O, X)
The crew put up with the noisy passenger. (O, X)
The noisy passenger was put up with by the crew. (O, X)

middle verbs vs. ergative

The tin hammered flast.
The furniture polishes easily.
The cake is baking.
This scotch drinks easily.
This car drives easily.
The house sold.
The clothes wash with no trouble.
The bank closes at 5 p.m.
His plays act well.
The window suddenly shattered.
The meat cut surprisingly easily.
Left hanging on the fence, the red balloon suddenly burst.
The horse rides smoothly.
His thesis reads easily.
The top spun.
She doesn't frighten easily.
We were sitting quietly after dinner, when sudenly the door opened.
The book sold quickly.
Princes increased due to a variety of factors.
Food spoils quickly in summer.
The milk kept for ten days.
The shirt washed cleaner than I'd expected.
This shirt irons well.
The ice on the pond melted earler than usual.
The more definite the subject is, the more acceptable the sentence in
passive form is.

With stative verbs, the more indefinite the object in the by phrase is,
the more likely it is to be acceptable in its passive form.

If the subject is more definite and the by phrase is more indefinite,

then a stative verb like want can be more easily be used in the passive voice.
X, stative verb

any two languages per person

two specific languages that everbody speaks
There are few people in this world who read lots of books.
There are many books that are read by few people.
A true statement about all moles.
This is not true. Not all tunnels are dug by moles.
active voice
passive voice
middle voice (ergative)

nonagentive, active voice

The passive sentence suggests the existence of an agent, even if the

agent is not explicit. The verb used ergatively does not permit an agent.

agent is not important!!

When the focus is on the change of state, and the agent is irrelevant.
When the writer's or speaker's objective is to create an aura of mystery
or suspense.
When the subject is something so fragile or unstable that it can break,
change, dissolve, and so on.
When it is natural to expect change to occur.
When there are so many possible causes for a change of state.
X, In a middle verb sentence, a causer is implied but can't be expressed
in a by phrase.
X, In a middle verb sentence, the clause expresses a general state, not a
particular event.
X
X
Unpaired eargative verbs do not have transitive counterparts, thus they
can never appear in sentences in passive voice.
O
The fact that an agent is famous can qualify him or her as important enough
to tbe mentioned in a by phrase.
long passives
short passives
O
X

When a verb is a for dative verb (bake, catch, find), only passives converted
from active sentences in the preposition pattern is grammatical.
(Susan found a nice apartment for John. = A nice apartment was found for John
by Susan).

at five o'clock the shop is not open (the adjective interpretation)

someone closes it at 5:00 (the passive interpretation)
passive
ambiguous
predicate adjective
passive
ambiguous
ambiguous (but most likely a passive)
predicate adjective
passive
ambiguous
passive
adjective (get = become)
adjective (상응하는 능동태 없음)
get을 become 으로 바꾸었을 때 말이 되면 형용사 / 능동태로 바꾸어 보기 /
more and more 와 같은 부사의 수식.
X
O
X
O
Get passive cannot occur with verbs that describe cognition.
(e.g. comprehend, know, understand, etc.)
O
O
Active sentences that contain separable transitive phrasal verbs can
usually
be converted into passive sentences.
O
X
Most members of the small class of inseparable transitive phrasal verbs
can appear only in active sentences.
look after (care fore), look into (investigate), and pick on (mistreat)
O
X
Some permanently separated transitive phrasal verbs
- like get (someone) down, see (something) through - do not passivize well.
O
X
Most prepositional verbs can appear in passive sentence. However, a
few cannot or do not sound very good. These verbs include abide by, adjust
to, agree with, bunk on, and run for.
O
X
O
O
A few phrasal prepositional verbs such as look forward to can appear in
passive sentences, but others (break up with, close in on, come down with, cut
down on, end up with, get along with, get down to, go in for) cannot.

middle verbs
middle verbs
ergative
middle verbs
middle verbs
middle verbs
middle verbs
ergative
middle verbs
ergative
middle verbs
ergative
middle verbs
middle verbs
ergative
middle verbs
ergative
middle verbs
ergative
middle verbs
middle verbs
middle verbs
middle verbs
ergative
1
2

10
★

11

★
12
★
13
★
14
★
15

16

★
17

18
Both state verbs and activity verbs [ ]
Linda finished her dissertation.
Joel arrived at the meeting.
Fred's goldfish died.
Carol got to Boston.
Ahievements are similar to Accomplishments in [ ], but they differ from Accom
(a) He worked for two hours. (O, X)
(b) He finished his homework in two hours. (O, X)
(c) He worked in two hours. (O, X)
(D) He finished his homework for two hours. (O, X)
Roger Bannister will run for a mile in four minutes.

Ambiguity ?

?Ron peeled the carrot for three minutes.

