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    System_Software_Notes

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    System_Software_Notes

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    System_Software_Notes

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    Unit I: System Software and Operating System Concepts

    1. Introduction to System Software:

    - Definition: System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's

    hardware and application programs.

    - Examples: Operating systems, compilers, assemblers, and utility software.

    - Differences: System software manages hardware resources, whereas application software

    performs specific user-oriented tasks.

    2. Types of System Software:

    - System Control Software: Operating systems.

    - System Support Software: Utility programs like disk management tools.

    - System Development Software: Compilers, debuggers, and interpreters.

    3. Operating System Concepts:

    - Functions: Resource management, process scheduling, memory management, file systems,

    security, and networking.

    - User Interface: Command Line Interface (CLI) vs. Graphical User Interface (GUI).

    4. Types of Operating Systems:

    - Batch Operating System: Processes are executed in batches without user interaction.

    - Time-Sharing Operating System: Allows multiple users to interact with the system

    simultaneously.

    - Distributed Operating System: Manages a group of independent computers.

    - Real-Time Operating System: Provides immediate processing for real-time applications.

    5. Multi-Programming and Multi-Processing Systems:


    - Multi-Programming: Multiple programs are loaded into memory and executed simultaneously.

    - Multi-Processing: Use of two or more CPUs for simultaneous processing.

    6. Time-Sharing System:

    - Concept: Divides CPU time among multiple users/processes.

    - Benefits: Efficient CPU utilization, reduced response time.

    7. Process Concepts:

    - Process: A program in execution.

    - Process Lifecycle: States include New, Ready, Running, Waiting, and Terminated.

    8. Inter-Process Communication (IPC):

    - Mechanisms: Pipes, message queues, shared memory, sockets.

    - Importance: Synchronization, data exchange between processes.

    9. Process Scheduling:

    - Types: Preemptive (e.g., Round Robin) and Non-Preemptive (e.g., FCFS, SJF).

    - Scheduling Algorithms: First-Come-First-Serve, Shortest Job First, Round Robin.

    10. Context Switching:

    - Definition: Switching the CPU from one process to another.

    - Importance: Enables multitasking.

    11. Dispatcher:

    - Role: Assigns the CPU to processes ready to run.


    Unit II: Language Processors

    1. Introduction:

    - Language processors convert high-level programming languages to machine code.

    - Examples: Compilers, assemblers, interpreters.

    2. Bootstrapping:

    - Process of writing a self-compiling compiler.

    3. Data Structures for Language Processing:

    - Symbol Tables: Store identifiers and attributes.

    - Syntax Trees: Hierarchical representation of code structure.

    4. Scanning and Parsing:

    - Lexical Analysis: Tokenization of input code.

    - Parsing: Analyzing syntax according to grammar rules.


    Unit III: Assemblers and Linkers

    1. Elements of Assembly Language Programming:

    - Low-level programming, close to machine code.

    - Syntax involves mnemonics and operands.

    2. Assemblers:

    - Two-Pass Assembler: Processes source code twice to resolve symbols.

    - Single-Pass Assembler: Resolves symbols in one pass.

    3. Macros and Macro Processors:

    - Macros: Reusable code blocks.

    - Macro Processor: Handles macro definitions and expansions.

    4. Linkers:

    - Function: Combines object files into a single executable.

    - Features: Relocation, linking overlays, loaders.

    5. Software Tools:

    - Examples: Debuggers, editors, and IDEs.


    Unit IV: Compilers

    1. Compilers:

    - Function: Converts source code into executable code.

    - Components: Lexical, syntactic, semantic analysis, optimization, and code generation.

    2. Optimization:

    - Machine-Dependent: Specific to hardware architecture.

    - Machine-Independent: Applies to general code improvements.

    3. Phases of a Compiler:

    - Lexical Analysis: Tokenization.

    - Syntax Analysis: Parsing structure.

    - Semantic Analysis: Meaning of code.

    - Code Generation: Produces machine code.

    4. General Model:

    - High-level structure of compilers.


    Unit V: Data Structures and Interpreters

    1. Data Structures:

    - Examples: Stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, graphs.

    - Applications: Memory management, recursion.

    2. Storage Classes:

    - Static, automatic, external, and based storage.

    3. Interpreters:

    - Function: Executes source code line-by-line.

    - Comparison: Slower than compilers but easier for debugging.

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