Power-Systems-4

POWER SYSTEM SSC/JE-2019
CHAPTER - 2
POWER SYSTEM
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 Basic Power Generations Concept
Energy exists in various forms like mechanical energy, electrical energy, thermal energy and so
on. One form of energy can be converted into another form by suitable arrangements. Out of these
forms, electrical energy is preferred due to the following reasons.
1. It can be easily transported from one form to another.
2. Losses in energy transportation are minimum
3. It can be easily controlled and regulated to suit requirements.
4. It can be easily converted into other forms of energy particularly mechanical and thermal.
5. It can be easily subdivided.
In all power stations, electric energy is generated from other forms of energy e.g.,
6. Chemical Energy of fuiel (Thermal Energy)
7. Energy of falling water (Hydraulic energy)
8. Atomic energy (nuclear energy).
Accordingly power stations are classified as:
2.2 THERMAL POWER STATIONS

Those power stations which convert chemical energy of fuel (coal, diesel etc.) into electrical
energy are called thermal power stations. The fuel used in thermal power stations may be solid
fuel (coal) or liquid fuel (diesel).
The chemical energy of fuel is used to run the prime mover to which is coupled the alternator
(A.C. generator). Thus electrical energy is obtained from the alternator.
According to the primemover employed for driving the alternate, thermal power stations may be
broadly divided into the following two important types:
2.2.1 Steam Power Plant

Stean Power stations employing steam engine or turbine as the primemover. Coal is used as fuel.
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Exhaust
ID
Fan
Chimney
Air Air Air

Preheater
FD Fan Isolator
Coal
storage CB
Economiser
Coal feed
handling water Isolator
Dust
collector feed water
flue
gas
Ash Ash Super main
Boiler valve Turbine Exciter
storage handling heater
flue
gases Alternator
Raw water Super
Steam heated
steam
Make up
water
treatment
HP
feed water
Boiler heater
Make up
water feed water Condensate
tank Pump extraction
~ pump
~ Condenser
Dearrator
Cooling
~ tower
LP feed
water heater
Circulating
pump
Schematic of coal fired steam power plant
Air pre heater heats the air fed to boiler using flue gases thus increasing . The economizer heats
the circulated feed water using flue gases thus in increasing . The super heater uses flue gases to
further heat steam and makes it dry. Dearrator removes oxygen or other harmful gasses from feed
water.
Steam plant  = generator   boiler .
The overall efficiency () of steam plant is low nearly equal to 29%.
Overall steam plant  = thermal   electrical .
1 kWh = 860 k cal.
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Heat produced in Calories per kg of coal is called calorific value of coal.
2.2.2 Diesel Power Station

Diesel Power stations employing diesel engine as the primemover
Chemical Energy
R Y A Electrical Energy
Prime
Mover
Alternator
2.3 HYDRO POWER PLANT

The electric power generated in hydro plant P is given by
P = W Q H  9.81  10–3 kW
Where W is weight of water in kg/m3
Q is the rate of flow of water in m3/s
H is head in meter
 is overall efficiency of operation
2.3.1 Schematic Arrangement
Reservoir Surge tank

............. .
.......... Valve
Pressure
tunnel
Penstock
Power station
Tail race
2.3.2 Classification
1. Run off river plant without pondage
In this plant water is taken from river directly and no pond is made. This can be operated only
when water is available. This plant is used as base load.
2. Run off river plant with pondage
This can be used both as peak and base load plant.
3. Reservoir plant
Water is stored in a big reservoir behind dam in this plant. This can be used both as base and peak
load.
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As per head plants are classified as low, medium and high head plants For how head plant Kaplan
turbine, for medium head plant Francis turbine and for high head plants Pelton wheel is used.
2.4 PUMPED STORAGE POWER PLANT

The plant has Francis turbine which is just reverse of centrifugal pump. During less load hours the
base plant or excess power on grid drives the motor which drives the Francis turbine working as
pump and water is raised up to reservoir. And during peak load the Francis turbine drive the
generator.
Head
water
pond Dam
Power house
Penstock with revesible
turbine and pin
Dam
Pump storage power plant
2.5 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Nuclear plant is based on the principal of controlled nuclear fission
92 U
235
0 n 56 Ba 36 kr  30 n
1 139 94 1
As each fission generate 3 neutrons subsequent reaction may go uncontrolled, which is basically
principle of nuclear bomb. But if chain reaction in controlled then energy released by reduciton in
mass E = mc2 can be utilized to produce steam. Thus in nuclear power plant atomic reactor acts
like boiler in steam power plant.
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Heat exchanger
Coolant
Atomic Heat exchange tube
reactor
Filter
Steam
Turbine Exciter
Pump ~
Steam
valve Alternator
Exhaust
feed steam
water
~ Condenser
feed
water
pump
~
Cooling tower
Circulating
water pump
River
In the atomic reactor the moderator is used to reduce the neutron speed to a value that increase
probability of fission. General moderator materials are helium, berylium, lithium etc carbon and
heavy water are also moderator.
For controlling the rate of fission control rod is used generally cadmium, Boron is used as control
rod.
Coolant is medium through which heat generated in the reactor is transferred to feed water.
Heavy water is used as coolant. Sodium in used in fast reactors as coolant. Lead iron is used for
biological shielding
1. Base load
The unvarying load which occurs almost whole day on the power plant is called the base load.
2. Peak load
Various peak demands of the load over and above the base load are called peak load.
Load
Peak load
Base load
Time
2.5.1 Coordination of Base Load and Peak Load Power Plants
It is uneconomical to install a single plant of the capacity equal to system peak load, because peak
load occurs for short time, the capacity will remain under utilized for max time. Hence there must
be power plant which supply base loads and others used only at the time of peak loads.
Base load power plant shall have following property
(i) Low operating cost
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(ii) Capacity of working for long periods continuously

(iii) Requirement of few operating personal
Peak load power plant shall have
(i) Capability of quick start
(ii) Quick synchronization and taking up of system load
(ii) Quick response to load variation
Hydro plants are suitable of both base and peak load plant. During periods of draught hydro plant
shall be used as peak load plant.
Thermal power plants give minimum cost of generation per unit when employed as base plant, but
to save fuel may be used as peak load plant.
Nuclear power plants are suitable only for base load having high load factor.
Gas turbine power plant are suitable to supply peak loads.
100%
Gas
diesel
and pump
storage plant
80%
Hydro plants
with limited
Percentage of load
storage
60%
Steam power
plant
40%
Hydro plant with
ample storage
Nuclear power plant

20%
Run off river power plant
Percentage of year
2.6 ABCD PARAMETERS

ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where they are
termed as “Generalised Circuit Parameters”. ABCD parameters are also called as “Transmission
Parameters”.
Representation of input and output voltages and currents in twoport network for ABCD
parameterrepresentation.
I2 I2
ln V1 V2 Out
Two Port Network

V
A 1
V2
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I1
C
V2
„A‟ is called reverse voltage ratio and does not have any unit. „C‟ is known is known as transfer
admittance and has the unit mho.
V
B 1
I 2
I1
D
I2
„D‟ being a rati of two currents, it is called reverse current ratio; it is an unitless quantity while „B‟
is expressed in ohm and is termed as teransfer impedance
2.6.1 Classification of Transmission Lines

2.6.1.1 Short Transmission Line
I R jX I z
s r
Vs Vr  Vs Vr
Vs  Vr  I r R cos r  I r Xsin r
Vs
jIrX
Vr I rR
r
s Ir
Vr0  Vs
Vs  Vr
% regulation =  100
Vr
 IR cos r  I r X sin r 
   100
 Vr 
Representation as two port
Vs  AVr  BI r
Is  CVr  DI r
Vs  Vr  ZI r
Is = Ir
A=1
B=Z
C=0
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D=1
In matrix for
 Vs  1 Z  Vr 
 I   0 1   I 
 s   r 
Now for no load Ir = 0
 Vr0  Vs / A
Vs / A  Vr
% regulation =  100
Vr
P
%   100
P  3I 2r R
2.6.1.2 Medium Length Line

1. Nominal – T Representation
All the shunt capacitance is lumped at middle of line
Is Z/2 Vc Z/2 Ir
Vs Y=jC Vr
Vc  Vr  I r Z / 2
Z
Is  I r  Vc Y  I r  YVr  I r Y
2
Vs  Vc  Is Z / 2
  YZ  
 Vs  Vr  I r Z / 2  Z / 2 I r 1    YVr 
  2  
 YZ   YZ 
 Vs  Vr 1    I r Z 1  
 2   4 
 YZ  YZ  
1 Z 1  
 Vs   2  4    Vr 
I     
 s  YZ   I r 
 Y 1 
2 
Comparing with standard matrix of ABCD parameters
YZ
A  1
2
 YZ 
B  Z 1  
 4 
CY
YZ
D  1
2
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2. Nominal  Representation
The shunt capacitance is divided into two equal parts which are lumped at sending and receiving
ends
Is Z Ir
Vs Y/2 Y/2 Vr
Vr Y Vs Y
Is  I r  
2 2
 Vr Y   YZ 
Vs  Vr   I r   Z  Vr 1    Ir Z
 2   2 
V Y Y   YZ  
Is  I r  r   Vr 1    I r Z
2 2  2  
 Is  Vr Y 1 
YZ   YZ 
  I r 1  
 4   2 
 YZ 
 1 Z 
 s
V 2 V 
 I     YZ   r
 s  Y 1  YZ   I r 
   1
4  2 
On comparing
YZ
A  1
2
BZ
 YZ 
C  Y 1  
 4 
YZ
D  1
2
2.6.1.3 Long Transmission Lines

Let z = series impedance per unit length
y = shunt all imittance per unit length
l = length of the line
Total series impedance Z = zl
Total shunt admittance Y = yL
Let at distance x from receiving end, voltage and current are V and I and at a distance x + dx,
V + V and I + I.
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I+I zx I
+ I
v 
Cx gx V
V+V
x x
V = Iz x
V
  Iz
x
for x  0
V V
  Iz …(i)
x x
I = Vyx
I
  Vy
x
For x  0
I
 Vy …(ii)
x
From equation (i)
 2 V I
 z  z  y.V
x 2 x
2V 2
  V0 …(iii)
x 2
Where  is called propagation constant
Equation (iii) has general solution
V(x)=C1ex + C2ex
Where   yz    j
V  x 
 C1e x  C2 ex  zI  x 
x
V
 I(x) = C1e x  C2e x 
z
z
We define characteristic impedance of transmission line as Zc 
y
Then I  x  
1
Zc
 C1ex  C2ex 
Constants C1 & C2 can be found by end conditions for x = 0, V(0) = VR and I(0) = IR
VR = C1 + C2
1
IR =  C1  C2 
z2
Upon solving,
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1
C1   VR  Zc I R 
2
1
C2   C R  Z c I R 
2
Now
 V  Zc  I R  x  VR  Zc I R  x
V x   R e   e
 2   2 
 e x  e x   e x  e x 
 V  x   VR    I R Zc  
 2   2 
 V  x   v R cosh x  I R Zc sinh x
At x = 
V() = Vs
I() = Is
 cosh  Zc sinh  
 Vs     VR 
 I    sin h  cos h    I 
 s  R
 Zc 
On comparing
A = D = cosh 
B = Zc sinh 
sinh 
C
Zc
     
2 4
 YZ 
cosh  = 1    .....  1  
2! 4!  2 
     
3 5
 YZ 
sinh  =  +   ..... + …..   YZ  1  
3! 5!  6 
Hence
YZ
A=D=1+
2
 YZ  Z  YZ   YZ 
B  Zc YZ 1    YZ 1    Z 1  
 6  Y  6   6 
YZ  YZ   YZ 
C 1    Y 1  
Zc  6   6 
2.7 INSULATOR
The insulators for overhead lines provide insulation to the power conductor from ground mainly
made by glazed porcelain or toughened glass.
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2.7.1 Types of Insulators

1. Pin type insulator
(i) This type of insulator is mounted on a pin.
(ii) The lower end of the insulator (pin) is connected to th cross arm and at the top of the insulator,
grooves are provided to shelter the conductor.
2. Suspension type
(i) Each insulator is designed for say 11kv and for higher operating voltages string of insulator
disc is used.
(ii) In case of failure of one disc (string) only that need to be replaced.
3. Strain type
These are placed horizontally. These are used to take tension of conductors at line terminals, road
crossings etc. They are also known as tension insulators.
4. Shackle type
(i) It is used for voltage < 11 kV
(ii) This type of insulators can be used at all position like at terminal, or in intermediate or at a
place where there is an angular deviation.
5. Stay Insulators
(i) They are also known as strain or guy insulators.
(ii) They are eggshaped insulators, which are generally used to insulate the lower part of the guy
cable from the pole for the safety of the people on the ground.
(iii) These insulators are installed at a height of 3 meters from the ground.
2.8 CORONAEFFECT
Corona phenomenon is defined as self sustained electric discharge in which the field intensified
ionization is localized over a portion of distance between electrodes.
When potential between conductors is increased the gradient around the surface of conductor
increases above a voltage higher than critical voltage the nearby air is ionized and there is bluish
white glow around the surface of conductor. A hissing noise is also heard along with formation of
ozone gas.
2.8.1 Factors Affecting Corona

1. Atmosphere
Corona increases in a moist climate.
2. Conductor
Corona decreases with increase in the diameter of the conductor.
3. Spacing between the conductors
Corona decreases with an increase in the space between the conductors.
4. Line Voltage
Corona increases with an increase in the liene voltage.
The phenomenon of corona plays an important role in the design of an overhead transmission line.
Therefore, it is profitable to consider the following terms much used in the analysis of corona
effect.
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2.8.2 Critical Disruptive Voltage
q -q
r x p r +Q -Q
a b
d
Gradient at x
q 1 1  q d
Ex   and Vab  ln
2 0  x d  x   0 r
After solving
Vd V
Ex  where v in line to neutral voltage V  ab
x  d  x  ln d / r 2
Gradient is max when x = r
Vd
g max  E r  E max 
r  d  r  ln  d / r 
V

r ln d / r
or V = r gmax ln d/r
Critical disruptive voltage is the voltage at which disruption or break down of dielectric occurs.
This voltage corresponds to the gradient at the surface of conductor equal to strength of air.
The deflective strength of air at 25C and 76 cm of Hg pressure is
g0  30kV / cm peak
At other temperature or pressure
g'0  g0
3.92b
 , where  is called air density factor.
273  
Where b is pressure in cm of Hg and  is temperature in C
Critical disruptive voltage
d
V  rg0  ln kV
r
This voltage is achieved by assuming conductor smooth. But in actual conductor are stranded
there by reducing disruptive voltage. Hence
d
V  r g0  m0 ln
r
m0 is 1 for smooth and 0.8 < m0 < 1.0
Putting the value of strength of air critical disruptive voltage
d
V = 21.1m  r ln kV where radius is taken in cm
r
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2.8.3 Critical Visual Disruptive Voltage