?Linda finished her thesis for three monts.

?Roger had a rash in three days.

?Karen talked to Martha in thirty minutes.

Simon treated Roger's rash [for / in] three weeks.

Simon healed Roger's rash [for / in] three weeks.
Brenda drove to San Francisco [for / in] an hour.
Brenda drove toward San Francisco [for / in] an hour.
Gorden rowed two miles [for / in] an hour.
Gorden rowed [for / in] an hour.
Motion verb phrases in which a definite goal is reached or a deifnite distance is cove
or [ ], whereas motion verb phrases in which neither of these conditions hold cou
Freddy ate a panckae [for / in] two minutes.
Freddy ate pancakes [for / in] two hours.
Grant wrote a poem [for / in] three weeks.
Grant wrote poetry [for / in] three months.
If a certain verb phrase has a direct object that denotes a definite number or amount, a
accomplishment, then a corresponding verb phrase in which the object denotes an indefin
an [ ].
He'll eat a meat pie in an hour.
They'll build the barn in two weeks.
Jones will walk to town in 45 minutes.
The adverbial is ambiguous between [ ].

He finished loving Susan. (O, X)

He stopped loving Susan. (O, X)

She is having a car. (O, X)

She understood methodically. (O, X)

What Bill did was resemble his brother. (O, X)

bounce, faint, hit, kick

find, cross (the finish line)
He stopped recognizing the thief. (O, X)
He started catching the kitten. (O, X)

I see poorly.
I see a parking spot over there.
He ran to the post office
He ran in the post office
He sang.
He sang a song.
John has written only one novel since 1998.
John has owned only one car since 1998.
Stative Progressive
This operation is really costing a lot of money.
You're being very stubborn! (You don't usually behave this way.)
The baby is resembling his father more and more every day.
We are hoping you can explain this mess.
No, I'm sort of thinking that I'd like to ~
are atelic (do not have any natural endpoints).

having a clear natural endpoint / attaching much greater importance to the endp
O
O
X
X

On one reading, the sentece means that the task of running a mile will require four
minutes from start to finish. On the other reading, the sentence means that the
running of the mile is scheduled to begin four minutes after utterance time.

In phrases are most accpetable in situations in which natural endpoints exist

(accomplishment and achievements).

For phrases are most natural in situations in which such endpoints do not exist
(states and activities).
for
in
in
for
in
for

accomplishment or achievements / activities

in
for
in
for

activity
expressing the actual duration of the event and the time to pass before the
event begins.
X
O
Stative verbs occur with start and stop but not with finish.
X
Stative verbs do not normally occur in progressive aspect forms.

Stative verbs cannot occur with most manner adverbs.

Stative verbs cannot occur in pseudocleft sentences.

Achievement Verbs (puntual)
Achievemnet Verbs (change of state)
X
X
Achievement verbs cannot occur with stop or start.
Stative
Achievement
Accomplishment
Activity
Activity
Accomplishment
Accomplishment
Stative

Giving statements more emotional strength and intensity.

Focusing on behavior as a change from the norm.
Focusing on evolving change.
Providing an informal, polite tone.
Hedgning or softening a definitive opinion.
e endpoint
1

★
2

★
3
★
4
5

★
6

★
10
11
12
★
13

★
14
★
(a) Both Bob's family and his friends attended his graduation.
(b) You need both to complete the assignments and to pass a final exam.
(c) *Both he'd been feeling sick, and he was up all night.

(a) Neither the public nor the governer liked the court's decision.
(b) He neither knew nor cared about it.
(c) *Neither the buses were running nor were any taxis available.

Either you tell him, or I will. (O, X)

Not only Alice did win the 400-meter high hurdles, but Edith won the high jump and the bro
(a) Alice can come to the party, and John can come to the party, too.
(a') Alice can come to the party, and John can, too.
(b) Alice is coming to the party, and John is coming to the party, too.
(b') Alice is coming to the party, and John is, too.
(c) Alice had left the party, but John hadn't left the party.
(c') Alice had left the party, but John hadn't.
In Verb Phrase Ellipsis,
John may have gone home for the summer, and Alicia may have gone home for the summe
Verb Phrase Ellipsis
(a) John went home, and Peter went home.
Verb Phrase Ellipsis
(b) First John quit the job, and Peter quit the job, too.
Verb Phrase Ellipsis

Alex owned a vintage 1939 Bentely, and Sue knew a guy who wanted to buy a vintage 193
right node raising?
(a) John ordered carrots, and Fred ordered peas.
(a) John ordered carrots, and Fred peas.
(b) Bill gave a nickel to Alice, and Fred gave a dime to Sue.
(b) Bill gave a nickel to Alice, and Fred a dime to Sue.
(c) John asked Bill to leave, and Sam asked Sue to apologize.
(c) *John asked Bill to leave, and Sam Sue to apologize.
(d) Ed kept on eating, and Marcia kept on arguing.
(d) *Ed kept on eating, and Marcia arguing.

