Formula Booklet

1.
Relations and Functions

Relations
 A relation RR from set AA to set BB is a subset of the Cartesian product A×BA \times B.
o Reflexive Relation: (a, a) ∈R (a, a) \in R for every a∈Aa \in A.

 Types of Relations:
o Symmetric Relation: If (a, b) ∈R (a, b) \in R, then (b, a) ∈R (b, a) \in R.

o Transitive Relation: If (a,b)∈R(a, b) \in R and (b,c)∈R(b, c) \in R, then
(a,c)∈R(a, c) \in R.
o Antisymmetric Relation: If (a,b)∈R(a, b) \in R and (b,a)∈R(b, a) \in R, then
a=ba = b.
Functions
 Domain of a function f:A→Bf: A \to B is the set of all inputs x∈A for which f(x) is
defined.
 Range is the set of all possible outputs.
 One-to-one Function (Injective): If f(a)=f(b) implies a=b.
 Onto Function (Surjective): Every element of BB is the image of at least one element of
AA.
 Bijective Function: A function that is both injective and surjective.
 Inverse Function: f−1:B→Af^{-1}: B \to A, such that f(f−1(x))=xf(f^{-1}(x)) = x.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Standard Formulas)
sin⁡−1(x)=θ ⟹ sin⁡(θ)=x\sin^{-1}(x) = \theta \implies \sin(\theta) = x

cos⁡−1(x)=θ ⟹ cos⁡(θ)=x\cos^{-1}(x) = \theta \implies \cos(\theta) = x

tan⁡−1(x)=θ ⟹ tan⁡(θ)=x\tan^{-1}(x) = \theta \implies \tan(\theta) = x



2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Basic Identities
 sin⁡−1(x)+cos⁡−1(x)=π2\sin^{-1}(x) + \cos^{-1}(x) = \frac{\pi}{2}

 tan⁡−1(x)+cot⁡−1(x)=π2\tan^{-1}(x) + \cot^{-1}(x) = \frac{\pi}{2}
Derivative Formulas
 ddx[sin⁡−1(x)]=11−x2\frac{d}{dx}[\sin^{-1}(x)] = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}

 ddx[cos⁡−1(x)]=−11−x2\frac{d}{dx}[\cos^{-1}(x)] = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}
 ddx[tan⁡−1(x)]=11+x2\frac{d}{dx}[\tan^{-1}(x)] = \frac{1}{1 + x^2}
3. Matrices
Basic Operations
 Addition of Matrices:
o If A=[aij]A = [a_{ij}] and B=[bij]B = [b_{ij}], then A+B=[aij+bij]A + B =
[a_{ij} + b_{ij}].
 Multiplication of Matrices:
o If AA is of order m×nm \times n and BB is of order n×pn \times p, then ABAB is
of order m×pm \times p.
 Transpose of a Matrix:
o AT=[aji]A^T = [a_{ji}] where aija_{ij} is the element of the ii-th row and jj-th
column of AA.
Determinants
 Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix: det(abcd)=ad−bc\text{det}\left(\begin{matrix} a & b \\ c

& d \end{matrix}\right) = ad - bc
 Cofactor Expansion for Determinants
 Inverse of a Matrix (using adjoint method): A−1=1det(A)adj(A)A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\
text{det}(A)} \text{adj}(A) where adj(A) is the adjoint of AA.
4. Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity
 A function f(x)f(x) is continuous at x=ax = a if: lim⁡x→af(x)=f(a)\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = f(a)
Differentiability
 A function f(x)f(x) is differentiable at x=ax = a if the derivative exists: f′

(x)=lim⁡h→0f(x+h)−f(x)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}
Standard Derivatives
 ddx(xn)=nxn−1\frac{d}{dx}(x^n) = n x^{n-1}
 ddx(sin⁡x)=cos⁡x\frac{d}{dx}(\sin x) = \cos x
 ddx(cos⁡x)=−sin⁡x\frac{d}{dx}(\cos x) = -\sin x
 ddx(tan⁡x)=sec⁡2x\frac{d}{dx}(\tan x) = \sec^2 x
5. Applications of Derivatives
Tangents and Normals
 Equation of tangent at x=ax = a to y=f(x)y = f(x) is: y−f(a)=f′(a)(x−a)y - f(a) = f'(a)(x - a)
Maxima and Minima
 First Derivative Test:

o If f′(x)>0f'(x) > 0 in an interval, f(x)f(x) is increasing.
o If f′(x)<0f'(x) < 0 in an interval, f(x)f(x) is decreasing.
 Second Derivative Test:
o If f′′(x)>0f''(x) > 0, the function has a local minima.
o If f′′(x)<0f''(x) < 0, the function has a local maxima.
6. Integrals
Indefinite Integrals
 ∫xn dx=xn+1n+1+C\int x^n \, dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C (for n≠−1n \neq -1)