At critical disruptive voltage corona phenomenon starts but is not visible, for making it visible the
gradient at surface of conductor must be gv so that at finite distance away from conductor gradient
is g0.
The distance between gv & g0 is called energy distance. According to Peak this distance
  
 r  .301 r for two parallel conductor and is equal to r  0.308 r for co axial conductors. 
 0.3 
g v  g0 1   kV / cm
 r 
 0.3 
Vv  g0 mv r 1   ln d / r
 r 
 0.3 
V  21.1m r 1  ln d / r kv rms
 r 
Where r is in cm
mv is irregularity factor
mv  1 for polished wire
2.9 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The conductor system by means of which electrical energy is converted from bulk power source to
consumers is known as distribution system. Primary distribution is at voltage levels of 11kV, 6.6
kV and 3.3 kV and gives power to bulk consumers like industries.
Secondary distribution supply power to households at 400V, 3 and 230V, single phase.
The main criteria for designing of conductors for distribution are voltage drop and current carrying
capacity.
1. Radial Feeder System

(i) It is the simplest, most economical and commonly used distribution system.
(ii) In this system, a secondary substation is in the centre and feeders are connected all around it.
(iii) Primary of the distribution transformer is connected to each feeder and the secondary is
connected to the load.
Distributor
Loads
Feeder
Distribution
Secondary Transformer
Feeder Sub-Station
Loads
Feeder
Distribution
Transformer
Radial Feeder System
2. Parallel Feeder System
(i) Two radial feeders originating from the same or different secondary substations are run in
parallel.
(ii) Each feeder shares the load equally in normal conditions.
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(iii) This system is much more reliable than the radial feeder system.
Secondary
Sub-Station
Parallel
Feeders
Distribution
Transformer
Distributors
Parallel Feeder System
3. Interconnected Network System

(i) In this type of distribution system, the feeder ring main is energized from two or more than two
generating substations.
(ii) Even if a part of the network is out of service, still we can supply power to the other
distribution transformer.
(iii) This system is more reliable and more flexible.
2.9.1 Classification of Distribution Method

Distribution systems are classified as per following
Radial feeder Parallel feeder
Ring main distribution Inter connected ring main
2.9.1.2 Uniform Loading

Load in considered uniformly distributed along the length of feeder. For feeder having equal
voltage at both ends point of minimum voltage is centre of the feeder.
A C B
2rl2 IR
Max voltage drop from A that VAC  
8 8
i is current in A/m
r is resistance /m
l is the length of feeder
I = il
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R = rl
VA  IR
Minimum voltage VC 
8
2.10 PER UNIT QUANTITITES IN POWER SYSTEMS

The per unit system is a method of expression quantitites in an electrical system (e.g. voltage,
current, impedance etc.) as a proportion of predefined base quantities. By definition, the ratio of
actual quantity to the base quantity is said to be per unit quantity.
quantityactual
Per unit quantity Qpu =
quantitybase
Qpu is the per unit quantity dimension less or just „pu‟. For example, suppose the base value of
current is 100A, then a current of 50 A has a per unit value of 50/100 = 0.5 pu
V
Per Unit Voltage Vpu  actual
Vbase
I(Amps) I(amps)
I pu  
I base (amps) I base
Vbase
Where, sbase = Vbase  Ibase
z(ohm) I
Zpu   z(ohm)  base
z base (ohm) Vbase
Z(ohm).Sbase
 2
Vbase
2.11 NETWORK ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES

The formation of bus admittance matrix (also known as Y bu matrix) and bus impedance matrix
(also known as Zbus matrix). These two matrices are related by
Zbus = Ybus-1
2.11.1 Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix

Bus admittance matrix is given by
 I1   y11 y12 y13  v1 
    
 I 2    y 21 y 22 y 23  v 2 
I  y  
 3   31 y32 y33  v3 
2.11.2 Impedance Matrix

Impedance matrix is given by
 V1   z11 z12 z13  I1 
    
 V2    z 21 z 22 z 23  I 2 
V  z  
 3   31 z32 z33  I3 
2.12 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

An unbalanced set of n phasors may be resolved into (n –1) balanced n phase system of different
phase sequence and one zero sequence system. As per this theorem the unbalanced three phase
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may be resolved in 2 balanced 3phase system one of which is positive sequence (Having same
sequence that of unbalanced), Negative sequence (Having sequence positive to that of unbalanced)
and zero sequence.
Vc Vc 1 Vc 2
w  Va 0

 Va 1  Va 2  V b0
Vc 0
Va
Zero sequence
Vb
Vb 1 Vc 2
Positive sequence Negative sequence
Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0
Vb= Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb0
Vc= Vc1 + Vc2 + Vc0
The voltages Va1, Va2 & Va0 etc are called symmetrical components. The calculation of
symmetrical component phasor is made in terms of „a‟ as the symmetric phase.
2.12.1 operator
The phasor  is an operator which when operates upon a phasor rotates it by + 120 without
changing magnitude.
 = 1  120
2.12.2 Properties of 
(i)  = 1  120 = cos 120 + j sin 120
3
  = 0.5 + j
2
3
(ii) 2 = 1  240 = 1  120 =  0.5  j
2
(iii) 3 = 1  360 = 1  0 = 1
(iv) 3 – 1 = 0
 (  1) (2 +  + 1) = 0
 2 +  + 1 = 0
(v) * = 2
(vi) 4 = 
2.13 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT RELATIONS

Va1  Va1 Va 2  Va 2 Va0  Va0
Vb1   2 Va1 Vb2  Va 2 Vb0  Vb0
Vc1  Va1 Vc2   2 Va 2 Vc0  Vc0
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Writing Va, Vb & Vc in terms of symmetrical components of phase

Va = Va0 + Va2 + Va2
Vb = Va0 +  Va1 + Va2
Vc= Va0 +  Va1 + 2 Va2
In matrix form
 Va  1 1 1   Va0 
 V   1  2    V 
 b    a1 
 Vc  1    Va 
2 
 2
Similarly
 I a  1 1 1   I a0 
 I   1  2    I 
 b    a1 
 I c  1   2   I a 
 2
Now
 Va0  1 1 1  1  V 
    V 
a
 a1  
V  1  2
   b
  1   2   V 
 Va 2     c
1 1 1
Let A  1  2  

1   2 
For taking inverse cofactors are
2 
A11   4  2    2
 2
1 
A12 
1 2
 
  2      2
1 2
A13     2
1 
 
1 1
A21     2      2
 2
1 1
A22   2  1
1 2
1 1
A31     2
2 
1 1
A32        1  1  
1 
1 1
A33   2  1
1 2
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1 1 1
Let 1  2   
  1 x 4   2  1  2    1    2   
1  2
    
   2    2     2  3    2   
Matrix of cofactors of A
  2   2   2
Cofactor A     2 2  1 1  
  2 1   2  1
  2   2   2
Adj  A      2 2  1 1  
  2 1   2  1
1 1 1
3 3 3
A 1 
Adj   1
A  1
2
1 
det  A  3 3   2  
3   2 
1 1   1
2
3 3   2  
3   2 
1   2 1     2 1     2
Now   

3   2  
3 3  4  3 1    3
 1
2     1    2 2
1
and  
3     3     3 
2 2 3 2
 1 3
1 1 1
1
Hence A 1  1  2
3
1 2 
 Va x  1 1 1   Va 
  1
 Va1   1   2   Vb 
  3 1  2    Vc 
 Va 2  
2.13.1 Power in Terms of Symmetrical Component

S  Va I*a  Vb I*b  Vc I*c
 I*a 
 
 S   Va Vb Vc   I*b 
 I*c 
 
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 I*a 
T
 Va 
 *
 S   Vb  Ib 
 Vc   I*c 
 
 Va  1 1 1   Va0   Va0 
 V   1  2    
 b     Va1   AVwhereV   Va1 
 Vc  1   2   Va   
 2  Va 2 
T
 Va  1 1 1
 V   AV T  VT AT ; AT  1  2  
 b   
 Vc  1   2 
*
*
 I a  1 1 1
*
 Ia0 
 I   1  2  
 b     I a1 
 I c  1   2   
 Ia 2 
*
1 1 1   Ia0 
 
 1   2   I a1 
1  2    I a 
 2
*
1 1 1  1 1 1   Ia0 
 
S   Va0 Va1 Va 2  1  2   1   2   I a1 
1   2  1  2    I a 
 2
1 1 1  1 1 1   3 0 0
1  2   1   2   0 3 0 using 2 +  + 1 = 0

1   2  1  2  0 0 3
 3 0 0  I a0 
*
 
S   Va0 Va1 Va 2  0 3 0  I a1 * 
0 0 3  I a * 
 2 
 I a0 
*
 
S  3Va0 3Va1 3Va 2   I a1 * 
 *
 Ia2 
 S  3Va0 Ia0  3Va1 Ia0  3Va2 Ia2 *
* *
2.13.2 For Balanced System

Zero sequence & negative sequence component become zero and only positive sequence exist.
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2.13.2.1 Zero Sequence Current

1
Ia0  I b0  Ic0   I a  I b  Ic 
3
Zero sequence component does not exist in line voltage of a star connection
Vab  Va  Vb
 Va1  Va2  Va0  Vb1  Vb2  Vb0
Vb1   2 Va1
Vb2  Va2
Vb0  Va0
 
 Va b  Va1 1    Va2 1   
2
and there is no term of zero sequence similar can been seen for Vbc & Vca
Hence for star
Vab0  Vbc0  Vca0  0
Zero sequence current cannot flow in star without grounded neutral
a
c b
In = Ia + Ib + Ic
But In = 0
Neutral ground is not grounded there is no return path for In

1
Also Ia0  I b0  I c0   I a  I b  I c   0
3
However if neutral is grounded as shown below
a
n a0
b
c
If neutral is grounded with neutral impedance Zn as shown below then
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Zn
b
c
Vag0  Zn I n  Z0 Ia0
 Zn 3Ia0  Z0 Ia0
  Z0  3Zn  Ia0
Here Z0 is zero sequence impedance. Here we can see that zero sequence current flows in phase as
well as in line
For delta connected winding zero sequence current can flow in closed delta winding but there is no
zero – sequence current in lines
Ia0 a
a
Iab0
I ca0
I c0
c b
I bc0
b
I b0
Let Iab0  I0
I bc0  I 0
Ica0  I0
KcL at node (a)
Ia0  Ica  Iab
0 0
 Ia0  Iab  Ica0

0
 Ia0  I0  I0
 Ia0  0
These sequences current balance zero sequence voltages in delta i.e.
Vab  I0 Z0
0
Vbc0  I0 Z0
Vca0  I0 Z0
Due to this there is no zero sequence voltage in lines of delta. Hence in delta connection zero
sequence component is absent in line current as well in line voltage.
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2.13.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Load for Zero Sequence Network

a Z0
c b Reference bus
a Z0
b
c
Reference bus
a Z0
a
b
Zn
c 3Zn
Reference bus
a Z0
a
c b
Reference bus
2.13.3 Potential of Neutral

For positive sequence and negative sequence, neutral and ground both are synonymous because no
positive sequence and negative sequence current flows from neutral to ground that is
Ia1  I b1  Ic1  0 always
and
Ia2  I b2  Ic2  0 always
However, for zero sequence, neutral and ground are not same.
Neutral to ground voltage
Vng  I n Zn = 3I a0 Zn
Phase to ground voltage
Vag = 3Ia0 Zn  Ia0 Z0
Vag  Ia0  Z0  3Zn 
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a
Z0
In
n
Z0
Zn Z0
d
g
c
Conclusively, for positive and negative sequence the zero reference may be neural or ground but
for zero sequence the zero reference is ground.
2.13.4 Phase Shift in Star–Delta Transformer

I1 I2
a2 A2
a1 A1
N1: N2
In single phase transformer for the polarities as shown and direction of current as shown the
voltage Va2a1 & VA2 A1 are in time phase as well as currents are in time phase. Low voltage winding
terminals are denoted by small case letters and high voltage winding terminals are denoted by big
case letter.
Now let three single phase transformers are connected in Y/ as shown below
A2
A
a2
1 a
c1
A1 B1
C1
a1 c2
b2 c
C1 b1
b
B B2
Now if positive sequence voltage is applied in star side than phasor diagram for phase sequence
ABC will be as follows:
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Vc N
1

VA N 1
VB
N1
Now corresponding to VAN1 is Va b1 in delta side corresponding to VBN is Vbc1 and corresponding
1
to VcN1 is Vca1
Vc N VBN
1
1
VAB1
Vca1
30
VA N 1
Vab1
Vbc1
VB
N1
We can see that line voltage is star side VAB1 leads line voltage Vab 1 in side by 30 for positive
sequence for negative sequence star side will lag delta side by 30.
a
a2 A1 A
a1 A1
B
b
b1 B1
c c2 C2 C
C1 c1
/Y
Now in the diagram shown above Vab1 in  side corresponds to VAN1 in star side.
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The phasor diagram is shown below

Vc N
1
Vca1 VAB1
30
VA N 1
Vab1
Vbc1
VBN1
Again Y side line voltage leads  side by 30 for positive sequence
For negative sequence star side lags  side by 30 for positive sequence.
VBN 2
Vab2
VAN 2
30
VCN 2 VAB2
Star – delta transformer is so labeled that positive sequence quantities on HV side lead their
corresponding positive sequence quantities in LV side by 30. The reverse is the case with
negative sequence.
2.13.5 Sequence Impedances