Neither the president nor the members of the cabinet was informed. (O, X)
Steven Speilberg and George Lucas have made a lot of successful movies.
ambiguity?
Even though she shouldn't, Violet will stay out late tonight. (O, X)

(a) Ziggy bought a Harley even though Aifie a Yamaha. (O, X)

(B) Ziggy bought a Garley, and Aifie a Yamaha. (O, X)

(a) Alfie a Yamaha, and Ziggy bought a Harley. (O, X)

NP
infinitive complements
clause
Both … and can join constituents with the exception of main clause.
NP
V
clause
Neither… nor can join constituents with the exception of main clause.
O
Either … or can link main clauses.
X, Not only did Alice~

when there is a modal or other auxiliary, that auxiliary remains.

John may have gone home for the summer, and Alicia may have, too. (may 는 의미 달라짐)

John went home, and so did Peter.

First John quit the job, and Peter did, too.

When the verb phrase does not have a modal or other auxiliary or main verb be, the appr
must be included.

Alex owned, and Sue knew a guy who wanted to buy, a vintage 1939 Bentley. (컴마 주의)

Gapping cannot be applied to sentences with infinitive or gerund complements.

X, (was-> were)

Steven Speilberg has made a lot of successful movies, and George Lucas has made a lot of
Steven Speilberg and George Lucas (together) have made a lot of successful movies.
O
In VP Ellipsis, the deleted VP can precede its antecedent.
X
O
Gapping can't occur in a subordinate clause, only in coordinate clause.
X
Gap can only follow, but never precede, its antecedent.
1

★
3
★
4

9
10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18
19

20

21

22

23
Nagative/Positive Polarity Items
We've had some lunch.
I wasn't speaking to anybody.
They will finish it somehow.
He doesn't ever visit us.
He's still at school.
Her mother's not coming either.
I like her a great deal.
He denies I sometimes told him. (O, X)
We were unaware of some hostiligy. (O, X)
I'm against going out anywhere tonight. (O, X)

I have read your book, not even the introduction. (O, X)

He was unkind, not even to me. (O, X)

He was unkind, ans so was Sue.
He was unkind, wasn’t he?
identify subclausal / clausal negation
She's interested in nothing.
It was no mean achievement.
She works for nothing.
This is not an uncommon mistake.
It was no great deal.
This is a not uncommon mistake.
Surprisingly, he did not complain.
Not surprisingly, he complained.
tag question
She works for nothing.
She's interested in nothing.
It was no mean achievement.
It was no great deal.
We were friends in no time, not even within a few days.
We were friends at no time, and [so/neither] were our brothers.
We were friends at no time, [were / weren't] we?
In no time, were we friends. (O, X)
She didn't tell me anything.
She told me nothing.
She does not live here any more.
She no longer lives here.
They scarcely seem to care, don't they? (O, X)
I hardly have some friends, and so do you. (O, X)
I seldom get any sleep, either. (O, X)
Few members have sometimes attended the annual general meeting. (O, X)
seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, few
No one came to fix the plumbing, [did / didn't] they?
Nothing is going rihgt, [is / isn't] it?
They never answered, [did / didn't] they?
the scope of no
I can't not obey her, [can / can't] I?
The two negatives cancel each other out semantically, meaning
but syntactically, the sentence remains
So they've read my book, have they? Amazing!
indicates an attitude such as
She definitely didn't speak to him.
She didn't definitely speak to him.
I wasn't LISTENING all the time.
I wasn't listening all the TIME.
I didn't listen to some of the speakers.
I didn't listen to any of the speakers.
Not many members answered the question.
Many members did not answer the question.
You need not answer the questionnaire.
You must not answer the questionnaire.
I didn't go to the party because I wanted to see Kim.
ambiguity?
if the because adjunct is outside the scope of the negation:
if the because adjunct is inside the scope of the negation:
Tag Question practice
He isn't a doctor,
She has decided not to pay her taxes,
Nothing is going right,
He was unkind,
She works for nothing,
I couldn't not respond,
Tom deliberately did not destroy the evidence.
Tom didn't deliberately destroy the evidence.
정문 / 비문
She has any money.
There aren't some crows roosting in that tree.
There wasn't somebody else in the car.
She doesn't still live in that old house.
(a) She promised him to come.
(a') She promised him not to come.
(b) He hates hearing the truth.
(b') He hates not hearing the truth.
(c) She recommended that we buy it.
(c') She recommended that we not buy it.
Secondary negation is commonly applied to [ ].
(a) I imagine that he won't want to come.
(a') I don't imagine that he will want to come.
the negative raising rule can be applied to a sentence when the main verb expresses an
and the that clause contains a [ ]
(b) It appears that we won't win after all.
(b') It doesn't appear that we will win after all.
(c) It is likelly that John won't come.
(c') It isn't likely that John will come.
Negative raising is also possible in sentences that have main verbs of [ ], and sent
[ ].
(d) We forgot that she doesn't like him.
(d') We didn't forget that she likes him.

