NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

Lesson No: 1
Motion
Q.1 An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes, support
your answer with an example?
Ans. Yes, an object have zero displacement even when it has moved through a distance.
This happens when we find position of an object coincides with its initial position, e.g.
ingoing from home to school and coming back to home some distance is traveled but
displacement is zero.
Q.2 A farmer moves along the boundary of a square fields of side 10m in 40 sec. what
will be the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20
seconds?
Ans) If farmer starts from A it will complete 3 rounds in two minutes and in the
remaining 20 seconds starting from A. he will finish at C. In the last case starting from
A he will finish at C. Therefore, displacement = AC. Where AC = √AB2 + BC2
= √(10)2 + (10)2 10m
= √100 + 100 B C
= √200
= √2 x 100 10m 10m
= √2 x √100
= √2 x 10
= 10 √2 m A B
Q.3 Which of the following is true for displacement? 10m
a. It can not be zero.
Ans. False, it can be zero.
b Its magnitude is greater than the distance traveled by an object?
Ans. Magnitude of displacement is never greater than the distance traveled. Hence the
statement is wrong.
Questions:
Q.1 Distinguish between speed and velocity:
Ans.
Speed Velocity
1. Speed is equal to distance per unit time. 1. Velocity is equal to displacement per unit
time
2. Speed has no direction 2. Velocity has a particular direction.
3. Speed is a scalar quantity 3. Velocity is vector quantity.

Q.2 Under what condition (s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to
its average speed?
Ans. When a body moves along a straight line, the magnitude of average velocity of an
object is equal to its average speed.
Q.3 What does the odometer of an automobile measure?
Ans. Odometer is a device which measures the distance travelled by an automobile.
1
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 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

Q.4 What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion?
Ans. In uniform motion the path of an object can be a straight line, curved line, zigzag or
even a circle. It can have any shape. This is because in uniform motion speed is
constant. The direction of motion may change.
Q.5 During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in 5
minutes. What was the distance of the space ships from the ground station? The
signal travels at the speed of light, that is 3 x 108m S-1?
Ans. Here
Time Taken = 5 minutes = 5 x 60 = 300 sec.
Velocity of signal = 3 x 108m/s
S ( distance) = ?
We know that v= S/T
S=vxt
S = 3 x 108 x 3 x 102
= 9 x 1010 m
Q. When will you say a body is in?
i, Uniform acceleration?
Ans. A body is said to be in uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight line and its velocity
increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time. In other words, a body has a
uniform acceleration if its velocity changes at uniform motion. e.g. The motion of a
freely falling body.
ii. Non- uniform acceleration:
Ans. A body has a non-uniform acceleration if its velocity increases by unequal amounts in
equal intervals of time. In other words, a body has a non-uniform acceleration if its
velocity changes at a non-uniform rate e.g. speed of a car running on a crowded city
road changes continuously.
Q.2 A bus decreases its speed from 80km h-1 to 60 km h -1 in 5s. Find the acceleration of
the bus.
Ans. Here
Time taken, t = 5 sec.
Initial velocity, u = 80 km /h
5
80 x 1000 m 80 x 1000
= = 22.2m/s
1x60x60S 36 00
18
Final velocity, v = 60 km /h
60 x 1000m 60 x 1000
= = = 16.6m/s
1x60x60S 3600
We know that
Acceleration a = v – u
t
a = 16 .6 – 22. 2
5
2

a = - 1.1 m /S2
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Negative sign indicates –ive acceleration or retardation.

 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

Q.3 Train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a
speed 40kmh-1 in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.
Ans. Here
Final velocity V = 40 km 40 x 1000 m 40 x 1000
= = = 11.1 m/s
60 x 60 s 3600
Time, t = 10 min. = 10 x 60 = 600 = 6 x 102 sec.
 acceleration, a = v - u
t
= 11 . 1 – 0
6 x 102
= 11.1 x 10-2
6
= 1. 85 x 10-2 m/Sec-2
Q.1 What is the nature of the distance time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion
for an object?
Ans When the motion is uniform the distance time graph is a straight line.
When the motion is non-uniform the distance time graph is not straight line. It can be
any curve.