V1
Positive sequence impedance Z1 
I1
V
Negative sequence impedance I 2  2
I2
V0
Zero sequence impedance Z0 
I0
2.14 SEQUENCE NETWORKS FOR POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The sequence current produces voltage drops of its own sequence i.e. the positive sequence current
will produce positive sequence drop, Negative sequence will produce negative sequence drop, so
is true for zero sequence.
The sequence network may be defined as an equivalent network the balanced power system under
an imagined operating conditions such that only one sequence component of voltage and current
present in the system, in other words positive, negative and zero sequence networks are decoupled
and can be dealt with separately.
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Each sequence network can be represented by Thevenin equivalent between a point and zero
reference bus. Thevenin voltage in positive sequence is the OC voltage between the point and zero
reference.
Ia 1 Ia Ia
2
a a a0
+ + +
Z1
Va Z2 Va Z0 Va 0
1
2
Ea +
1
  
Zero Zero Zero
reference bus reference bus reference bus
2.14.1 Positive Sequence

Va1  Ea1  Ia1 Z1 ; Va2  Ia2 Z2 ; Va0  Ia0 Z0
The E a1 with positive sequence will come only with generators and synchronous motors.
2.14.1.1 Sequence Impedance of Synchronous Machine

When a fault takes place then positive sequence impedance
Z1  jXd (up to 1 cycle of interest) is sub transient reactance.
Z1  jXd (up ot 34 cycle) transited reactance
Z1  jXd (steady state) synchronous reactance
Negative sequence impedance
 X  X q'' 
Z2  j  d
  Where X q is subtransient quadrature axis reactance.
 2 
Zero sequence impedance is Z0
2.14.1.2 Positive Sequence Network for Synchronous Machine

I a1
a
+
Z1
Va1
E a1 +


Zero
reference bus
Where Va1  Ea1  Ia1 Z1
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2.14.1.3 Negative Sequence Network for Synchronous Machine

I a2
I a2
a
a
+
Z2
Z2 Z2 Va 2
Z2
b 
Zero reference
c
Where Va2  Ia2 Z2
2.14.1.4 Zero Sequence Network for Synchronous Machine
Ia 0 Ia 0
a a
+
Z0
Va0   Ia0 Z0 Z0 Va 0
Z0 Z0
b 
c Zero reference
Where Va0  Ia0 Z0
If generator neutral is grounded through Zn , the positive & negative sequence network will remain
same but zero sequence network will be as follows
Ia 0
a
+
Z0
Z0
Va 0
3Zn
Zn Z0 Z0 
Zero
reference bus
Where Va0  Ia0  Z0  3Zn 

If neutral is solidly grounded then zero sequence network will be as follows
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a
I a0
Z0 a
+
Z0 Z0 Va0
Z0

2.14.1.5 Sequence Impedance of Transmission Lines
Ia Xs
+
Xm
Xs
+ +
Xm Xs
Va Ic Vb
Vb + + Vb
Vc Vc
In=Ia + Ib + Ic
    
Considering the mutual effect and with an assumption that there is no. mutual coupling between
phase and neutral by adopting dot convention lines are redrawn.
Xs jIbXm jIcXm
Ia
a + + a
Xs jIaXm jIcxm
Ib
b + + b
jIaXm jIaXm
Ic Xs
c + + c
In=Ia+Ib+Ic
n n
Va  Va  jIa Xs  jIb Xm  jIc Xm
Vb  Vb  jIb Xs  jIa Xm  jIc Xm
Vc  Vc  jIc Xs  jIa Xm  jIb Xm
Writing in matrix form
 Va   Va   Xs X m X m   Ia 
 V    V   j  X X m   I b 
 b  b  m Xs
 Vc   Vc   X m X m X s   I c 
Now let
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 Va   Va   VA   Va0 
 V    V    V   A  V 
 b  b  B  a1 
 Vc   Vc   VC   
 Va 2 
1 1 1
Where A  1  2  

1   2 
 Va0   Xs Xm Xm   Ia0 
  1    
Then  Va1   j A   X m Xs X m   A   I a1 
   X m Xm X s   
 Va 2   Ia2 
By using the equation
 Ia   I a0 
I   A  I 
 b  a1 
 I c   
 Ia2 
1 1 1 
Now A  1   2 
1 1
3 
1  2  
 Xs X m X m  1 1 1   X s  2X m 0 0 
Hence j A  X m X s X m  1  2    j  0 
1
    0 Xs  X m
 X m X m X s  1    2
 0 0 X s  X m 
 Va0   j  X  2X  0 0   I a0 
   s m
 
 Va1    0 j  Xs  X m  0   I a1 
   0 0 j  X s  X m   I a 
 Va 2    2
Va0  j  Xs  2X m  Ia0
 Z0  j  Xs  2X m 
Va1  j  Xs  X m  Ia1
 Z1  j  Xs  X m 
Va2  j  Xs  X m  Ia2
 Z2  j  X s  X m 
Now if mutual inductance and self inductance were given then
Positive sequence reactance = (L – M)
Negative sequence reactance =  (L – M)
Zero sequence reactance = (L + 2M)
Hence for Tline zero sequence impedance is more than its positive and negative sequence
impedance.
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2.14.1.6 Zero Sequence Network of Transformer

S1 Z0 S2
Primary S3 S4 secondary
Zero reference bus

The switches S1 & S2 are dependent on whether primary and secondary is in a star with ground or
not. The switches S3 & S4 are dependent on whether primary and secondary is in delta or not.
(i) If the primary and secondary are in star without neutral then switches S 1 & S2 will remain
open. S3, S4 will also remain open.
(ii) If primary is in star with solid ground neutral than S1 will close and S3, S4, S2 will remain open
(iii) If primary is in star with neutral ground through Zn the S1 will close along with 3Zn in series
with Z0 and S3, S4, S2 will remain open.
(iv) If secondary is in star with neutral ground through Z n then S2 will close with 3Zn in series with
Z0 and S3, S4, S1 will remain open.
(v) If primary is in delta than S3 will close S1, S2, S4 will remain open.
(vi) If secondary is in delta S4 will close and S1, S2, S3 will remain open.
(vii) If primary & secondary and both are in delta S3 & S4 will close open.
On the basis of this understanding zero sequenced network for various connection of transformer
are shown below.
Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0
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Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0 3Zn
Zn
3Zn Z0
For Transformer X1 = X2 = X0
2.15 SYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

Generally, the power system works is balanced condition. When a 3 short circuit occurs, then
currents become very high and voltages reduce, still the system remains balanced, such fault are
known as symmetrical fault and are severest. Symmetrical fault are of the two type.
(i) 3 phases coming together or LLL fault.
(ii) 3 phase touching ground simultaneously or LLLG fault.
The circuit breakers are designed to the limit of short circuit of 3.
The purpose of fault analysis includes:
(i) To determine fault voltage and current at different point of power system so that rating of
circuit breakers may be determined.
(ii) Fault analysis helps is selecting appropriate scheme for protective relaying.
Faults may cause severe effects on power system like excessive currents cause heating and rupture
of insulation.
In fault analysis certain assumptions are made, which include:
(i) Series resistances of components are neglected.
(ii) Shunt elements of transformers and lines are neglected.
(iii) Normal load currents are neglected i.e. before fault the system is considered open circuited
and pre fault voltage at the fault point is taken as 1  0 p.u. This is known as flat profile.
2.15.1 Short Circuit Capacity

Short circuit capacity of a network is defined as product of magnitude of pre fault voltage and post
fault current.
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SCC  V I F VA .
For three phase
3Vlb I F  SSC in all three phase
If ZT is the impedance from voltage source to fault point then
I Z
ZTp. u  b T
Vb
Vb
Now short circuit current Isc 
ZT
I b ZT I b VI
 ZTp. u    b b
Vb Isc Isc Vb
IscVb is SCC, hence
S
S.C.C  b
ZTp. u.
When fault takes place over a bus than its voltage becomes zero and voltage levels of other buses
will sag. The strength of bus is the ability of the bus to maintain its voltage when a fault takes
place at another bus. Higher SCC of bus implies higher strength. Higher SCC means lower ZTp. u .
Thus a bus having infinite strength will have ZTp. u. zero. Such bus is characterized by zero
equivalent impedance and is known as infinite bus.
The circuit breakers are rated in short circuit capacity and in short circuit current because circuit
breaker after braking the short circuit current has to withstand recovery voltage too.
2.15.2 Reactors
Reactor is a coil having high inductance and very less resistance. Reactors are used to limit short
circuit current during fault conditions.
2.15.2.1 Generator Reactors

These reactors are connected between generator and bus. They reduce fault current when fault
takes place at bus. However, modern generators are designed with very high synchronous
reactance. The problem with generator reactors is that by a fault at bus the voltage of bus may
drop considerably and generator may loose synchronous.
G G2 G3
Bus
2.15.2.2 Feeder Reactors

These reactors are connected in series with feeders. There is no problem of Generator loosing
synchronism. But no protection is provided to generators by feeder reactors.
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G G2 G3
2.15.2.3 Bus Bar Reactors

These reactors are connected between bus sectionalized bus bars of generators.
1. Tie bar system
G G2 G3
Tiebus
2. Ring system
G3
G3 G3
G3
Short circuit MVA in a Tie bus system for n  
 1 1
Ssc  Sb   
 xg xr 
 
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G1 G2 G
xg
F
xr xr
2.16 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

In unsymmetrical fault the system becomes unbalanced and symmetrical components are used for
analysis.
1. Single Line to Ground Fault without Fault Impedance

Ia
a
Ea
Eb
Ec
b
c
Let fault takes place at phase „a‟ as shown above then
Va  0 , I b  Ic  0
Sequence network equation is
Va0  Ia0 Z0
Va1  Ea  Ia1 Z1
Va2  Ia2 Z2
 Ia0  1 1 1  Ia 
  1
 a1 
I  1   2   0 
  3 1  2    0 
 Ia2  
Ia
 I a0   I a1  I a2
3
Va  0  Va1  Va2  Va0
 Ea  Ia1 Z1  Ia2 Z2  Ia0 Z0  0
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Ea
Ea  Ia1  Z1  Z2  Z0   Ia1 
Z1  Z2  Z0
In = Ia = 3I a 0
If neutral is not grounded then Ia0  Ia1  Ia b  0
Hence if neutral is not grounded then fault current is zero
For neutral grounded through Zn
Ea
I a1 
Z1  Z2   Z0  3Zn 
With Fault impedance Zf
Ea
Ia1 
Z1  Z2   Z0  3Zn  3Zf 
Fault current If = 3I a1
Thus we see that in LG fault positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence networks are
in series.
Z1 I  I  I
a1 a2 a0
Ea
Z2
Z0
2. Line to Line (LL) Fault

Let line to line fault takes place on phases b & c then
Ia = 0 Ib + I c = 0 Vb = V c
a Ia
Ea
Eb
Ec
Ib
c Ic
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 Ia0  1 1 1  0 
  1
 I a1   1 
1
 2   I b 
  3
1  2     I b 
 Ia2 
1
Ia0  0  I b  I b   0
3
1 I

Ia1  I b   2 I b   b    2
3 3

1 2 I  Ib 2
I a 2   I b    
3 b 3

  
 Ia1  Ia2
 Va0  1 1 1   Va 
  1
 Va1   1   2   Vb 
  3 1  2    Vb 
 Va 2  
1
 Va0  Va  Vb  Vc   0
3
1
Va1   Va  Vb   2 Vb 
3
1
Va 2   Va   2 Vb   bv 
3
 Va1  Va 2
Ea
As Va0  0 & Ia0  0 there is no zero sequence network Ea  Ia1 Z1  Ia2 Z2  Ia , Z2 I a1 
Z1  Z2
I a1
Ea Va1 Ia 2 V
a2
LL fault with fault impedance Zf
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Ia
b
Ib
Zf
c If
Ia = 0 Ia2  Ia2  I a0  0
Ib + Ic = 0  Ia1  Ia2
Vb – Vc = Ib Zf as I a0  0
Ea
I a1 
Z1  Z2  Zf
  
Fault current If = Ib = I b1  I b2  2 Ia  2 Ia  Ia2  2   Ia1  j 3Ia1
3. Double Line to Ground Fault (LLG)

Ia
a
Ib
b
c
Ic
Ia  0
Vb  0
Vc  0
I b  Ic  0
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 Va0  1 1 1   Va 
  1
 Va1   1   2   0 
  3 1  2    0 
 Va 2  
Va0  Va1  Va2  Va / 3
I a0  
Va0

E a  I a1 Z1 
Z0 Z0
Va 2  Ea  I a1 Z1 
Ia2    
Z2  Z0 
Ia  0  Ia1  Ia2  Ia0


 E a  I a 0 z1   E a  I a1 Z0  I 0
a1
z0 Z2
Ea
 I a1 
ZZ
Z1  0 2
Z0  Z 2
Z1 I a1
Z1 Z0
I a2 I a0
Va 2 Va0
Ea Va1
2.17 PRINCIPLE OF OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

In feeder the discrimination of zones is achieved by three methods.
1. Time Grading
The selectivity is achieved by having different operating times of the relays.
Let us take a radial feeder shown below.
4 3 2 1
  ~  
In this scheme, the relay farthest from the source will have minimum time of operation and as it is
approached towards the source operating time increases. The disadvantage of this scheme is that
severe fault persists for more time.
2. Current Grading
This grading is useful when fault current varies appreciably with the location of fault. i.e. going
towards source fault current shall increase. Relay are set to pickup at a progressively higher
current towards the source.
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3. Time Current Grading

For proper coordination of relay, it is required that relay shall operate for all short circuits in its
own line and should provide backup protection for adjoining lines.
For back up setting, it is equal to the value of current when fault is at the far end of the adjoin
section.
A 3– fault under maximum generation gives maximum fault current and line to line fault under
minimum generation gives minimum fault current. Relay should operate between these two limits.
On radial system the current setting of relay farthest from the source will be minimum.
The operating time is increases while moving towards source for example if operating time for
relay 1 in radial feeder is T 1 then operating time for relay 2 will be T 2 = T1 + t
t = interrupting time of CB at 1 + over travel time of relay 2 + factor of safety time.
Generally t is nearly 0.35 second.
The characteristic of IDMT relay are as follows for radial feeder as shown.
4 3 2 1
~    
time
3
2
1
Current (I)
2.17.1 Protection of Parallel Feeders

1 A 3
 
Load
~
2 4
 
B
For finding place of directional relay it is checked at which place direction of current changes due
to fault.
For fault at A or B direction of current does not change at 1 and 2 while it will change at 3 and 4.
Hence at 3 and 4 directional relay are placed.
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2.17.2 Protection of Ring Mains
0.15 0.5s
0.35e
0.1s
~ A
B 0.3s
0.1 0.5sec
2.17.3 Distance Protection