Tom deliberately did not destroy the evidence.

Tom didn't deliberately destroy the evidence.
Nonverbal Negation
He revealed no information.
He chose none of them.
They did nothing to stop him.
We were going nowhere.
We knew neither of them.
She had never done that before.
There is no news.
Nonverbal Negation
We haven't had any lunch.
I was speaking to somebody.
They won't finish it at all.
He sometimes visits us.
He's not at school any longer.
Her mother's coming, too.
I don't like her much.
X, ever
X, any
O
Propositions with negative meaning may be followed by nonassertive items.
X, I haven't read your book, not even the introduction.
After a negative clause we can add a constituent introduced by not even.
X, He wasn,t kind, not even to me.
O
O

clausal
subclausal
subclausal
clausal
clausal
subclausal
clausal
subclausal

doesn't she?
is she?
wasn't it?
was it?
X, subclausal negation (in no time: 즉시, 당장)
neither (clausal negation)
were
X, subclausal negation (we were friends)
verbal negation
non-verbal negation
verbal negation
non-verbal negation
X, do they
X, some->any / so->neither
O
X, sometimes -> ever
can affect clause negation, including the characteristic syntactic features of cluase negat
did
is
did
can be sentential

I have to obey her

negative

surprise, disbelief, disapproval

It's definite that she didn't
It's not definite that she did.
I listened none of the time.
I listened some of the time.
I listened to some.
I listened to none.
The number of members who answered was not large.
The number of members who didn't answer was large.
need inside scope of not
must outside scope of not

I didn't go to the party was that I wanted to see Kim.

it is not the case that I went to the party because I wanted to see Kim.

is he?
hasn't she?
is it?
wan't he?
doesn't she?
could I?
Didn't he?
Did he?

X, some
X, any
X, anybody
X, She doesn't live in that old house anymore/any longer.

subordinate clause

opinion (think, believe, anticipate, expect, imagine, suppose)

modal (should, could, will)

appearance like appear and seem. / be + an adjective of probability (likely)

With other types of main clause verbs, moving not from the complement into the main clau
changes the meaning of the sentences.With other types of main clause verbs, moving not
from the complement into the main clause changes the meaning of the sentences.
Tom acted deliberately in not destroying the avidence.
Tom did not act deliberately in destroying the evidence.
Verbal Negation
He didn’t reveal any information.
He didn't choose any of them.
They didn't do anything to stop him.
We weren't going anywhere.
We didn't know either of them.
She hadn't ever done that before.
There isn't any news.
can affect clause negation, including the characteristic syntactic features of cluase negat
1

★
2
3

★
5
6

10

11

★
12

★
13
★
14
15

16

17

18

★
Is it raining?
It was raining earlier, wasn't it?
It's been raining all day.
It's a rainy day.

Nonreferential there is also called as [ ].

I was in Paris in 1926. It was there that I met Ernest Hemingway and Ford Maddox Ford.
Put the boxes over there.
Are there any cookies left?
There was another orad, wasn't there?
There's something we need to talk about.

There [were / was] a number of issues that he wanted to discuss.

Twenty miles [is / are] a long way to walk.
There [is / are] twenty miles to go.

existential there vs. referential there 차이

Let's go to London. There we can see the crown jewels.

THERE is the little boy
As a pro-adverb, there can be used [ ] and [ ].
There is a little boy.
THERE is the little boy.
Existential there ..
The little boy who looks after the sheep is THERE.
*A little boy who looks after the sheep is there.

*THERE's the little boy who looks after the sheep, isn't THERE?
There is a little boy who looks after the sheep, isn't there?

*THERE isn't the little boy who looks after the sheep.
There isn't a little boy who looks after the sheep.

Here's (=*There/ THERE) the little boy who looks after the sheep.

(a) There is a serious flaw in your own argument.

(a') #A serious flaw is in your own argument.
(b)There is a more serious flaw, however, in your own argument.
(b') #There is the more serious flaw, however, in your own argument.
The existential construction is characteristically used to introduce [ ].
(a) A furniture van was in the drive.
(a') There was a furniture van in the drive.
(b) Two copies of Sue's thesis are on my desk.
(b') There are two copies of Sue's thesis on my desk.
(c) #Plenty of room is on the top shelf.
(c') There's plenty of room on the top shelf.
(d) #A hole is in my jacket.
(d') There's a hole in my jacket.
(e) #Sincerity was in her voice.
(e') There was sincerity in her voice.
(f) #An accident was in the studio.
(f') There was an accident in the studio.