Q.2 What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance time graph is a
straight line parallel to the time?
Ans. When distance time graph of an object is a straight line parallel to the time axis,
distance of the object at every instant of time is the same. Therefore the object must
be stationary.
Q.3 What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed time graph is a straight
line parallel to the time axis?
Ans. When speed time-graph of a body is a straight line parallel to the time axis, speed of
the body at every instant of time is the same. It means there is no acceleration.
Q.4 What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity-
time graph?
Ans. Area occupied below the velocity time-graph is a measure of distance traveled by the
body or displacement of the body.
Questions

Q.1 A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of O.1ms-2 for 2 minutes.
Find (a) the speed acquired, b) the distance traveled.

Ans a. Here Initial velocity, u = O m/s

Acceleration , a = O . 1 m / S2
Time, t = 2 min = 2 x 60 = 120 secs.
Final velocity, v = ?
We know that
v = u + at
v = O + O.1 x 120
3

v = 12 ms-1 ‘ Therefore final velocity, V = 120 m/s

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Similarly,
 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

b. S = ut + 1/ 2 at 2
S = O x 120 + ½ (0.1) (120)2
S = O + ½ (0.1) 144 x 102
= 7 . 2 X 102m
Q..2 A train is traveling at a speed of 90 kmh-1. Brakes are applied so as to produce a
uniform acceleration of -0.5 ms-2. Find how for the train will go before it is brought
to rest.
Ans. Here Initial velocity, u = 90 km/h
90 x 1000
= = 25m /s
3600
Acceleration, a = O.5 m S-2
Distances S = ?
We know that
V2 – v2 = 2aS
S = v - u2 = (0) 2 – (25) 2 = 625 m .
2

2a 2 (-0.5)
Q.3 A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2cms-2. What
will be its velocity 3s after the start?
Ans. Here Acceleration, a = 2cm S2
Initial velocity , u = O m/s
Final velocity, v = ?
Time, t = 3 sec.
We know
v = u + at
v=0+2x3
v = 6 m/S
Q.4 A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 ms-2. What distance will it cover in 10
sec. after start.
Ans. Here
Acceleration, a = 4 ms-2
Time, t = 10 Sec.
Initial velocity, u = o
Distance, s = ?
We know that
S = ut + ½ at 2
= O + ½ x 4 x ( 10) 2 = 2 x 102 = 200m
Q.5 A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 ms 1. If the
acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10 ms-2 in the downward direction.
What will be the height attained by the stone and how much time will it take to
reach there?
Ans. a Here, initial velocity, u = 5m/s
Acceleration, a = - 10 ms -2
We know that,
Distance, s = ?
4

Final velocity, = O
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 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

We Know that
v 2 - u 2 = 2as
s = v2 - u2
2a
S = O -5 2 = - 25 = 1.25 metre
2 x (-10) - 20
b. v = u + at
- 5 = - 10 t
t = 5/10 ,
t = 0. 5 sec

Textbook questions
Q.1 An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200m in 40s. what
will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 min 20s?
Ans. Time taken to complete 1 round = 40 sec., total time = 2 min. 20 s = 140 sec.
No of rounds completed = 140/40 = 3.5
Radius of the track is = diameter = 200 = 100m
2 2
Distance covered = Circumference of the circle x 3.5= 2  r x 3.5=2 x 22/7 x 100 x 3.5 =
2200 m.
Displacement = 200m . Because for the last half round, the displacement = diameter.
Q.2 Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300m road in 2 minutes
50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100m back to point C in another lining
what are Joseph’s average speed and velocities in Jogging.
Ans. Distance, S = 300m
A 200m C 100m B
Total Time taken, t = 2 min 50 sec. = 2 x 60 + 50 sec = 120 + 50 = 170 sec.
Average speed = 300 = 1.76 m/S
170
Here, Distance and displacement is same as the path is straight and velocity is equal
to average speed.
Displacement from A to B = 300m
Average velocity = 300 = 1. 76 m /S
170
b. From A to C:-
Ans. Distance = 400 m
Total time = 170 sec + 60
= 230 Sec.
Average speed = S1 + S 2 = 400 = 1. 73 m/s
t1 + t2 250
Average velocity = Displacement
T1 + T2
= 200
250
= 0. 86 m/S
5