The fault currents depend on generating capacity and system configuration. Hence over current
relay have to be changed for any change in system.
Distance relay are preferred for protection of feeders over OC relay.
Protection scheme is divided in three zones.
z3a
z2a
z1a
A
B C
D
z1d
z2b z2d
z3b
Z1a, Z2a or Z3a are three zone for relay at A. Z1a is 80% of line AB and is high speed zone.
Z2a is 20% of AB and 20% of CD. Third zone is 10%
Z3a provides hack up protection to relay c.
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2.17.4 Impedance Relay

Impedance relay operates when impedance from relay point to fault point is less than relay setting.
Z2
Z1 T2 Z3
T1 T3
If fault lines in zone 3, all three relay will respond but as T 1 < T2 <T3 circuit breaker of relay 1 will
trip. For fault between zone 1 and 2 circuit breaker of relay 2 will trip.
Unit 3 is starting unit for impedance relay zone system.
2.17.5 Reactance Relay

Starting unit is mho relay as direction unit cannot be used with reactance relay
X2
X1
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2.17.6 MHO Relay Protection

MHO relay is inherently direction.
X
Mho relay is most suitable under violent power swings.
2.17.7 Uses of Distance Relay

Reactance relay used for short transmission lines as this in not affected by arc resistance.
Reactance relay is preferred for ground fault relaying.
MHO relay is used for long transmission lines as this is least affected by power swings. This relay
is very much effected by arc resistance.
Impedance relay is suitable for median lines.
2.18 PRINCIPLE OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

1. It is based on the fact that any fault within electrical equipment would cause the current entering
it to be different from the current leaving it.
2. By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in phase or in both, fault can be
determined.
3. It is an attractive option if both the ends of the apparatus are located near each other.
2.18.1 Percentage Differential Protection or Merz – Price Protection

It was assumed that both the CT‟s are identical but in practice that is not true, more over CT‟s
saturate. To take into account this effect restraining coil is connected such that effect due to
different currents is neutralized. This is called percentage differential or Merzprice protection.
I1 I
i1 i2
O.C.
i1+i2
i1 i2
Torque developed by O.C. T0  (i1 – i2)NOC
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i i 
Torque developed by restraining coil Tr   1 2  N rc
 2 
For balancing
i i
 i1  i2  Noc   1 2  Nrc
 2 
i i Nr
 1 2  c
i N oc
i1  2
2
Neglecting control spring torque at low currents. The ratio of differential current to the average of
restraining current is a fixed difference.
(i1-i2) Operation
No Operation
i1+i2
2
2.18.2 Protection of Alternators
1. Abnormal Running Conditions
(i) Unbalanced loading
The unbalanced loading results is circulation of negative sequence currents in the stator winding
which gives rise to rotating magnetic field which rotates at double synchronous speed with respect
to rotor and generates voltage of double frequency in rotor which will overheat rotor winding. For
protecting against this a negative sequence current segregating network is used. The output of
which is proportional to generator negative phase sequence current and fed to a relay with inverse
square law characteristic i.e. I2t = k. The relay sends signal to generator main breaker.
Negative
sequence relay
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(ii) Overloading
Overloading causes temperature rise and winding insulation may damage. For overload protection
over current relay with suitable time delay may be used. But heating of machine is not only
dependent on current but on cooling condition also hence temperature sensitive transducer is used
for giving trip signal like thermistor, or thermo couples etc.
For generator below 50MW bimetallic strips are used.
(iii) Over speed

Sudden loss of load results in over speed The watt metric relay senses reduction of power and
sends signal to steam valve mechanism.
(iv) Over voltage protection

Used for hydraulic and gas turbine engines plants.
(v) Failure of prime mover
Whenever a prime mover fails synchronous generator starts motoring, thereby drawing real
electrical power from the system. The wattmetric relay with directional unit is used to sense
reversal of direction of real power flow. The relay must have time delay so as to prevent tripping
due to power swings.
(vi) Loss Excitation
The generator becomes induction generator and starts taking reactive power from bus. Current are
induced in rotor windings due to slip speed. Off MHO relay operated with generator terminal
voltage and current is used as protection.
2. Stator Faults
(i) Phase–Phase Faults
By differential protection phase to phase faults are protected. CT‟s for Y connection are connected
in star. For delta connected alternator following scheme is adopted as shown below.
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(ii) Restricted Earth Fault Protection
O.C.
For internal fault current only in CT of neutral will flow and will have return path through O.C.
relay will operate. For external fault current cannot flow through OC.
2.18.3 Protection of Inter Turn Faults

Differential protection cannot be used for interturn faults because the current at the two ends of
the winding remains same. If machine has more than one coil per phase than differential protection
can be used.
Following method is used for interturn fault protection. Shown only for one phase.
O.C
i2
i1
In case of inter turn fault i1  i2 and O.C. will have i1 – i2 current, and if i1 – i2 > Ip relay will
operate.
2.18.4 Protection of Transformer

Transformers are protected by Merzprice protection for short circuit and by over current relay for
overheating.
As for stardelta connection the primary and secondary current are displaced in phase from each
other by 30o. To nullify this effect CT‟s on star side of the transformer are connected in delta and
delta side they are connected is star. If transformer is Y – Y without neutral grounding CT‟s can
be connected in stars.
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i i
I
i i LL fault
I
i i
i
i
o
o o o
Thus for Y – Y with neutral grounding LG, LLG and LLLG fault have no meaning as fault
current cannot flow. For LL fault outside zone as shown above. No current flows through OC and
relay will not work.
Now it we take grounded star/star transformer with differential protection using CT‟s in star then
connection is as follows.
i/3
I/3
i/3
I/3
i
2I/3 I I
2i/3
i/3 i/3 i
2i/3
i/3
For a LG fault we can see fault current I in transformer. Now this is flowing only in phase and
ground. So this can be shown as following.
a a I
I
b b
c
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Now in secondary side there is no way for phase b & c and to balance mmf. But if transformer has
tertiary in delta than as per following mmf can be balanced/
I2 I1
I1
I2 I1/2
I1/2
I1/2 I2
I1 + I2 = I
I1/ 2  I2  I1  2 / 3I
I2  I / 3
Thus we can see OC will have current i/3 and if this exceed pick up value then relay will operate
even for out zone fault.
Now if we connect CT‟s in delta than circuit is shown below
i/3
I/3
i/3
I/3
2i/3 2I/3 i
i
o o
i i i
i
0
i
So for external faults we can see above figure that there is no current through OC. Which is
desirable.
Now if fault was internal than there will be no current in CT‟s of secondary and primary CT‟s will
have same distribution of currents. So O.C. will have current i through them.
For deltastar (grounded) transformer following figure shows current distribution.
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i
i
I
I I
i
i i i
0
i
0
0 0 0
Relay will be not operate for fault outside CT‟s .
2.19 STATIC RELAYS AND DIGITAL PROTECTION

It consist of various units to perform its several operations
1. Auxiliary Voltage Supply
In order to energize the circuit, a dc source is required wich is generally of 24V.
2. Comparator
Actual value of quantity is compared against a preset quantity and in case of any difference, it
energises the trip circuit.
3. TimeDelay Elements
By the combination of resistors and capacitors, required operating time can be adjusted.
4. Logic Circuits
Operating conditions are set as per the logic circuit and relay will operate only when all such
conditions are satisfied.
2.9.1 Advantages
1. These relays are much accurage and their speed of operation is also high.
2. Lower VA ratings of CTs and PTs are required.
3. Moving parts are largely eliminated.
2.20 SYSTEM STABILITY CONCEPT

Power system stability is the ability of power system to return to normal operating condition after
disturbance or in other words ability to remain in synchronism.
1. Steady State Stability
The maximum load which can be supplied when loading is increased gradually is the steady state
stability of the system.
2. Dynamic Stability
Dynamic stability is the stability due to small disturbances, amplitude of oscillation is less and die
out quickly No fear of loss of synchronism.
3. Transient Stability
Transient stability is under large sudden disturbance like faults. Due to severe disturbance there is
fear of loss of synchronism if disturbance not resolved in very short time i.e. with 1 or 2 second.
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2.21 POWER ANGLE EQUATION

2.21.1 Power Angle Equation for Synchronous Generator
X’d
Vt0
Eg
E g Vt
P sin 
Xd
In stability studies the nodes are emf terminals not terminal voltage as in Load flow. Also loads in
stability studies are taken as admittances.
X’d
Eg System
Pe = Pmax sin 
Hence swing equation is
Md 2 
 Pm  Pmax sin 
dt 2
If a synchronous motor and generator are connected through line reactance X e,
X’dg Xe X’dm
Eg Em
H eq d 2 
Then  Pm  Pe
f dt 2
Where = 1  2
HH
H eq  1 2
H1T H 2
| Eg || E m |
Pe  sin 
Xdg  X e  Xdm
2.22 SWING EQUATION FOR DETERMINING TRANSIENT STABILITY

For generator
d2
J 2m  Tm  Te
dt
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Where m is angle in mechanical radians

Tm is Mechanical Torque on generator
Te is electoral Torque developed
P
Now e  m
2
2
m  e
P
Multiplying by sm
d2
J 2m sm  Tm sm  Te sm
dt
2 2 d 2 e Md 2 e
J    s   Pm  Pe   Pm  Pe
p p dt 2 dt 2
  e  s t
As seen in phasor diagram
s
 Machine
e reference
System reference
d  d e
2 2
 2
dt 2 dt
d
2
M 2  Pm  Pe
dt
GH d 2 
 Pm  P
f dt 2
H d2
 Pm  Pe p.u
f dt 2
In multi machine system where two machines swing coherently 1 = 2
H eq d 2 
 Pm  Pe
f dt 2
H G  H 2G 2
H eq  1 1
Gsystem
Pm  Pm1  Pm2 and Pe = Pe1  Pe2
2.23 EQUAL AREA CRITERION

Consider a generator is supplied by mechanical power P m0 and load angle is 0 as shown in power
angle curve. Suddenly mechanical power input is increased P m1 then load angle  starts increasing
because accelerating power Pa is positive. Let final steady load angle with mechanical input P m1 is
1. But the generator will not sattle to angle 1 because of rotor inertia and before coming to steady
state angle 1 (point B), swings around this angle with extremities point A and point C. The speed
of rotor is synchronous at point A and C.
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Pm1 A2
A1 C
Pm1 B
Pm0 A
  2  
The electromagnetic torque in synchronous machine develops in such way so as to align rotor in
the direction of resultant field flux (r) as shown in phasor diagram.
f
r a
e
a
f 
m,s
Now by equal area criterion

2 1 2
 Pa d  0   Pa d   Pa d
0 0 1
If accelerating area = decelerating area then system will remain transiently stable.
Now if Pm1 is increased then A1 will increase which implies A2 will also increase for that 2 will
increase. The max value up to which 2 can go is shown
Pm1 A2
A1
Pm0
  max 
sin1 = sin max

 sin (  1) = sin max
 max =   1
 Pm1 
max =   1 =   sin  
 Pmax 
Here we can see than in case of transient stability  can go more than 90.
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ASSIGNMENT
1. High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission is 5. Keeping in view the cost and overall
mainly used for effectiveness , the following circuit breaker is
(a)Bulk power transmission over very long best suited for capacitor bank switching
distances (a) Vacuum (b) Air blast
(b)Interconnecting two systems with the same (c) SF6 (d) Oil
nominal frequency
(c)Eliminating reactive power requirement in 6. In a biased differential relay , the bias is
the operation defined as a ratio of
(d)Minimizing harmonics at the converter (a)Number of turns of restraining and operating
stations coil
(b)Operating coil current and restraining coil
2. The insulation strength of an EHV current
transmission line is mainly governed by (c)Fault current and operating coil current
(a) Load power factor (d)Fault current and restraining coil current
(b) Switching over voltages
(c) Harmonics 7. The concept of an electrically short ,
(d) Corona medium and long line primarily based on the
(a) Nominal voltage of the line
3. The Gauss Seidel load flow method has (b) Physical length of the line
following disadvantages. Tick the incorrect (c) Wavelength of the line
statement (d) Power transmitted over the line
(a) Unreliable convergence
(b) Slow convergence 8. Voltage phasors at the two terminals of a
(c) Choice of slack bus affects convergence transmission line of length 70km have a
(d) A good initial guess for voltages is essential magnitude of 1.0per unit but are 180 out of
for convergence phase .Assuming that the maximum load current
1
4. An HVDC link consists of rectifier , inverter in the line is 5 th of minimum 3 phase fault
transmission line and other equipments .Which
current which one of the following transmission
one of the following for this link ?
line protection schemes will not pick up for this
(a)The transmission line produces / supplies
condition ?
reactive power
(a)Distance protection using ohm relays with
(b)The rectifier consumes reactive power and
zone set to 80% of the line impedance
the inverter supplies reactive power from /to the
(b)Directional overcurrent protection set to
respective connected AC systems
pick up at 1.25 times the maximum load current
(c)Rectifier supplies reactive power and the
(c)Pilot relaying system with directional
inverted consumes reactive power to / from the
comparison scheme
respective connected AC systems
(d)Pilot relaying system with segregated phase
(d)Both the converters ( rectifier and inverter)
comparison scheme
consume reactive power from the respective
connected AC systems
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9. Match the items in List–I with the items in G3 100 40 0.03
List–II and select the correct answer using the In the event of increased load power demand ,
codes given below the lists which of the following will happen ?
List–I (a)All the generators will share equal power
To (b)Generator 3 will share more power compared
A. Improve power factor to generator 1
B. Reduce the current ripples (c)Generator 1 will share more power compared
C. Increase the power flow in line to generator 2
D. Reduce the Ferranti effect (d)Generator 2 will share more power compared
List –II to generator 3
Use
i. Shunt reactor 12. Out of the following plant categories
ii. Shunt capacitor (i) Nuclear (ii) Run–of–river
iii. Series capacitor (iii) Pump storage (iv) Diesel
iv. Series reactor The base load power plants are
Codes: (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(a) Aii, Biii, Civ, Di (c) (i) , (ii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(b) Aii, Biv, Ciii, Di
(c) Aiv, Biii, Ci, Dii 13. For a fixed value of complex power flow in
(d) Aiv, Bi, Ciii, Dii transmission line having a sending end voltage
v, the real power loss will be proportional to
10. Match the items in List–I with the items in (a) V (b) V2
2
ListII and select the correct answer using the (c) 1/V (d) 1/V
codes given below the lists
List –I 14. A 50Hz synchronous generator is initially
Type of transmission line connected to a long lossless transmission line
A. Short line which is open circuited at the receiving end.
B. Medium line With the field voltage held constant, the
C. Long line generator is disconnected from the transmission
List –II line. Which of the following may be said about
Type of distance relay preferred the steady state terminal voltage and field
1. Ohm relay current of the generator ?
ii. Reactance relay Long Transmission Line receiving
iii. Mho relay end
Codes: (a)The magnitude of terminal voltage decreases