(a) There's the most unusual man standing over there.

(b) There will soon appear the definitive edition of Hamlet.
(c) There never was that problem in Austin.
There be NP 에서 NP 자리는 보통 indefinite 주어를 쓰지만,
(a) In 1963, there occurred a tragic event in the histroy of the United States.
(b) Deep within his breast there smoldered an unquenchable desire.
(c) There comes a time in everyone's life when you need to take a stand.

Verbs other than be that occur in sentences with nonreferential there include

There appear to be several possible solution to the problem. (O, X)

One day there disappeared a workman in the stockyard. (O, X)
Over the past 10 years, there have died a number of famous authors. (O, X)
Soon afterward, there broke a large stained glass window in the cathedral. (O, X)
Nonreferential it simply fills the subject position of the sentence.
Existential there (이 개념이 문제 풀 떄 도움이 된다!!)
Referential there - anaphoric
Referential there - deictic (직시)

Nonreferential there fills the subject position in a clause.

were
is
are
The there of existential sentences differs from there as an introductory adverb in
lacking strees, in carrying none of the locative meaning of the place adjunct there,
and in behaving in most ways like the subject of the clause.

anaphorically, deictically

does not bear stress (and it is not accompanied by any typical gesture)

Nonreferential there is the subject of the clause, whereas the deictic there, since it is
an adverb, can be moved to another position in the sentence.

Only the nonreferential there can be used in the question tag.

Only sentences with nonreferential there can be negated.

Deictic here can alternate syntactically with deictic there, but not with nonreferential there
new information. (따라서, NP는 주로 indefinite 하다)

When the indeifinite NP denotes a physical entity, both constructions are felicitous,
but when it denotes an abstract entity, the existential is generally required.

definite 의 경우도 있긴 함!!

(1) verbs that describe existence or position (dwell, exist, live, remain, stand) (2) verbs
of motion or direction (approach, come, fly, go, run, walk) and (3) verbs of happening or
materializing (appear, arise, emerge, happen, occur, seem)
O
X
X
X
A number of ergative verbs like break, change, decrease, die, disappear, and
increase do not appear in nonreferential there sentences.
ntial there.
1

★
6
7

8
9

10

★
11
Prepositional verb
He stared intently at the girl.
The girl at whom he was staring~
At whom was he staring?

*John looked up it.

*Don't pick him on.

*The judge let off the thief with a light sentence.
He checked out of the hotel.
*He applied the job for.
*He ran unexpectedly into his cousin.
*The dress on which she tried didn't fit her.
*Up what are you looking?
*I guess I will have to put up his bad behavior.
*John really looks up her father.
*You will have to come up a better excuse than that.

John looked up the telephone number.

John looked it up.
*John looked up it.

John looked it up.

*Don't pick him on.

?John looked some information about an early religion in which forces of nature such as fire were worshipped up.
He applied for the job.
Don't give up.
They broke out of prison and fled across the border.
We called after lunch.
We called on the dean.
We calle up the dean.
(a) They [figured out] the answer.
(a') *They figured and worked out the answer.

(b) He applied [for the job].

(b') *He applied the job for.

She called on her friends.

She called up her friends.
She called her friends on.
She called her friends up.
She called on them.
She called them on.
She called them up.
She called up them.
She called angrily on her friends.
She called angrily up her friends.
On which friends did she call?
the friends up whom she called
Up which friends did she call?
The verb and the following preposition can be separated by an adverb,
the preposition can preceded a relative pronoun
the preposition can appear at the beginning of a wh-quesiton.
If the direct object is a personal pronoun or a demonstrative pronoun, the particle movement
rule must be applied. (end focus)
Particle movement is not possible with inseparable phrasal verbs.
In permanently separated transitive phrasal verbs, the particle cannot appear directly after the verb.
The intransitive phrasal verb is followed by prepositional phrase.
Prepositional verb : particle movement X
Phrasal verb: adverb insertion X
Phrasal verb: relative clause test X
Phrasal verb: WH-Q test X
with
to
with
phrasal prepositional verbs

If the direct object is a personal pronoun or a demonstrative pronoun, the particle movement
rule must be applied.

pick on' is inseparable phrasal verb, and dominates the end-focus rule.
blocking particle movement: end weight
prepositional verbs: meaning can usually be deduced from the verb alone.
phrasal verbs: meaning cannot always be predicted from the meanings of its individual elements
intransitive phrasal verb followed by a prepositional phrase
free (그냥 동사 뒤에 전치사 온 경우)
prepositional verb (방문하다)
phrasal verb (소환하다, 부르다)

A particle makes a natural unit with the verb that precedes it.