Q.4 A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant
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rate of 3.0 ms-2 for 8.0 sec. How for does the boat travel during this time?
 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

Ans. Here Acceleration, a = 3.0ms-2

Time, t = 8 Sec.
Initial velocity, u = Om/s
S = ? we know that
S = ut + ½ at 2
S=Ox8+½ x3x82
= 1/2 x 3 x 64 = 96m.
Distance , S = 96m.
Q.3 Abdul while driving to school computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 kmh-
1 . On his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed

is 40 kmh -1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?

Ans . Let ‘x’ be the distance
Initial time, t1 = Distance
av. speed.
= x
20
Final time, t2 = x
40 3
Total time = t 1 + t 2 = x + x = 40x + 20x = 60x = 3x
20 40 800 800 40
40
Total distance = x + x = 2 x
Average speed of whole trip = total distance = 2x = 2x X 40 = 80 = 26.6 m/s
Total time 3x 3x 3
40
General conceptual questions
Q. 1 Define motion
Ans. A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to some stationary
object in its surroundings.
Some examples of the bodies in motion are:
a) Cars and buses running on the road.
b) Birds and aeroplanes flying in the air.
c) The running blades of a fan.
d) Motion of air is detected by moment of dust particles, leaves and branches of
trees. Similarly, the phenomenon of sunrise, sunset and changing of seasons
due to the rotation of earth.

Q. Define uniform motion?

Ans. A body is said to have uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of
time no matter how small these time intervals may be e.g. a body moving at the
constant speed say 5 ms-1 will cover five meters in every sec. so its motion will be
uniform. The distance time-graph of a uniform motion is a straight line.
Uniform
Distance

5m 5m 5m
6

A 1 sec B 1 sec C 1 sec D

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Motion

Time
 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

Q. What is non-uniform motion?

Ans. A body is said to possess non uniform motion if it covers unequal distances in equal
intervals of time, no matter how small the intervals may be. A car covers 40 km in 1st
hour, 50 km in 2nd hour and 60 km in 3rd hour and so on. The motion of the car is non-
uniform as it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time. The motion of a freely
falling body is also an example of non-uniform motion. The distance–time graph for a
body having non-uniform motion is a curved line as shown in figure:-

Distance
Non-uniform motion

Time
Q. Concept of distance and displacement:
Ans. Distance:- The distance traveled by a body is the actual length of the path covered
by a moving body irrespective of the direction in which the body travels. The distance
covered by a body is denoted by S.
Suppose an object starts its journey from ‘O’ along a straight line OX .A,B,C are

O .A
.B
.
positions of the object at different instants of time as shown in fig.
C
X

Let the object go from O to C and come back to B along the same line. The total path
length covered by the object is equal to OC + CB. This is the distance traveled by body.
Thus to describe the distance we need to specify only its numerical value and the unit.
Therefore, distance is a scalar quantity having only magnitude but no direction. The
value of distance can never be zero or negative.
Displacement:- The displacement of an object in motion is the shortest distance
between the initial point and final point of object. In the example given above when
an object goes from O to C and come back to B. Its final position is B and initial point
is O. therefore, displacement of the object is OB. Displacement is a vector quantity
having both magnitude as well as direction the displacement has same units as that of
distance i.e. metres.
Q. Differentiate or contrast between distance and displacement?
Distance Displacement
1. The actual length of the path traveled 1. The shortest distance between the
by a moving body irrespective of initial and final positions of the body is
direction is called the distance. called as displacement.
2. Distance traveled is a scalar quantity. 2. Displacement is a vector quantity.
3. Distance traveled is always positive. 3. Displacement may be +ive, -ive or
zero.
4. Distance traveled is always greater 4. Displacement is always less than or
than or equal to the displacement. equal to the distance traveled.
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Q. Concept of speed and velocity.