(a) Aii, Bi, Ciii and the field current does change
(b) Aiii, Bii, Ci (b)The magnitude of terminal voltage increases,
(c) Ai, Bii, Diii and the field current does not change
(d) Ai, Biii, Dii (c)The magnitude of terminal voltage increases,
and the field current increases
11. The generators are feeding a load of (d) The magnitude of terminal voltage does not
100MW. The details of the generators are change, and the field current decreases
Regulation
Rating (pu) on 15. The zero sequence equivalent circuit of the
100MVA three –phase transformer shown in the figure is
Efficiency
(MW)
base
G1 100 20 0.02
G2 100 30 0.04
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R
(a) 1 pu (b) 1 pu
r
(c) 2 pu (d) 3 pu
18. A nuclear power station of 500MW capacity
b is located at 300km away from a load centre.
Select the most suitable power evacuation
y transmission configuration among the following
Y
B
options:
(a) Load
a (a) center
(b) 132kV, 300km double circuit
a
Load
r (b) center
(c) 132kV, 300km single circuit with 40%

series capacitor compensation
Load
r (c) center
400kV, 300km single circuit
(d)
Load
(d) center
16. Consider a stator winding of alternator with 400kV, 300km double circuit
an internal high resistance ground fault. The
current under the fault condition are as shown in 19. For enhancing the power transmission in a
figure. The winding is protected using a long EHV transmission line, the most preferred
differential current scheme with current method is to connect a
transformers of ratio 400/5 A as shown. The (a)Series inductive compensator in the line
current through the operating coil is (b)Shunt inductive compensator at the receiving
CT ratio 400/5 CT ratio 400/5 end
(250+j0)A (250+j0)A
(c)Series capacitive compensator in the line
(d)Shunt capacitive compensator at the sending
end
20. A power station supplies the peak load of

Operating Coil 50MW, 40MW and 70MW to three localities
(a) 0.1875A (b) 0.2A .The annual load factor is 0.50 p.u. and the
(c) 0.375A (d) 60kA diversity factor of the load at the station and
average load respectively will be
17. Consider a step voltage wave of magnitude (a) 120MW, 60.8 (b) 90MW, 50.6
1 pu travelling along a lossless transmission line (c) 103.2MW, 51.61 (d) 100MW, 0.51
that terminates in a reactor. The voltage
magnitude across the reactor at the instant the 21. The impedance of a circuit is given by z =
travelling wave reaches the reactor is 3+j4. Its conductance will be
A
1 3
(a) (b)
3 5
Reactor 3 4
(c) (d)
25 5
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22. The conductor of a 10km long, single phase,

27. A three phase over head transmission line
two wire line are separated by a distance of has its conductors horizontally spaced with
1.5m. The diameter of each conductor is 1cm .If
spacing between adjacent conductors equal to
„d‟. If now the conductors of the line are
the conductors are of copper , the inductance of
the circuit is arranged to form an equilateral triangle of sides
(a) 50.0mH (b) 45.3mH equal to „d‟ then
(c) 23.8mH (d) 19.6mH (a)Average capacitance and inductance will
increase
23. For a 500Hz frequency excitation, a 50km (b)Average capacitance will decrease and
long power line will be modelled as inductance will increase
(a) Short line (c)Average capacitance will increase and
(b) Medium line inductance will decrease
(c) Long line (d)Surge impedance loading of the line
(d) Data insufficient for decision increases
24. Which one of the following statements is not 28. A 3phase 50Hz transmission line has the
correct for the use of bundled conductors in following constant ( line to neutral);
transmission lines ? Resistance = 10 ohms
(a) Control of voltage gradient Inductive reactance = 20 ohms
(b) Reduction in corona loss Capacitive susceptance = 4×10-4 mho
(c) Reduction in radio interference The inductance of the arc suppressor coil to be
(d) Increase in interference with communication used in the system is
lines (a) 0.06368H (b) 0.127H
(c) 1.274H (d) 2.654H
25. To increase the visual critical voltage of
corona for an overhead line, one solid phase – 29. The surge impedance of a 400km long
conductor is replaced by a “ bundle” of four overhead transmission line is 400 ohms. For a
smaller conductor per phase, having an 200km length of the same line, the impedance
aggregate crosssectional area equal to that of will be
the solid conductor .If the radius of the solid (a) 200 (b) 800
conductor is 40mm , then the radius of each of (c) 400 (d) 100
the bundle conductors would be
(a) 10mm (b) 20mm 30. A lossless radial transmission line with
(c) 28.2mm (d) 30mm surge impedance loading
(a)Takes negative VAR at sending end and zero
26. In a string of suspension insulators , the VAR at receiving end
voltage distribution across the different units of (b)Takes positive VAR at sending end and zero
a string could be made uniform by the use of VAR at receiving end
grading , because it (c)Has flat voltage profile and unity power
(a)Forms capacitances with link –pins to carry factor at all point along it
the charging current from link pins (d)Has sending end voltage higher than
(b)Forms capacitances which help to cancel the receiving end voltage and unity power factor at
charging current from link pins sending end
(c)Increases the capacitances of lower insulator
units to cause equal voltage drop 31. For certain geometry and operating voltage
(d)Decreases the capacitances of upper of the uncompensated transmission line, the
insulators units to cause equal voltage drop ratio of power transfer capability to the surge
impedance loading with increase in length
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(a) Increases 2.Reactive and real power flows in each of the

(b) Remains unchanged lines
(c) Decreases 3.Total power loss in the network
(d) Uncertain 4.Transient stability limit of the system
Select the correct answer using the codes given
32. For any fixed degree of inductive shunt below
compensation additional series capacitive (a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 and 4
compensation (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
(a) Increase the effective length of line
(b) Increases virtual surge impedance 37. The operating characteristic of a distance
(c) Decrease virtual surge impedance of the line relay in the RX plane is shown in the below
(d) None of the above figure .It represents operating characteristic of a
X
Non-operating zone
33. A cable has the following characteristics.
L = 0.201H/m and C = 196.2pF/m
The velocity of wave propagation through the
cable is Operating
zone
(a) 32m/s (b) 159.24m/s
(c) 0.0312m/s (d) 159.24m/s R
34. For effective use of counterpoise wire (a) Reactance relay

(a)Its leakage resistance should be greater than (b) Directional impedance relay
the impedance (c) Impedance relay
(b)Its leakage resistance should be less than the (d) Mho relay
impedance
(c)Its leakage resistance should be equal to the38. If a travelling–wave travelling along a
impedance lossfree overhead line does not result in any
(d)The two resistance have no relation reflection after it has reached the far end, then
the far end of the line is
35. Reflection coefficient for the transmission (a)Open circuited
line shown given figure, is (b)Short circuited
Transmission line
(c)Terminated into a resistance equal to surge
Z = 300
0
Z = Signal impedance
0
impedance of the line
(d)Terminated into a capacitor
Load 39. In the HVDC system, the ac harmonics

300 which gets effectively eliminated with 12 pulse
bridge converters, are
(a) Triplen harmonics
(b) Triplen and 5th harmonics
(a) +1 (b) 1 (c) Triplen , 5th and 7th harmonics
(c) 0 (d) 0.5 (d) 5th and 7th harmonics
36. The principal information obtained from 40. A surge of 1010kV travels along an
load flow studies in a power system are overhead line towards its junction with a cable.
1.Magnitude and phase angle of the voltage of The surge impedance for the overhead line and
each bus cable are 400 ohms and 50 ohms respectively.
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The magnitude of the surge transmitted through (ii) The nature of reactive power compensation
the cable is is different for peak load and offpeak load
(a) 11.11kV (b) 22.22kV conditions
(c) 12.50kV (d) 88.89kV Which of the statements given above are
correct?
41. In the network as shown below, the marked (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)
parameters are p.u. impedances. The bus (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
admittance matrix of the network is
1 2 45. What is the surge impedance loading of a
0.2 lossless 400kV, 3phase, 50Hz overhead line of
0.2 average of surge impedance of 400 ohms ?
(a) 400MW (b) 400 3MW
 10 5   5 5  (c) 400/ 3MW (d) 400kW
(a)   (b)  
 5 5    5 10 
46. Maximum efficiency of modern coal –fired
10 5   5 5  steam –raising thermal power plants is restricted
(c)   (d)  5 10 
 5  5    to about 0.35( a low value) , mainly because of
(a)Low alternator efficiency
42. By using guard ring in a transmission line, (b)High energy turbine mechanical efficiency
its string efficiency (c)Low steam turbine mechanical efficiency
(a) Increase (b) Decrease (d)High energy loss from turbine exhaust to
(c) Remain constant (d) None condenser
43. Match list–I with list–II and select the 47. A 100km long transmission line loaded at
correct answer using the code given below the 100kV. If the loss of line is 5MW and the load
lists is 150MVA , the resistance of the line is
List –I (a) 8.06 ohms per phase
A. Transient stability improvement (b) 0.806 ohms per phase
B. Economic dispatch (c) 0.0806 ohms per phase
C. Load frequency control (d) 80.6 ohms per phase
D. Dynamic stability
ListII 48. A single phase transmission line of
i. Incremental transmission loss impedance j 0.8ohm supplies a resistive load of
ii.Area control error 500A at 300V .The sending end power factor is
iii. Power system stabilizers (a) Unity (b) 0.8 lagging
iv. Turbine fast valving (c) 0.8 leading (d) 0.6 lagging
Codes
(a) Aii, Biii, Civ, Di 49. Two arrangements of conductors are
(b) Aiv, Bi, Cii, Diii proposed for a 3 phase transmission line ; onw
(c) Aii, Bi, Civ, Diii with equilateral spacing of 4m and the other , a
(d) Aiv, Biii, Cii, Di flat with 4m between the conductors , as shown
in the given figure
44. Consider the following statements : 4m
(i) Equivalent–T circuit of a long line is 4m 4m
4m
preferred to equivalent  circuit 4m
(i) (ii)
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The conductor diameter in each case is 2cm. 53. For reducing tower footing resistance , it is
Assuming that the line is transposed in both better to use
cases, which one of the following statements (a) Chemical and ground rods only
would be true ? (b) Chemical and counterpoise only
(Cn =capacitance in F/m line to neutral, L= (c) Ground rod and counterpoise only
inductance in H/m per phase) (d) Chemical, ground rods and counterpoise
(a) Cn1  Cn2 and L1  L2
(b) Cn1  Cn2 and L1  L2 54. For the same voltage boost, the reactive
power capacity is
(c) Cn1  Cn2 and L1  L2 (a) More for shunt capacitor
(d) Cn1  Cn2 and L1  L2 (b) More for series capacitor
(c) It is same for both series and shunt
50. To increase the visual critical voltage of (d) Uncertain
corona for an overhead line, one solid phase–
conductor is replaced by a “bundle” of four 55. For effective use of a counterpoise wire
smaller conductors per phase, having an (a) Its leakage resistance should be greater than
aggregate crosssectional area equal to that the the surge impedance
solid conductor. If the radius of the solid (b) Its leakage resistance should be less than the
conductor is 40mm, then the radius of each of surge impedance
the bundle conductors would be (c) Its leakage resistance should be equal to the
(a) 10mm (b) 20mm surge impedance
(c) 28.2mm (d) 30mm (d) Two resistance may have any relation
51. If in a short transmission line , resistance 56. Series capacitive compensation of EHV
and inductance are found to be equal and transmission lines is used to
regulation appears to be zero, then the load will (a) Reduce the line loading
(a) Have unity power factor (b) Improve the stability of the system
(b) Have zero power factor (c) Reduce the voltage profile
(c) Be 0.707 leading (d) Improve the protection of the line
(d) Be 0.807 leading
57. If the reference bus is changed in two load
52. If within an untransposed 3phase circuit if flow runs with same system data and power
a transmission line, the series impedance of obtained for reference but taken as specified P
each of the conductors is considered, it is found and Q in latter run
to contain resistive terms of the form K log (a)The system losses will be unchanged but
complex has voltage will change
d  (b)The system losses will be unchanged but
e  12 
 d13  complex bus voltages remain unchanged
K being constant and d12 and d13 etc, being (c)The system losses as will be as complex bus
space between the conductors. These terms voltage will change
represent power transfer from one phase to (d)The system losses as will be as complex bus
another. The sum of these terms over the three voltage will unchange
phases is
(a) Three times the average 58. The bus admittance matrix of the network
shown in the given figure, for which the marked
(b) 3 times average
parameters are per unit impedance , is
(c) Onethird of the average
(d) Zero
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1 2 The correct combination of the pair of quantities

0.1 0.2 specified having their usual meaning of
different buses is
1
 0.3 0.2   0.3 0.2
(b) 
0.2
(a)   Load Bus Generator Slace Bus
 0.2 0.2  0.2 (a) P, |V| P,Q P, 
 0.3 0.2 15 5 (b) P,Q P, |V| |V|,
(c)   (d) 
 0.2 0.2   5 5  (c) |V|, Q P,  P, Q
(d) P,  Q, |V| Q, S
59. Buses for load flow studies are classified as
(i) The load bus 60. For PH transmission line, the self GMD
(ii) The generator bus method is used to find,
(iii) The slace bus (a) Capacitance (b) Inductance
(c) Both (d) None
ANSWER KEY
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 b 8 a 9 b 10 c
11 c 12 a 13 b 14 d 15 c 16 c 17 a 18 a 19 c 20 c
21 c 22 c 23 c 24 d 25 b 26 b 27 a 28 d 29 c 30 a
31 c 32 d 33 c 34 b 35 c 36 c 37 d 38 c 39 d 40 b
41 a 42 a 43 b 44 c 45 a 46 d 47 a 48 d 49 d 50 b
51 c 52 d 53 c 54 a 55 b 56 d 57 a 58 d 59 b 60 d
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PREV YEAR QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following statements is true? (d) None of these