A preposition makes a natural unit with the NP object that follows it.
O
O
X
O
O
X
O
X
O
X
O
X
X
Inseparable Transitive Phrasal

ITPV Meaning Example

bump into encounter I bumped into your mother at the supermarket.

come across discover I came across a word I'd never seen before.
come by acquire How did you come by such a beautiful house?
come upon encounter As he was walking through the woods, he came upon a freshly killed deer.
get over recover from He is just getting over a bad case of the flu.
fall for become attracted to He fell for Rosie when he was in the hospital.
hit on make romantic overtures to He was hitting on my girlfriend.
level with tell the truth to I don't want to lie to you, let me level with you.
look after care for someone Look after my sister, will you?
look into investigate The airline has promised to look into the matter.
pick on mistreat Don't pick on my brother.
run across discover I ran across the letter while I was going through the drawers.
run into encounter Josh ran into an old friend.
stand by support I'll stand by you whatever happens.

Permanently Separated Transitive Phrasal 사역동사 느낌!!

PSTV Meaning Example

ask someone out invite Finally he asked her out.

do something over redo Ok, we'll do it over.
get someone down depress That job is getting Janice down.
let someone off excuse or reduce punishment The judge let the thief off with a light sentence.
narrow something down reduce I've managed to narrow the list down to twenty.
put someone on kid, fool Don't believe that! He's putting you on!
see something through complete Having come this far, she was determined to see things through.
string someone along delude She believes that he loves her, but I think he is stringing her along.

Intransitive Phrasal Verb

IPV Meaning Example

ask around inquire We usually ask around before trying a new restaurant.
back down retreat The government backed down from its position.
back up reverse direction The car backed up slowly.
bend over incline body forward I had to bend over to see all the way down there.
branch out extend The company specializes in casual clothing and it is branching out.
butt in interrupt I wish you wouldn't butt in.
butt out stop involving oneself Butt out, Neil! This is none of your business.
check in register Please check in at least an hour before departure.
check out leave They checked out this morning.
come forward present oneself Several people came forward with information.
come over visit Why don't you come over to my place after work?
drop around / by / over visit She and Danny will drop by later.
fight back resist We need to fight back!
forge ahead progress The company is forging ahead with its plans.
get away escape The robbers got away
get by survive How does she get by on such a small salary?
give in surrender neither side seems willing to give in.
leave off stop Let's begin where we left off.
pay up make payment I had a hard time getting him to pay up.
set off begin a journey We set off for London just after ten.
sit up elevate oneself from a prone position Sit up straight—don’t slouch.
slip up make a mistake We can’t afford to slip up.
set off begin a journey We set off for London just after ten.
stay on continue he finally decided to stay on for a few more years.
strike out lose, begin a journey The pitcher struck him out with a curve.
1 quntifiers (all, both, half)
quantifiers (many, much, little, few, less, least, more, most)
quantifiers (any, every, some, each)
nouns as possessive determiners
ordinal / cardinal numbers
possessive determiners
demonstrative determiners (this / that)
a / the
fractions
multipliers
2 O/ X
The both sisters wanted to go.
Two those children are coming.

I'm willing to pay half amount.

He received an offer that was double amount that she got.

These furniture
Those information

on the my desk

The first two runners

The boys each owns a motorcycle.
The guests are most diplomats.
3 *There are two numbers of problems.
*They lost two good deals of money.
 [ ] (a lot of, a number of, a great deal of) cannot be qualified in the same way that
[ ] can.
4 Her only portrait is in the National Gallery.
ambiguity?
5 *The both sisters wanted to go.
*Two those children are coming.

6 Meaning of Demonstrative Determiners

(1) No. I want this lamp. That one over there is OK, but it needs a halogen bulb.
(2) We bought a house this/that summer.
(3) There is this pub in Dublin that has my family's name. / Carl was telling those stupid
"knock-knock" jokes again.
(4) Why, certainly it must be the courts of the nation where this / that crime was committed.
7 I want all of my friends to be at the airport.
I want my friends all to be at the airport.
I want my friends to all be at the airport.
I want my friends to be all at the airport.
All of the boys waved at the girls.
The boys all waved at the girls.
The boys waved all at the girls.
Your mother wants all of her sons to go to college.
Your mother wants her sones to go all to college.
The guests some made speeches.
The guests are most diplomats.
8 an hour's work (O, X)
9 an old man's bicycle
pre
post
centural
central
post
central
central
central
pre
pre

X
X
X, fractions do not appear immediately before a head noun. They are usually followed by an
article,
a possessive determiner, or of.
X, Multipliers should always be followed by some other determiner.
X, These and Those modify only plural count nouns.
X, These and Those modify only plural count nouns.
Article 'the' and possessive determiners 'my' both belong to the central determiners which cannot
be stacked.
O, postdeterminers 의 경우 co-occurrence 허용
X, 수일치, own
X, quantifier floating is only for all, both, each.
Phrasal quantifiers / partitives