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Ans. The concepts of speed and velocity is used to measure the rate of motion.
 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

Speed: The distance traveled by a body per unit time over a short interval of time is
called its speed. Thus, the speed of a body describes the rapidity of its motion.
The speed of a moving body may be expressed by the relationship,
Speed = distance traveled
Time taken
If ‘S’ is the distance traveled by the body in time ‘t’ . Its speed ‘v’ is given by
v = S/t

Speed has only magnitude, hence is a scalar quantity.

The S.I. Unit of speed is meter per second i.e. ms-1.
The speed can be Zero or positive but can never by negative.
Uniform Speed:- When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, no
matter how small these intervals may be, the speed of the body is said to be uniform.
Non- uniform speed 0r ( variable speed):- When a body covers unequal distances in
equal intervals of time, no matter how small these intervals maybe, the speed of the
body is said to be non-uniform.
Average Speed:- In most of the cases bodies move with variable or non-uniform
speed. Therefore we describe the rate of motion of such bodies in terms of their
average speed. The average speed of a body may be defined as the ratio of total
distance traveled to the total time taken by the body.
. Average speed = Total Distance traveled
Total Time Taken .
e.g. in going from Anantnag to Srinagar total distance traveled is equal to 60 km. If
total time taken is equal to 2hrs, then average speed = 60/2 = 30 km/hr
Velocity:- The rate of change of displacement of a body is called velocity. The quantity
that specifies both the rate of motion and the direction of rate of motion is called
velocity of the body. velocity may be defined as the distance traveled by the body in
unit time in a given direction. In other words velocity of a body is the speed of the
body in a particular direction.
Thus,
Velocity = distance traveled in given direction
Time taken
= displacement or V = S/t
Time

Where V is velocity and ‘S’ is displacement covered by the body in time ‘t’.
Unit:- The unit of “ v” is the same as that of speed that is m S -1.

Velocity is a vector quantity.

Uniform velocity or constant velocity:- When a body is moving along a straight line
covering equal distances in equal intervals of time, however the small intervals may
be the velocity of the body is said to be uniform or constant.
Non-uniform velocity (variable velocity):- Velocity of a body is said to be non-uniform
when it covers unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time
Average velocity:- When a body is moving along a straight line at a variable speed. Its
8

velocity is variable. In that case we express the rate of motion of the body in terms of
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its average velocity.

 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

When velocity of a body is changing at a uniform rate over a period of time

then the average velocity of the body for the period is arithmetic mean of initial and
final velocity of the body. If ‘u’ is the initial velocity and ‘v’ is the final velocity then,
average velocity=
Final velocity + initial velocity = v + u
2 2
Or V = v + u
2
Concept of acceleration?
Ans. Rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. When a body is moving
uniformly along a straight line its velocity is constant. Therefore, change in velocity is
Zero over any interval of time. However when a body is in non-uniform motion its
velocity changes. To express the rate of change of velocity, we introduce another
physical quantity called acceleration and is defined as “Acceleration of a body is
defined as the rate of change of velocity of the body with time. Thus acceleration of
the body is a measure of change in velocity of a body per unit time” .
thus, acceleration = change in velocity
time taken
as change in velocity = v-u
 a = v–u
t
in vector form,

a = v - u
t
Units of acceleration:- As acceleration is equal to = change in velocity
Time taken
Unit of a = m/sec2 = or meters sec-2 or ms-2
Graphical representation of motion:- When a quantity varies with respect to another
quantity, we study this variation by a pictorial technique called graph. A graph
represents the relation between two variable quantities in pictorial form. To describe
motion of objects, we can draw distance time graph and velocity time –graph. From
the nature of graphs we can study the nature of motion.
A graph is plotted between two variable quantities the quantity that is
made to alter at will is called independent variable, the other quantity which varies as
a result of this change is called the dependent variable e.g. in distance- time graph,
time is independent variable and distance is dependent variable.
Generally two such graphs are used to describe the motion of the objects these are:-
1, Distance time graph
2, Velocity- time graph
1. Distance- time graph:- The distance-time graph represents the change in the
position of a body with time. In this graph, we take time along x - axis and the distance
along y – axis. Three cases arise.
CASE I:- When the body is at rest at some distance from the origin, the position of the
body doesn’t change with time. its distance from the origin continues to be same at
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all instants of time. therefore when we plot distance at different instants of time and
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join these points, we obtain a straight line parallel to time-axis as shown in figure:-
 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