[SSC-JE - 2017] 5. The minimum permissible size of the
(a)A composite system consists of a aluminum cable for lighting circuits is ______.
combination of diesel engine and DC series [SSC-JE - 2017]
motor (a) 1.1sq.mm (b) 1.5sq.mm
(b)A composite system consists of a (c) 2.4sq.mm (d) 3.6sq.mm
combination of diesel engine and AC single-
phase motor. 6. The main criterion for the design of a
(c)In a composite system single-phase power distributor is ______.
received is converted into DC or three phase [SSC-JE - 2017]
power AC system (a) Voltage drop
(d)A composite system consists of use of (b) Corona loss
combination of DC and AC motors on the same (c) Temperature rise
locomotive. (d) All option are correct
2. Which of the following statements is true? 7. In transmission lines the cross arms are made
[SSC-JE - 2017] of ______.
(a)A composite system consists of a [SSC-JE - 2017]
combination of diesel engine and DC series (a) Wood (b) Steel
motor (c) RCC (d) Copper
(b)A composite system consists of a
combination of diesel engine and AC single- 8. A demand meter is a means of indicating
phase motor. which of the following?
(c)In a composite system single-phase power [SSC-JE - 2017]
received is converted into DC or three phase (a) Peak power periods
power AC system (b) A high load factor
(d)A composite system consists of use of (c) Low kWh consumption
combination of DC and AC motors on the same (d) All options are correct
locomotive.
9. Which among these is a type of batten
3. In which of the following appliance does the wiring?
heating effect of current appear as an [SSC-JE - 2017]
undesirable side effect? (a) Metal sheathed wiring
[SSC-JE - 2017] (b) TRS or PVC wires
(a) Immersion heater (b) Electric iron (c)Both metal sheathed wiring and TRS or PVC
(c) Vacuum cleaner (d) Electric oven wires
(d)None of these
4. Which of the following distribution system is
used for combined power and lightning load? 10. Steel poles are generally used for
[SSC-JE - 2017] transmission lines because it _______.
(a) Single phase 2-wire AC system [SSC-JE - 2016]
(b) Three phase, 3-wire AC system A. It has more mechanical strength and more
(c) Three phase, 4-wire AC system life
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B. It occupies less space and give better (b) Spinning reserve

appearance (c) Cold reserve
C. It has high cost (d) Hot reserve
Which of the above provided reason/s is/are
correct. 16. Arc blow is a welding defect which is
(a) Only A (b) Only B encountered in ______.
(c) Only C (d) Both A and B [SSC-JE - 2016]
(a) Arc welding using D.C. current
11. Copper conductors are generally used for (b) Arc welding using A.C. current
transmission lines because it ________. (c) Gas welding
[SSC-JE - 2016] (d) Thermit welding
(a) Has longer life and high conductivity
(b) Is strong enough to allow long spans 17. Steel rail poles of height 13 meters are used
(c) Requires more support for transmission purpose of ______voltage.
(d) Requires more insulators [SSC-JE - 2016]
(a) 33kV
12. The conductors used for transmitting power (b) 11kV
must have following characteristic. (c) 22kV
[SSC-JE - 2016] (d) Both 33 kV and 11kV
(a)It should have low value of specific
resistance 18. The prevent the decaying owing to snow and
(b)It should be light in weight and not brittle rain, the wooden poles are protected by
(c)It should have low cost and high tensile _______cap at the top.
strength [SSC-JE - 2016]
(d)All options are correct A. Aluminium
B. Zinc
13. Transmitting power at high voltage requires C. Cement
more ______. (a) Only A (b) Only B
[SSC-JE - 2016] (c) Only C (d) A, B and C
(a)Maintenance and protection of the equipment
(b)Faster controls for minimizing the arcing of 19. For what voltage is the H-type of poles
controls used?
(c)Larger controls for minimizing the arcing of [SSC-JE - 2016]
controls (a) 22kV
(d)All options are correct (b) 130kV
(c) 11kV
14. The transmission lines which feed different (d) All options are correct
sub-stations represent______,
[SSC-JE - 2016] 20. What is the maximum span upto which the
(a) Primary transmission wooden poles can be used?
(b) Secondary transmission [SSC-JE - 2016]
(c) Primary distribution (a) 20m (b) 50m
(d) Secondary distribution (c) 60m (d) 100m
15. Portion of the installed reserve kept in 21. Which among these is a part of distribution
operable condition but not placed in service to system?
supply the peak load is known as _______. [SSC-JE - 2016]
[SSC-JE - 2016] A. Feeders
(a) Operating reserve B. Distributors
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C. Service mains (a) 0-1mA (b) 3-5mA

(a) Only A (b) Only B (c) 0-3mA (d) 5-10mA
(c) Only C (d) A, B and C 28. Base load of a power station stands for ?
[SSC-JE - 2015]
22. Which among these is a method of wiring? (a) 2-4 hours/day (b) 12-24 hours /day
[SSC-JE - 2016] (c) 8-12 hours /day (d) 4-8 hours / day
A. Joint box
B. Tee system 29. The aluminium conductor of size ____ is
C. Loop in system used for a subcircuit in domestic winding
D. Only [SSC-JE - 2015]
(a) Only A (b) Only B 1 1
(c) Only A and C (d) A, B and C (a) mm (b) mm
1.8 1.2
23. What is the factor of safety used for current (c) 1 mm (d)
1
mm
ratings in a power installation? 2.24 1.4
[SSC-JE - 2016]
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 30. A short – shunt compound generator
(c) 1.75 (d) 2 supplies a load current of 100A at 250V.The
generator has the following winding resistances
24. Which among these fuse is very fast in : shunt field = 130  , Armature = 0.1 .Find
operation? the Emf generated if the brush drop is IV per
[SSC-JE - 2016] brush
(a) Semiconductor fuses [SSC-JE - 2015]
(b) High rupturing capacity type (a) 272.2Volt (b) 262.2volt
(c) Cartridge type (c) 272.volt (d) 262.0volt
(d) Kit kat type
31. An arc blow is a welding defect that
25. What is the maximum length of the flexible countered with the help of carrying ?
conduit in motor installations? [SSC-JE - 2015]
[SSC-JE - 2016] (a) The resistance welding
(a) Less than 1.25m (b) The arc welding using DC supply
(b) Less than 2.25m (c) The thermit welding
(c) Less than 3.5m (d) The arc welding using AC supply
(d) Can exceed not more than 5m
32. The minimum area of cross-section of a
26. In a parallel circuit operating with a source three and half core cable should be ?
of 30 V AC, designed to carry a total current of [SSC-JE - 2015]
2 2
6A, What happens to the protection device (a) 50cm (b) 40cm
2
(fuse) when the resistance suddenly changes to (c) 30cm (d) 60cm2
2?
[SSC-JE - 2016] 33. For cleat wiring and 250 volts supply , the
(a) It closes (b) There is no change cables will be places __ a part centre to centre
(c) It shorts to ground (d) It opens for single core cables
[SSC-JE - 2015]
27. For painful shock, what is the range of (a) 4cm (b) 3cm
electric shock current at 50Hz ? (c) 4.5cm (d) 2.5cm
[SSC-JE - 2015]
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PART-II SSC/JE-2019
34. What is the maximum number of point of (d) Generator protection

light , fan and socket – outlets that can be
connected in one – sub-circuit? 41. If F is the load factor , the loss load factor
[SSC-JE - 2015] is given by
(a) Four (b) Twelve [SSC-JE - 2014]
(c) Six (d) Ten (a) 0.35 F +0.7F2 (b) 0.25F +0.75F2
(c) 0.25F2+0.85F (d) 0.75F+0.25F2
35. The electric driver posses the following
42. In suburban services as compared with
drawback
urban service
[SSC-JE - 2015]
[SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) Requires a continous power supply
(a)The coasting period is smaller but free
(b) Required hazardous fuel requirement
running period is longer
(c) Not available with various rating
(b)The coasting period is smaller
(d) Not adoptable to various environments
(c)The coasting period is longer
(d)The coasting period and free running periods
36. A circuit breaker is rated as follows :
are same
1500A, 33KV , 3 sec, 3- phase oil circuit
breaker ,.Determine the making current ? 43. Quadilateral speed time curve is used for
[SSC-JE - 2015] [SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) 35KA (b) 1.5KA (a) Goods line service (b) Suburban service
(c) 110KA (d) 89KA (c) Urban service (d) Main line service
37. The acceptable value of grounding 44. For V – curves for a synchronous motor the
resistance for domestic applications is ? graph is drawn between
[SSC-JE - 2015] [SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) 2 (b) 0.5 (a) Armature current and power factor
(c) 1.5 (d) 1 (b) Field current and armature current
(c) Terminal voltage and load factor
38. A lamp having mean spherical candle (d) Power factor and field current
power of 800 is suspended at a height of 10m.
Calculate the illumination just below the lamp 45. Bundled conductors in EHV transmission
[SSC-JE - 2014] system provide
(a) 8000 lux (b) 8 lux [SSC-JE - 2014]
(c) 80 lux (d) 800lux (a) Increased corona loss
(b) Increased line reactance
39. For which of the following the excitation (c) Reduced line capacitance
control method is satisfactory? (d) Reduced voltage gradient
[SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) Long lines (b) Low voltage lines 46. In a power plant if the maximum demand
(c) High voltage lines (d) Short lines on the plant is equal to the plant capacity, then
[SSC-JE - 2014]
40. The type of protection that does not (a) Load factor will be nearly 60%
respond to faults current beyond its zone even (b) Plant reverse capacity will be zero
through the fault current may pass through the (c) Diversity factor will be unity
zone is (d) Load factor will be unity
[SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) Back-up protection 47. Which of the following condition is NOT
(b) Busbar protection mandatory for alternators working in parallel/
(c) Unit protection
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[SSC-JE - 2014] [SSC-JE - 2014]

(a)The alternators must have the same phase (a) Peak line to line voltage
sequence (b) Rms phase voltage
(b)The terminal voltage of each machine must (c) Peak phase voltage
be the same (d) Rms line to line voltage
(c)The machines must have equal kVA ratings
(d)The alternators must operate at the same 54. A generating station supplied the
frequency following loads 15000kW , 12000kW, 8500kW,
6000kW and 450kW .The station has maximum
48. An isolator is used in series with Air blast demand of 22000kW.Calcualte the diversity
circuit breaker employed at UHV lines because factor
[SSC-JE - 2014] [SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) Circuit breaker life is enhanced with the use (a) 1.91 (b) 0.52
of isolator (c) 0.52 (d) 1.34
(b) Current to be interrupted will be large
(c)Gap between circuit breaker contacts is small 55. The maximum demand of a consumer is
so an isolator is used to switch off voltage 2kW and his daily energy consumption is 20
(d) Gap between circuit breaker poles is small units .His load factor is
[SSC-JE - 2014]
49. Diversity factor has direct effect on the (a) 21% (b) 10.15%
[SSC-JE - 2014] (c) 41.6% (d) 50%
(a) Operating cost of unit
(b) Fixed cost the unit generated 56. A stove element draws 15A when
(c) Variable cost of the unit generated connected to 230V line .how long does it take to
(d)Both variable and fixed cost of unit consume one unit of energy ?
generated [SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) 3.45h (b) 2.16h
50. Regulation of an alternator supplying (c) 1.0h (d) 0.29h
resistive or inductive load is
[SSC-JE - 2014] 57. A piece of oil soaked paper has been
(a) Infinity (b) Always negative inserted between the plates of a parallel plate
(c) Always positive (d) Zero capacitor .Then the potential difference between
the plates will
51. The highest transition a.c. voltage in India [SSC-JE - 2014]
is (a) increase (b) decrease
[SSC-JE - 2014] (c) remain unaltered (d) become zero
(a) 1750kV (b) 132kV
(c) 220kV (d) 400kV 58. The current drawn by a tungsten filament
lamp is measured by an ammeter .The ammeter
52. A consumer has annual consumption of 7, reading under steady state condition will be __
00, 800 units .It his maximum demand is the ammeter reading when the supply is
200kW .The load factor will be switched on
[SSC-JE - 2014] [SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) 70% (b) 20% (a) Same as (b) Less than
(c) 40% (d) 50% (c) Greater than (d) Double
53. The rated voltage of a 3- phase power

system is given as
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59. The emf induced in a DC shunt generator is 66. A wire placed on the top of a transmission
230 V. The armature resistance is 0.1. If the line acts as
armature current is 200 A, the terminal voltage [SSC-JE - 2014]
will be (a) A phase wire (b) Neutral
[SSC-JE - 2014] (c) A transmission wire (d) Ground wire
(a) 200 V (b) 210 V
(c) 230 V (d) 250 V 67. The conductor, by means of which the
metal body of an equipment or an application is
60. The commutator of a DC generator acts as, connected to the earth, is known as
[SSC-JE - 2014] [SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) An amplifier (b) A rectifier (a) Neutral continuity conductor
(c) A load (d) A multiplier (b) Earth discontinuity conductor
(c) Earth continuity conductor
61. Which of the following equipment is used (d) Neutral discontinuity conductor
to limit short – circuit current level in sub –
station ? 68. Which insulation is most widely used for
[SSC-JE - 2014] covering wires/cables used in internal wiring?
(a) Isolators (b) Lightning switch [SSC-JE - 2014]
(c) Coupling capacitor (d) Series reactor (a) Paper (b) Wood
(c) Glass (d) PVC
62. Power distribution by cable is generally
69. Which of the following types of wiring
adopted for line length preferred for workshop lighting?
[SSC-JE - 2014] [SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) Less than 10 km (b) Above 10 km
(a) Casing Capping wiring
(c) Less than 50 km (d) Above 50 km
(b) Batten wiring
(c) Concealed conduit wiring
63. The leakage resistance of a 50 km long
(d) Surface conduit wiring
cable is 1M. For a 100 km long cable is will
be 70. The earthing electrodes should be placed
[SSC-JE - 2014] within what distance in meters from the
(a) 0.5 M (b) 2 M building whose installation system is being
(c) 0.66 M (d) None of these earthed?
[SSC-JE - 2014]
64. If voltage is increased by „n‟ times, the size (a) 4 (b) 2.5
of the conductor would (c) 1.5 (d) 0.5
[SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) Increase by „n‟ times 71. Supplier‟s fuse, which is provided in
(b) Reduce by „1/n‟ times domestic wiring system is
(c) Increase by „n2‟ times [SSC-JE - 2014]
(d) Reduce by „1/n2‟ times (a) After the energy meter
(b) Before the energy meter
65. The maximum demand of a consumer is 2 (c) Before distribution board
kW and his daily energy consumption is 24 (d) After main switch
units. His load factor is _____%.
[SSC-JE - 2014] 72. As per recommendation of ISI, the
(a) 24 (b) 41.6 maximum number of points of lights, fans and
(c) 50 (d) 80 socket outlets that can be connected in one sub-
circuit is
[SSC-JE - 2014]
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(a) 8 (b) 10 (a) 0.5 (b) 0.75