1. The portrait that describes her. 2. The portrait that she drew

If determiners from different categories are used, switching the order - predeterminer, central
determiner, postdeterminer - results in ungrammaticality.

physical distance
dimension of time
information packaging (old / new) - new information goes often with nonreferential/ existential
there constructions.
dimenstion of relevance
O
O
O
X
O
O
X
O
X
X
X
O (an hour 전체가 소유격. 소유격 's 는 NP 에 붙는다)
어느 할아버지의 자전거 / 낡은 남자용 자전거 / 노인용 자전거
1 verb
(a) She was sleeping.
(a') *She seemed sleeping.
(b) He was killed.
(b') *He became killed.
(c) They were seen.
(c') *They appeared seen.
One test for adjectival status is the possibility of replacing be by other complex intransitive verbs such as
★
[ ] and [ ].
2 Her views were alarming her audience.
You are frightening the children.
They are insulting us.
✓ The verbal force of the participle is explicit for the -ing form when ~
3 The man was offended by the policeman.
He is appreciated by his students.
She was misunderstood by her parents.
✓ The verbal force is explicit for the -ed form when ~
4 Her views were very alarming.
You are very frightening.
The man was very offended.
For both participle forms, premodification by the intensifier very is an explicit indication that the forms have
✓
achieved [ ] status.

5 His views were very alarming his audience. (O, X)

I'm very disturbed by your attitude. (O, X)

6 Adjective / Participle
She is (very) calculating.
She is calculating (our salaries).
They were (very) relieved.
They were relieved (by the next group of sentries).
7 (a) a cardboard detergent container
(a') *a detergent cardboard container
(b) my gas cigarette lighter
(b') my cigarette gas lighter

8 배열
An [ old / tin / yellow / ugly ] bucket
a [oak / small / round] tree
a [charming / writing / French] desk
9 attributive / predicative
She found him dreadfully dull.
They chose a young man for the job.
You have got your priorities wrong.
That big car is his.
She is insane.
10 Participial Adjective / Verb Participle
Her story was frightening.
John was frightening her.
John was startled to move.
John was startled by his boss.
✓
11 The shop is closed at five o'clock.
Participial Adjective
Past Participle

* 이 부분은 수동태랑 같이 복습하기

12 (a) He often takes the metro.

(a') *He takes often the metro.
(b) She sometimes reads detective novels.
(b') *She reads sometimes detective novels.
★
13 Always she speaks English to her mother. (O, X)
14 (a) John hopes to eventually have his own business.
(b) John hopes eventually to have his own business.
(a) and (b) = same meaning / Sentence (a) is called [ ].
(c) The city council voted to immediately approve raising the sales tax.
(d) The city council voted immediately to approve raising the sales tax.
Sometimes, however, the position of the adverb can produce two different meanings.
15 A duel resolves disputes independently [ ] the law.
These purchases were handled similarly [ ] all the state purchase.
This branch operates separately [ ] the rest of the company.
He made his decision independently [ ] the other memebers of the board.
It is done almost identically [ ] the method that is currently preferred.
The information was released simultaneously [ ] a description of the new plan.
★ Like adjectives, adverbs can take [ ] consisting of [ ].
16 Adjunct / Disjunct
 The prisoner answered the questions foolishly.
Foolishly, the prisoner answered the questions.
Wisely, he answered the question foolishly.
17 Item subjuncts (paraphrase)
Bitterly, he buried his child.
With great pride, he accepted the award.
He deliberately misled us.
With great unease, they elected him as their leader.
18 Subjunct vs Adjunct
Scientifically, the expedition was planned.
The expeditions was planned scientifically.
The lawyer advised legally.
adjective
(b) This was disturbing
(b) He was distressed.
(b) He was drunk.

seem / become

a direct object is present.

a by-agent phrase with a personal agent is present.

adjective

X, the presence of very together with an explicit indicator of verbal force would produce an
unacceptable sentence.
O, Generally, -ed participle forms accepting very can retain very when they occur with a by-phrase
containing a nonpersonal noun phrase that expresses the notion of cause or reason.
Adjective
Participle
Adjective
Participle (교대하다)

contain detergent, light cigarette 처럼 핵명사를 상응하는 동사로 바꿔보기. 의미가 가까울 수록 가깝게
위치시키기!!

An ugly, old, yellow tin bucket

a small round oak tree
a charming French writing desk

predicative
attributive
predicative
attributive
predicative

present participial adjective (pseudo passive = stative passive)

verb participle (passive)
past participial adjective
verb participle
very / too 부사 넣어서 말이 되면 adjective

describe a state (At five o'clock, the shop is no longer open.)

passive voice (At five o'clock someone closed the shop.)