20 -
distance 15 -
10- ... . .. ... .
5-
1 2 3 4 0
Time
Case II:- When the body is in uniform motion, when a body moves with a uniform
speed it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. therefore, distance traveled
by the body is directly proportional to the time- taken. Thus for uniform speed, a graph
of distance traveled against time will be straight line as shown in figure:-
1 2 3 4
Distance
in (m)

O 1 2 3 4
time (s)
We can use the distance-time graph to determine the speed of the body. To find the
speed from the distance –time graph of a body we take any point A on the straight
line graph and drop perpendicular AB on the time axis and AC on the distance axis. It
is clear that AB represents the distance and the time interval is represented by OB,
we know that
Speed = distance v = A B = tan 
time OB
(From ∆ AOB)
Where θ is angle which the distance-time graph makes with the x –axis.
Tan θ is the slope of the distance time-graph. Hence we conclude that slope of
distance-time graph represents speed of the body.

Distance C A

θ
O B
time
Case III:- When body is in non-uniform motion:- As we have seen in uniform motion
the distance –time graph is a straight line, if however the speed of a body is non-
uniform, then the graph between distance traveled and time is a curved line called a
10

parabola as shown in figure (a) and figure(b)

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 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

Distance Distance

Time Time
Figure (a) Figure (b)
Basic equations of motion derivation by graphical methods
1, Equation for velocity time relation:- v = u + at Suppose a body is moving along a
straight line with a uniform acceleration ‘a’. let ‘u’ be the initial velocity (at t=o) . The
velocity Time graph of such a body is represented in figure. - (1)
At t = 0 velocity = OA = In going from A to B, the velocity goes on
increasing at a constant rate ‘a’ and final velocity v
Since, AD = OC = t and final velocity = CB = v
Draw AD ┴ BC and BE ┴ OE
Let BAD = θ
We know that ‘a’ of the body= slope of the velocity –time graph i.e. a = tan θ = BD __(1)
AD
But from fig -(1)
BD = BC -CD
= BC - OA
= v – u = change in velocity & AD = OC = t (time)
 from e.g. (1)
a = v - u
t
or v- u = at
or v = u + at
which is the required velocity time relation.
y

E B

V A θ D
u ____ t _____ - fig (1)
velocity

O time C
2. Equation for position-time relation:- S = ut + ½ at2
Suppose a body is moving along a straight line with a uniform acceleration “a”. Let “u”
be the initial velocity and ‘S’ be the distance traveled by the body in time t. The
distance can be calculated by the area of the space enclosed between the v – t graph
and the time axis.
S = area of figure OABC
11

or S = area of rectangle OADC + area of ∆ ABD = (OA x OC) + ½ BD x AD

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or S = ( OA x OC ) + ½ (BC - CD) x AD (from figure) – (1)

 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

or S = u x t + 1/2 (v-u) x t
or S= ut + 1/2 (v-u) t – (I)
As, v – u = a; v – u = at.
t
Using this value in = or (I) we get
S = ut + 1/2 (at) t

or S = ut + 1/2 at2

Which is required position –time relation.

3. Equation for position – velocity relation:- v2 – u2 = 2as. As per second equation of
motion, the distance traveled by a uniformly accelerated body in time ‘t’ is given by
the area of the space enclosed between v – t graph and time – axis. Therefore from
figure. – (I)
S = area of trapezium OABC = Sum of II sides x height
2
S = (OA + CB ) x OC
2
S = ( u + v ) t __________ (1)
2
From 1st equation of motion
Put this value of “t” in = n (I), we get.
S= ( u+ v) x(v–u)
2 a
a=v–u
t
t=v–u
a
or S = v2 - u2
2a
Or v – u2 = 2as
2