(c) 15 (d) 20 (c) 0.6 (d) 2.0
73. In a 3 – pin plug 79. Phasor diagram of load voltage (V), current
[SSC-JE - 2014] in pressure coil(Ip) and current in current coil
(a) All the three pins are of the same size (Ic) is shown in the figure when an
(b) Two pins are of the same size but third one electrodynamic wattmeter is used to measure
is thicker power .The reading of the wattmeter will be
(c) Two points are of the same size but third one proportional to
is thicker and longer v

(d) All the three points are of different sizes 
I
74. The acceptable value of grounding P
resistance of domestic application is

[SSC-JE - 2014] I
C
(a) 0.1 (b) 1 [SSC-JE - 2013]

(c) 10 (d) 100  (a) cos(+) (b) cos 
(c) cos  cos  (d) cos  cos (  +)
75. Inside the earths pit, the earthing electrode
should be placed 80. A balanced 3- phase , 3- wire supply feeds
[SSC-JE - 2014] balanced star connected resistors .If one of the
(a) Vertical resistor is disconnected , then the percentage
(b) Horizontal reduction in load will be
(c) Inclined at 45° [SSC-JE - 2013]
(d) Inclined at any angle other than 45° (a) 33.33 (b) 50
(c) 66.67 (d) 75
76. To reduce the cost of the electricity
81. Examine the two statements „A‟ and „R‟
generated
and select your answer
[SSC-JE - 2014]
Statement (A): Switching of a lamp in a house
(a) The load factor and diversity factor must be
low produces noise in a radio
(b) The load factor must be low but diversity Statement (R) : Switching operation produces
factor high are across separating contacts
(c) The load factor must be high but diversity [SSC-JE - 2013]
(a) Both A and R are true and R is a correct
high
explanation of A
(d) The load factor and diversity factor must be
high (b) Both A and R are true and R is not a correct
explanation of A
77. The domestic load that has UPF is (c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
[SSC-JE - 2014]
(a) Fan (b) Mixer
82. The small pockets of air in the high voltage
(c) Tube (d) Filament lamp
cable provide ________relative permittivity ,
78. An industrial consumer has a daily load ____electric field and at these sited breakdown
is likely to be initiated
pattern of 2000 kW, 0.8 lag for 12 hours and
1000 kW UPF for 12 hours. The load factor is [SSC-JE - 2013]
(a) High, high (b) Low, low
[SSC-JE - 2014]
(c) Low, high (d) High , low
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83. The capacitance measured between many 89. Two lossy capacitors with equal
two cores of a 3-core cabel with the shealth capacitance values and power factors of 0.01
earthed is 3F. The capacitance per phase will and 0.02 are in parallel . and the combination is
be supplied from a sinusoidal voltage source .The
[SSC-JE - 2013] power factor of the combination is
(a) 1.5F (b) 6F [SSC-JE - 2013]
(c) 1F (d) None (a) 0.03 (b) 0.015
(c) 0.01 (d) 0.0002
84. Compared to the breaking capacity of a
circuit breaker, its making capacity should be 90. The purpose of providing a choke in the
[SSC-JE - 2013] tube- light is
(a) More [SSC-JE - 2013]
(b) Less (a) To eliminate the corona effects
(c) Equal (b) To avoid radio interference
(d) The two are unrelated to each other (c) To improve power factor
(d) To limit current to appropriate value
85. In a balance 3- phase circuit , the line
current is 12 A. When the power is measured by 91. In a 3- phase 400V, 4- wire system , two
two wattmeter method , one meter reads 11kW incandescent lamps, one having 230V , 200W
while the other reads zero. Power factor of the are connected between R phase – neutral and Y-
load is phase – neutral respectively .If the neutral wire
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 breaks
(c) 0.866 (d) 1.0 [SSC-JE - 2013]
(a) 100W lamp will fuse first
86. In case of frosted GLS lamps , frosting is (b) 200W lamp will fuse together
done by (c) Both the lamps will fuse together
[SSC-JE - 2013] (d) Both the lamps will glow
(a) Acid etching (b) Ammonia
(c) Ozone (d) Salt water 92. Three equal impedances are first connected
in delta across a 3-phase balanced supply .If the
87. Which of the following is correct ? same impedances are connected in star across
[SSC-JE - 2013] the same supply
(a) Load factor = capacity factor × utilization [SSC-JE - 2013]
factor 1
(a) Phase currents will be of the previous
(b) Utilisation factor = capacity factor ×load 3
factor value
(c) Capacity factor = load factor × utilization 1
(d) Load factor has no relation with capacity (b) Line currents will be of the previous
factor and utilisation factor 3
value
88. A geyser is operated from 230V , 50c/s (c) Power consumed will be 1 of the previous
mains .The frequency of instantaneous power 3
consumed by the geyser is value
[SSC-JE - 2013] (d) Power consumed will be 3 times the
(a) 25c/s (b) 50c/s previous value
(c) 100c/s (d) 150c/s
93. Alternators are usually designed to generate
which type of a.c. voltage ?
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[SSC-JE - 2013] 99. A consumer is offered the following rate of

(a) With fixed frequency tariff .He has to pay a fixed change of Rs 1,000
(b) With variable frequency per month and a running charge of Rs .450 per
(c) Fixed Current unit consumed .if the consumer runs motor load
(d) Fixed power factor of 1kW at 0.85 power factor lagging on an
average of 15 hours per day , his animal bill is
94. A 300kW alternator is driven by a prime [SSC-JE - 2012]
mover of speed regulation 4% while the prime (a) Rs 32941.88 (b) Rs 25637.50
mover of another 200kW alternator has a speed (c) Rs 36637.50 (d) Rs 40985.29
regulation for 30% ,.When operating in parallel,
the total load they can take without any of them 100. used for cremation use
being overloaded is [SSC-JE - 2012]
[SSC-JE - 2013] (a) Induction heating
(a) 500kW (b) 567kW (b) Dielectric heating
(c) 425kW (d) 257kW (c) Arc heating
(d) Resistance heating
95. The iron loss per unit frequency in a
ferromagnetic core, when plotted against 101. In a fluorescent tube circuit high voltage
frequency, is a surge is produced by
[SSC-JE - 2012] [SSC-JE - 2012]
(a) Constant (a) Choke (b) Heater
(b) Straight line with positive slope (c) Electrode (d) Starter
(c) Straight line with negative slope
(d) Parabola 102. In AC operated electromechanical contracts
, the problem of chattering is eliminated by
96. As per IE rules the maximum allowable [SSC-JE - 2012]
variation between declared and actual at (a) Placing copper shading band on pole face of
consumer‟s premised should be electromagnet
[SSC-JE - 2012] (b) Increasing the conductor cross-section
(a) 3.5% (b) 4% (c)Using aluminium instead of copper as
(c) 4.5% (d) 3% conductor material
(d) Laminating the electromagnet core
97. The connected load of a consumer is 2kW
and the maximum demand is 1.5kW .The 103. Magnetic blowout coils are generally used
demand factor the consumer is in
[SSC-JE - 2012] [SSC-JE - 2012]
(a) 0.375 (b) 1.33 (a) Oil circuit beaker
(c) None of these (d) 0.75 (b) Vacuum circuit breaker
(c) Air break circuit breaker
98. In a thyrite lightning arrestor the resistance (d) Air blast circuit beaker
[SSC-JE - 2012]
(a) Decreases linearly with the applied voltage 104. The household energy meter is
(b) Is high at low current and low at high [SSC-JE - 2012]
current (a) Integrating instrument
(c) Is low at low current and high at high current (b) Recording instrument
(d) Increases linearly with the applied voltage (c) None of these
(d) Indicating instrument
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105. In a 3-phase synchronous generator , the (d) Symmetrical breaking current

stator winding is connected in star, because a
delta connection would 111. A string insulator has 4 units .The voltage
[SSC-JE - 2011] across the bottom – most unit is 33.33% of the
(a)Having circulating currents due to triplen total voltage .its string efficiency is
harmonics [SSC-JE - 2011]
(b)Require more insulation and conductor (a) 25% (b) 33.33%
material (c) 66.67% (d) 75%
(c)Require larger conductor and more core
material 112. Load factor for the load duration curve
(d) Result in a short circuit shown below is
106. A 40kVA transformer has a core loss of 100

400W and full load copper loss of 800W .The 80
fraction of rated load at maximum efficiency is MW 60
[SSC-JE - 2011] 40
(a) 50% (b) 62.3%
(c) 70.7% (d) 100% time
0 40% 70% 100%
[SSC-JE - 2011]
107. In suspension type insulator the potential (a) 1.0 (b) 0.7
drop is (c) 0.6 (d) 0.5
[SSC-JE - 2011]
(a) Maximum across the lowest disc 113. Resistance switching is normally employed
(b) Maximum across the topmost disc in
(c) Maximum across the disc at the midpoint of [SSC-JE - 2011]
the string (a) All types of circuit breakers
(d) Uniformly distributed across the string (b) Bulk oil circuit breakers
(c) Minimum oil breakers
108. Of the following water turbines, which is (d) Air blast circuit breakers
not a reaction turbine?
[SSC-JE - 2011] 114. Which one is the disadvantage of oil when
(a) Pelton wheel (b) Kaplan turbine as an arc extinguishing medium in the oil circuit
(c) Propeller turbine (d) Francis Turbine breaker ?
[SSC-JE - 2011]
109. The power station where coal is used as (a)During arcing , oil produces carbon particles
fuel is called (b)During arcing, oil produces hydrogen gas
[SSC-JE - 2011] (c)Oil provides insulation to the live exposed
(a) Terrestrial power station contacts from the earthed parts of the breaker
(b) Thermal power station (d)Oil provides good insulation between the
(c) Solar power station fixed and moving contacts
(d) Nuclear power station
115. If the discharge voltage of a thyrite arrester
110. Making capacity of a circuit breaking is is 373kV rms and the rated voltage is
equal to 211kVrms, the discharge factor of the arrester is
[SSC-JE - 2011] [SSC-JE - 2011]
(a) 2.55 times symmetrical breaking current (a) 1.25 (b) 0.80
(b) 1.5 times symmetrical breaking current (c) 1.77 (d) 2.5
(c) 2 times symmetrical breaking current
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116. During arc extinction SF6 gets (a) Transpose the power line
[SSC-JE - 2011] (b) Transpose the communication line
(a) Decomposed into SF4 and SF2 (c) Use double circuit power line
(b) Decomposed into S and F ions (d) Use bundled conductor power line
(c) Reduced to SF2
(d) Oxidized 122. The resistance welding process requires a
[SSC-JE - 2010]
117. Sparking between the contacts of a circuit (a) High value of ac current at low voltage
breaker can be reduced by inserting (b) Low value of ac current at high voltage
[SSC-JE - 2011] (c) High value of dc current at low voltage
(a) A capacitor in parallel with the contacts (d) Low value of dc current at high voltage
(b) A capacitor in series with the contacts
(c) A resistor in the line 123. The tarrif most suitable for large industrial
(d) A reactor in the line consumers is
[SSC-JE - 2010]
118. Which of the following materials for
(a) Flat demand rate (b) Bock meter rate
heating elements should be selected if a furnace
(c) Two part tarrif (d) All the above
is to be used for heating upto temperature
around 1500C ? 124. Advantage of transmitting power at high
[SSC-JE - 2011] voltage is
(a) Eureka
[SSC-JE - 2010]
(b) Kanthal (a) Magnitude of current will be small
(c) Platinum molybdenum carbon compound (b) Power loss will be less
(d) Nichrome
(c) It will reduce the voltage drop in the line
119. Which of the following is true ? impedance
[SSC-JE - 2011] (d) All the above
(a) Load factor – capacity factor ×utilisation
factor 125. Differential relays are used to protect the
(b) Utilisation factor = Capacity factor ×Load equipment against
factor [SSC-JE - 2010]
(c)Capacity factor = Load factor + utilization (a) Internal faults (b) Reverse current
factor (c) Overvoltage (d) Overcurrent
(d) Capacity factor = Load factor ×Utilisation
factor 126. Skin effect exists only in
[SSC-JE - 2010]
120. An electric load consumes 17.32kW at a (a) Low voltage dc overhead transmission
power factor of 0.707 ( lagging) .For changing (b) High voltage dc overhead transmission
the load power factor to 0.866 (lagging) , the (c) Cable carrying dc current
capacitor that is to be connected in parallel with (d) AC transmission
the load should draw
[SSC-JE - 2011]127. The making current of 3- phase breaker
(a) 7.32KVAR (b) 10KVAR with rating 2000MVA , 33kV will be
(c) 27.32KVAR (d) 10.32KVAR [SSC-JE - 2010]
(a) 35kA (b) 50kA
121. The most appropriate way of mitigating the (c) 70kA (d) 89kA
problem of interference between power line and
communication line to 128. Voltage drop is the main consideration
[SSC-JE - 2011] while designing a
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[SSC-JE - 2010] (b) Current rating of relay