Adverbs that modify verbs can occur in several positions in a sentence but never between a verb and its object.
X, Always 문두에 못 옴

split infinitive

(a): the approval was immediate; (b):the vote was immediate

of
to
from
of
to
with
complements, prepositional phrases
Adjunct
Disjunct
Disjunct / Adjunct

He was bitter when he buried his child.

He was very proud to accept the award.
He was being deliberate when he misled us.
They were very uneasy when they elected him as their leader.

subjunct (viewpoint subjunts - respect (관점)) : 과학적인 관점에서~

adjunct (과학적으로 계획되었다.)
adjunct (법적으로 조언했다.)
its object.
1 (a) John bought the book for me.
two meanings
(b) John bought me the book
meaning
2 Benefactive vs. Proxy
(a) Open me a beer, please.
(b) Open the door for me, please.

(b') Open me the door. (O, X)

3 meaning difference
(a) I'll get this to him.
(b) I'll get this for him.
4 bring, give, leave, read sing
characteristics of these verbs?
5 (a) The rain brought disaster to the farmers. (O, X)
(b) The rain brought the farmers disaster. (O, X)
(c) The bloodstains told a tale of terror to us. (O, X)
(d) The bloodstains told us a tale of terror. (O, X)

(e) The document gave enough clues to the cyptographers to enable them to crack the code.
(f) The document gave the cryptographers enough xlues to enable them to crack the code.

why not in this case?

6 (a) I owe my success to my parents. (O, X)
(b) I owe my parents my success. (O, X)
(c) I owe five bucks to Larry. (O, X)
(d) I owe Larry five bucks. (O, X)

7 O, X
John described Joan the list.
He fixed her the leaky faucet.
She transferred her husband some stock.
We donated $10 to Unicef.
Alan doesn't begrudge her success to Mary.
We allowed one more chance to Richard.
John described the list to Joan.
They charge 50 bucks to me.
No one envies you that task.
No one evies that task to you.
We donated UNICEF $10.
I pronounced the teacher the words.
I pronounced the words for the teahcer.
They charged me 50 bucks.
He wished Bill a happy birthday.
It cost 50 bucks to me.
He fixed the elaky faucet for her.
It cost me 50 bucks.
We allowed Richard one more chance.
 He wished a happy birthday to Bill.
She transferred some stock to her husband.
Alan doesn't begrudge Mary her success.
John demonstrated Alan the procedure.
8 (a) I charged the hotel bill to my credit card.
(b) *I charged my credit card the hotel bill.
(c) Please bill that call to my office phone number.
(d) *Please bill my office phone that call.

(e) I charged the expense to my father.

(f) ?I charged my father the expense.
(g) I billed that plane ticket to my boss.
(h) ?I billed my boss that plane ticket.

9 *They gave John it.

*We bought Helen them.

★ explain it as old/new
10 (a) John demonstrated the procedure to Alan.
(b) *John demonstrated Alan the procedure.
(c) ?John demonstrated the method for fixing a carburetor that Harry's father had recently taught him
to Alan.
 (d) John demonstrated to Alan the method for fixing a carburetor that Harry's father had recently
taught him.
✓
11 (a) I gave Ann a laptop, and Jan a tablet.
(b) ?I gave Ann a laptop, and a tablet to Jan.
(c) I gave a laptop to Ann, and a tablet to Jan.
(d) ?I gave a laptop to Ann, and Jan a tablet.
✓
(1) benefactive (John bought it for me as a gift) (2) proxy (John acted on my behalf)

only the benefactive interpretaion seems to be possible.

Benefactive
Proxy
X (The addressee does not give the door to the speaker, but mearely
opens the door on his/her behalf.)

direct goal (dative)

intended goal (benefactive)

both 'to' and 'for' dative are possible.

O
X
X
O
As a general rule, both the subject and the indirect object must be animate
for both patterns to work. If this is not the case, sentences can generally take
only one pattern.

In this case, the subject is not really performing an action that the indirect
object receives. The meaning of 'gave' in this case can be paraphrased as
provided or contained.
O
X
O
O
"to have an outstanding debt" : both prepositional & dative movement
patterns are possible. / idea of gratitude: only prepositional pattern is possible

X
X
X
O
X
X
O
X
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
X
O
O
X

With bill and charge, the prepositional pattern is required when the
indirect object is inanimate.

Even with an animate indirect object, prepositional pattern is sometimes

prefereed.

Direct object prounouns that replace NPs modified by the definite articles
(the book / books) cannot occur in the dative movement pattern.
Old information should appear in a sentence before new information.
a third pattern: Prep + IO + DO

The constructions have to be parallel to be stylistically appropriate.