4. Distance covered by a body in its nth second of motion.

Snth = u + a (2n – 1) B C
2
F
velocity

Snth = Sn – Sn-1 A G
Where Sn-1 = Ar(OABE) = (OA x OE) + ½ AF x BF u
= u(n-1) + ½ (n-1) (v-u) [ a = v – u ]
= u(n-1) + ½ (n-1) a (n-1) n–1 > >
2 O →(n-1) E D
= un – u + ½ a (n-1)
2
= un – u + ½ a (n – 2n + 1) | n |
2
= un – u + ½ an – an + ½ a time →
Also Sn = Ar (OACD) = (OA x AD) + ½ AG x GC
= un + ½ n (v – u) = un + ½ an2 [ a = v – u]
12

n
 Snth = Sn –Sn-1 = un + ½ an – [un – u + ½ an – an + ½ a]
2 2
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or Snth = un + ½ an2 – un + u – ½ an2 + an – ½ a

 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

or Snth = u + an – ½ a = u + a/2 (2n – 1)

Q. What is meant by uniform circular motion?
Ans. When a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed (constant speed), its motion
is called uniform circular motion. It is possible for a body to move in a circular path with
uniform speed as long as it is traveling equal distances in equal intervals of time. But the
velocity of the body moving in a circle with uniform speed is not uniform because the direction
of motion is constantly changing. A force is needed to produce circular motion. The force
which is needed to make on object to follow the circular path is called centripetal force.
Examples of uniform circular motion: :-
1, Artificial satellites move under uniform circular motion around the earth.
2, The moon moves in uniform circular motion around the earth
3, The earth moves around the sun in uniform circular motion.
4, The tip of a second’s hand of a watch exhibits uniform circular motion on the circular
dial of the watch.
5, An athletic moving on a circular track with constant speed exhibits uniform circular
motion.
=> To calculate the speed of a body in uniform circular motion:-
When a body takes one round over a circular path, then it travels a distance
equal to its circumference’ which is given by 2r, where ‘r’ is the radius of the circular
path (Fig A). the speed of a body moving along a circular path is given by the formula:
V = 2r
t
. Where v = speed
 = 22 (constant)
r
7
r = radius of circular path
t = time taken for one round of circular path.

Sample problem:- A cyclist goes around a circular track once every 2 minutes. If the radius
of circular track is 105 metres.
Find his speed. ( given  = 22/7)
Here v = ?
We know that
V = 2  r ,  = 22/7 , r = 105m, t = 2 min or 120 sec.
T
T = 2 minutes = 120 s.
Now putting these valves of , r and t in the above formula, we get.
v = 2 x 22 x 105 = 5.5 ms-1
7 x 120
General derivation for the basic equation of motion
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 NOTES FOR YEAR 2020-2021

Let a body with initial (2) S = ut + ½ at2 (3) V2 – u2 = 2aS

velocity ‘u’ covers a distance Distance traveled by the L.H.S
‘S’ with acceleration ‘a’ and body = velocity of the body V2 – u2 = (v–u) (v+u)
finally stopping with X time taken Multiplying and dividing R.H.S
velocity ‘v’. i.e. S = Vt (where v is by 2t, we get;
u _________ t __________v average velocity) V2–u2 = (v–u) (v+u)2t
A _______ S _________ B or S = (V + u )t t 2
________ a _________ 2 2 2
or v – u = a.V.2t
(1) v = u + at or S = (u + at + u) t or v2 – u2 = 2 a Vt
Acceleration of the body 2 [ S = Vt)
= change in velocity [ v = u + at] or v2 – u2 = 2aS
Time taken or S = 2ut + at2
or a = v – u 2
t or S = ut + ½ at2
or a t = v – u
or v = u + at

(4) Snth = 4+a/2 (2n-1)

Set Sn be the distance covered by a body in n seconds
 Sn-1 will be the distance covered by the body in (n-1) seconds.
 Snth = Sn-Sn-1 will be the body in its nth second of motion.
i.e Snth = Sn – Sn-1
= un+ ½ a n2 –[u(n-1)+ ½ a (n-1)2]
= un + ½ a n2 – [un – u + ½ a (n2 – 2n + 1)]
= un + ½ a n2 – un + u – ½ a n2 + a n – a /2
= u + a n – a /2
= u + a (n – ½ )
= u + a /2 (2n-1)

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