(a) Feeder (b) Distributor (c) Voltage rating of relay
(c) Service main (d) All the above (d) Watt rating of relay
129. Distribution transformers are designed to 136. Reactance relays are employed for phase
have maximum efficiency nearly at fault in
[SSC-JE - 2010] [SSC-JE - 2009]
(a) 100% of full load (b) 50% of full load (a) Long line (b) Medium line
(c) 25% of full load (d) 10% of full load (c) Short line (d) Any of these
130. Electronic switching are becoming more 137. The ratio of line to line capacitance and line
and more popular because of –to neutral capacitance is
[SSC-JE - 2010] [SSC-JE - 2009]
(a) Noiseless operation 1 1
(b) Long life (a) (b)
2 4
(c) Smaller size and weight (c) 2 (d) 4
(d) All the above
138. An air blast circuit breaker is usually
131. A 2kVA transformer has iron loss of 150W employed for
and full load copper loss of 250W >The [SSC-JE - 2009]
maximum efficiency of the transformer will (a) Instantaneous voltage (b) Intermittent duty
occur when the total loss is (c) Current chopping (d) Short duty
[SSC-JE - 2010]
(a) 500W (b) 400W 139. Specific resistance of a conductor depends
(c) 300W (d) 275W upon
[SSC-JE - 2009]
132. The advantage of electric breaking is (a) Dimension of the conductor
[SSC-JE - 2010] (b) Composition of conductor material
(a) It is instantaneous (c) Resistance of the conductor
(b) More heat is generated during breaking (d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) It avoid wear of track
(d)Motor continue to remain load during 140. The permissible variation of frequency in
breaking power
[SSC-JE - 2009]
133. Earth faults relays are (a) 1% (b) 3%
[SSC-JE - 2009] (c)  5% (d) 10%
(a) Directional relays
(b) Non directional relays 141. The connected load of a consumer is 2kW
(c) Short operate time relays and his maximum demand is 1.5kW .The
(d) Long operate time relays demand factor of the consumer is
[SSC-JE - 2009]
134. The rating of fuse is expressed in terms of (a) 0.75 (b) 0.375
[SSC-JE - 2009] (c) 1.33 (d) 1
(a) Amperes (b) Volts
(c) VAR (d) KVA 142. The value of demand factor is
[SSC-JE - 2008]
135. By burden of the relay we mean (a) Less than one (b) Greater than one
[SSC-JE - 2009] (c) Equal to one (d) Zero
(a) Volt ampere rating of relay
ECG PUBLICATIONS
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7 146. Which of the following electric discharge

143. If copper loss of transformer at th full lamps gives highest lumens per watt ?
8
[SSC-JE - 2007]
load is 4900 W, then its full load copper loss
(a) Sodium vapour lamp
would be
(b) Neon lamp
[SSC-JE - 2008]
(c) Mercury vapour lamp at low pressure
(a) 5600 W (b) 6400W
(d) Mercury vapour lamp at high pressure
(c) 373 W (d) 429 W
147. The function of choke in the fluorescent
144. The power factor of a spot welding
tube circuit to
machine is expected to be around
[SSC-JE - 2007]
[SSC-JE - 2007]
(a) Eliminate radio interference
(a) 0.3 to 0.5 leading
(b) Reduce noise
(b) Unity
(c) Reduce flicker
(c) 0.8 lagging
(d) Initiate the arc and stabilize it
(d) 0.3 to 0.5 lagging
148. Electric power for illumination in
145. In helium arc welding, the electrode is
locomotive is provided by
made of
[SSC-JE - 2007]
[SSC-JE - 2007]
(a) Main stream engine
(a) Copper (b) Carbon
(b) Small turbo generator
(c) Mild Steel (d) Tungsten
(c) Battery
(d) Solar cells
ECG PUBLICATIONS
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PART-II SSC/JE-2019
SOLUTIONS
Sol. 1. (a) Sol. 23. (d)
Sol. 2. (c) Sol. 24. (a)
Sol. 3. (c) Sol. 25. (a)
Sol. 4. (c) Sol. 26. (d)
Sol. 5. (b) Sol. 27. (d)
Sol. 6. (a) Sol. 28. (b)
Sol. 7. (b) Sol. 29. (d)
Sol. 8. (d) Sol. 30. (a)
Sol. 9. (c) Sol. 31. (b)
Sol. 10. (d) Sol. 32. (a)
Sol. 11. (a) Sol. 33. (d)
Sol. 12. (d) Sol. 34. (d)
Sol. 13. (d) Sol. 35. (a)
Sol. 14. (c) Sol. 36. (d)

Making Current
Sol. 15. (c) =2.55×IBraking
=2.55×1500 = 3.825kA
Sol. 16. (b)
Sol. 37. (d)
Sol. 17. (a)
Sol. 38. (b)
Sol. 18. (d) Illumination
I cos 
Sol. 19. (b) E=
r2
 = 0
Sol. 20. (c) R = 10m
I = 800 candela
Sol. 21. (d) Putting these values , then
800cos 
Sol. 22. (d) E=  80lux ( lumex /m2)
102
ECG PUBLICATIONS
158
Sol. 39. (d) 15000  12000  8500  6000  450

=  1.91
22000
Sol. 40. (c) Sol. 55. (c)
Annual Energy Consumption
Sol. 41. (b) PL1 =
24  365  Pmax
Sol. 42. (b) Daily Energy Consumption
And PLF =
24  Pmax
Sol. 43. (c)
20
=  0.416  41.6%
Sol. 44. (c) 2.4  2
Sol. 45. (b) Sol. 56. (d)

Power consumed
Sol. 46. (d) 230  15  t = 1000 [ 1 unit = 1000 w-h]
 t = 0.29 hour
Sol. 47. (b)
Reserve capacity Sol. 57. (b)
RC = PC –Pmax = 0 KA 0
 PC = Pamx C=
d
On inserting oil soaked paper between the plates
Sol. 48. (c) K will increased
Sol. 49. (b) Sol. 58. (b)

Load factor and diversity factor both has direct
effect on fixed cost of the unit generated. Sol. 59. (b)
For a DC generator
Sol. 50. (c) Eb = V+IaRa
V = Eb -IaRa= 230-200×0.1
Sol. 51. (d) Eb = 210V
Sol. 52. (c) Sol. 60. (b)

Load factor ,
Annual consumption 700800 Sol. 61. d)
PL = = kW
24  365 24  365
Sol. 62. (a)
700800
PLF =  0.4
24  365  200 Sol. 63. (a)
Leakage resistance is inversely proportional the
Sol. 53. (d) length then ,
1
Sol. 54. (a) R
Diversity factor l
R l
=
sum of individual max demand And 1  2
Max demand R 2 l1
 Diversity factor
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PART-II SSC/JE-2019
R 1l1 Sol. 79. (c)

 R2 = 
V
l2

1150
 R2 =  0.5M IP
100
Sol. 64. (d) IC

1 P=Vcos .IC cos 
Volume of conductor 
 Voltage  P=VICcos cos 
2
Sol. 65. (c) P  cos  cos 

Sol. 80. (b)
Daily Energy Consumption
PLF = Power in one resistor removed star removed
24  Pmax from star connected load
A
24 +
PLF=  0.5  50%
24  2 R
VL
Sol. 66. (d) R
–
Sol. 67. (c) B
C
Sol. 68. (d) Power will be in all resistors
2
 V  1 V2
Sol. 69. (c) P2 = 3  L    L
 3 R R
So, one of the resistors is disconnected , then
Sol. 70. (c)
the percentage reduction in load will be 50%
Sol. 71. (a)
Sol. 81. (a)
Switching of a lamp in house produces noise in
Sol. 72. (b)
radion because switching operation produced
are across separating contacts
Sol. 73. (c)
Sol. 82. (c)
Sol. 74. (b)
The small pockets of air in the high voltage
cable provide Low relative permittivity high
Sol. 75. (a)
electric field and at these sites breakdown is
likely to be initiated
Sol. 76. (d)
Sol. 83. (b)
Sol. 77. (d)
CN = 2CAB=2×3F = 6F
Sol. 78. (c)
Load Factor Sol. 84. (a)
Compared to the breaking capacity of a circuit
2000  0.8 12  1000 112
= breaker, its making capacity should be more
2000  24
24  0.8  12 Sol. 85. (b)
=  0.65
48 IL = 12A
W1 = 11kW
ECG PUBLICATIONS
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W2 = 0 Sol. 94. (c)

3  W1  W2 
tan = Sol. 95. (*)
 W1  W2  Iron loss is given as
 = 60 Pi = Kef2+Khf
1 P
Power factor = cos 60 =  0.5  i  Kh  Kef
2 f
Sol. 86. (b) It resembles the straight line equation
In case of frosted GLS lamps , frosting is done
by ammonia Sol. 96. (*)
Sol. 87. (c) Sol. 97. (d)

Capacity factor = Load factor × utilization Pmax
factor Demand factor =
Sumof connected load
Sol. 88. (c)
Frequency of instantaneous power Sol. 98. (b)
= 2f =2×50= 100c/s
Sol. 99. (c)
Sol. 89. (b) Running charge annually ,
C1 4.5×1×15×365= Rs 24637.5
Fixed charge annually = (Rs /* month)×12
= 1000×12= Rs 12000
Total annual bill = 2463.5+12000= Rs 36637.5
C2
p.f c1  p.fc 0.01  0.02 Sol. 100.(d)
2
P.F = = =0.015
2 2
Sol. 101.(a)
Sol. 90. (d)
The purpose of providing a choke in the tube – Sol. 102.(a)
light is to limit current to appropriate value.
Sol. 103.(c)
Sol. 91. (a)
If the neutral wire breaks, 100W bulb will fuse. Sol. 104.(a)
Sol. 92. (c) Sol. 105. (a)

Three equal impedances are first connected in
delta across a 3. Phase balanced supply. It the Sol. 106.(c)
same impedance are connected in star across the Let KVA at maximum efficiency is
1 Pcore
same supply, then power consumed will be of Sn then Sn = Sfl
3 Pcufl
the previous value.
Sn 400
  0.7071
Sol. 93. (a) Sfl 800
Alternators are usually designed to generate Therefore fraction of rated load at maximum
with fixed frequency. efficiency = 70.71%
ECG PUBLICATIONS
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PART-II SSC/JE-2019
373 2
Sol. 107.(a) =  2.5
211
Sol. 108.(a)
Sol. 116.(a)
Sol. 109.(b)
Sol. 117.(a)
Sol. 110.(a)
Sol. 118.(c)
Sol. 111.(d)
Sol. 119.(d)
The string efficiency is given as
operating votlage
String efficiency = Sol. 120.(a)
Number ofdisc QC = P(tan1 -tan2)
  cos 1 = 0.707
voltageacross the  1 = 45 and cos 2 = 0.866
disc nearestto  2 = 30
theconductor So, QC = 17.32(tan45-tan 30)= 7.32KVAR
V0 V
=  O  0.3333 and N = 4 Sol. 121.(a)
N  Vc Vc
1 Sol. 122.(d)
 string = = 0.75or 75%
4  0.3333
Sol. 123.(c)
Sol. 112.(b)
From the curve Sol. 124.(d)
100  0.4  60  0.3  40  0.3
Pavg = Sol. 125.(d)
0.4  0.3  0.3
= 70MW Sol. 126.(d)
Pmax = 100MW
(From the load duration Curve) Sol. 127.(d)
P 70 Breaking current
Load Factor = avg   0.7
Pmax 100 S 2000 106
IB = =  34.99KA
3.V2 3.33 103
Sol. 113.(d)
Imaking = 2.55×IB= 2.55×34.99=89.22KA
Sol. 114.(a)
Sol. 128.(b)
Sol. 115.(d)
Sol. 129.(b)
It is defined as ,
Disch arg e voltage Sol. 130.(d)
(Crest value)
Discharge factor =
Rate voltage Sol. 131.(c)
(rms value)
Sol. 132.(d)
ECG PUBLICATIONS
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Sol. 133.(c) 48.5 to 51.5Hz
Sol. 134.(a) Sol. 141.(a)

Demand factor
Sol. 135.(b) Pmax 1.5 3
D.F.     0.75
Sumof connected load 2 4
Sol. 136.(c)
Sol. 137.(a) Sol. 142.(a)

CL-L=Capacitance between the line to
0 f Sol. 143.(b)
Line = Let full load copper loss of transformer is x
In d / r m
watt.
CL-N=Capacitance between line to 2
7
20 f Then x     4900
Neutral = 8
In d / r m
As Cu loss  I2
CLL 1
 64
CL N 2 x  4900   6400 watt
49
Sol. 138.(c)
Sol. 144.(d)
Sol. 139.(b)
Sol. 145.(d)
Sol. 140.(b)
Sol. 146.(a)
Ideal Range
f = 50 1% Sol. 147.(d)
 49.5to 50.5hz
Practical permissible Range Sol. 148.(b)
f = 503%
ECG PUBLICATIONS
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POWER SYSTEM SSC/JE-2019

2.2 THERMAL POWER STATIONS

2.2.1 Steam Power Plant

Air Air Air

Heat produced in Calories per kg of coal is called calorific value of coal.

2.2.2 Diesel Power Station

2.3 HYDRO POWER PLANT

2.3.1 Schematic Arrangement

Reservoir Surge tank

2.4 PUMPED STORAGE POWER PLANT

Pump storage power plant

2.5 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

(ii) Capacity of working for long periods continuously

Nuclear power plant

2.6 ABCD PARAMETERS

Two Port Network

2.6.1 Classification of Transmission Lines

2.6.1.2 Medium Length Line

2.6.1.3 Long Transmission Lines

2.7.1 Types of Insulators

2.8.1 Factors Affecting Corona

2.8.2 Critical Disruptive Voltage

2.8.3 Critical Visual Disruptive Voltage

2.9 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Radial Feeder System

3. Interconnected Network System

2.9.1 Classification of Distribution Method

Radial feeder Parallel feeder

Ring main distribution Inter connected ring main

2.9.1.2 Uniform Loading

2.10 PER UNIT QUANTITITES IN POWER SYSTEMS

2.11 NETWORK ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES

2.11.1 Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix

2.11.2 Impedance Matrix

2.12 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

2.13 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT RELATIONS

Writing Va, Vb & Vc in terms of symmetrical components of phase

2.13.1 Power in Terms of Symmetrical Component

2.13.2 For Balanced System

2.13.2.1 Zero Sequence Current

Neutral ground is not grounded there is no return path for In

If neutral is grounded with neutral impedance Zn as shown below then

 Ia0  Iab  Ica0

2.13.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Load for Zero Sequence Network

2.13.3 Potential of Neutral

2.13.4 Phase Shift in Star–Delta Transformer

The phasor diagram is shown below

2.13.5 Sequence Impedances

2.14 SEQUENCE NETWORKS FOR POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

2.14.1 Positive Sequence

2.14.1.1 Sequence Impedance of Synchronous Machine

2.14.1.2 Positive Sequence Network for Synchronous Machine

2.14.1.3 Negative Sequence Network for Synchronous Machine

2.14.1.4 Zero Sequence Network for Synchronous Machine

Where Va0  Ia0  Z0  3Zn 

2.14.1.5 Sequence Impedance of Transmission Lines

2.14.1.6 Zero Sequence Network of Transformer

Zero reference bus

2.15 SYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

2.15.1 Short Circuit Capacity