 ∫sin⁡x dx=−cos⁡x+C\int \sin x \, dx = -\cos x + C
 ∫cos⁡x dx=sin⁡x+C\int \cos x \, dx = \sin x + C
Definite Integrals
 ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a), where F(x)F(x) is the antiderivative

of f(x)f(x).
7. Differential Equations
First Order Differential Equations
 Separable Form:
dydx=f(x)g(y)\frac{dy}{dx} = f(x)g(y)
Solve by separating variables and integrating both sides.
 Linear Differential Equation:
dydx+P(x)y=Q(x)\frac{dy}{dx} + P(x)y = Q(x)
Solution: y(x)=e−∫P(x) dx(∫Q(x)e∫P(x) dx dx+C)y(x) = e^{-\int P(x) \, dx} \left( \int Q(x)
e^{\int P(x) \, dx} \, dx + C \right)
8. Vectors
Vector Operations
 Dot Product:
A⋅B=∣A∣∣B∣cos⁡θ\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B} = |\mathbf{A}| |\mathbf{B}| \cos \theta
 Cross Product:
A×B=∣A∣∣B∣sin⁡θ n^\mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{B} = |\mathbf{A}| |\mathbf{B}| \sin \theta

\, \hat{n}
9. Three-Dimensional Geometry
Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios
 The direction cosines of a line with direction ratios (a,b,c)(a, b, c) are: cos⁡α=aa2+b2+c2,
cos⁡β=ba2+b2+c2, cos⁡γ=ca2+b2+c2\cos \alpha = \frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 + c^2}}, \, \cos
\beta = \frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 + c^2}}, \, \cos \gamma = \frac{c}{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 +
c^2}}
Equations of Lines and Planes
 Equation of Line:
x−x1a=y−y1b=z−z1c\frac{x - x_1}{a} = \frac{y - y_1}{b} = \frac{z - z_1}{c}
 Equation of Plane:
a(x−x1)+b(y−y1)+c(z−z1)=0a(x - x_1) + b(y - y_1) + c(z - z_1) = 0

10. Probability
Basic Probability Formulas
 Addition Rule: P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)

 Multiplication Rule: P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B∣A)P(A \cap B) = P(A)P(B | A)
 Binomial Distribution: P(X=k)=(nk)pk(1−p)n−kP(X = k) = \binom{n}{k} p^k (1 -

p)^{n-k}

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1.

Relations and Functions

o Reflexive Relation: (a, a) ∈R (a, a) \in R for every a∈Aa \in A.

o Symmetric Relation: If (a, b) ∈R (a, b) \in R, then (b, a) ∈R (b, a) \in R.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Standard Formulas)

sin⁡−1(x)=θ ⟹ sin⁡(θ)=x\sin^{-1}(x) = \theta \implies \sin(\theta) = x

tan⁡−1(x)=θ ⟹ tan⁡(θ)=x\tan^{-1}(x) = \theta \implies \tan(\theta) = x

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 sin⁡−1(x)+cos⁡−1(x)=π2\sin^{-1}(x) + \cos^{-1}(x) = \frac{\pi}{2}

 ddx[sin⁡−1(x)]=11−x2\frac{d}{dx}[\sin^{-1}(x)] = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}

 Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix: det(abcd)=ad−bc\text{det}\left(\begin{matrix} a & b \\ c

4. Continuity and Differentiability

 A function f(x)f(x) is continuous at x=ax = a if: lim⁡x→af(x)=f(a)\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = f(a)

 A function f(x)f(x) is differentiable at x=ax = a if the derivative exists: f′

 Equation of tangent at x=ax = a to y=f(x)y = f(x) is: y−f(a)=f′(a)(x−a)y - f(a) = f'(a)(x - a)

Maxima and Minima

 First Derivative Test:

 ∫xn dx=xn+1n+1+C\int x^n \, dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C (for n≠−1n \neq -1)

 ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a), where F(x)F(x) is the antiderivative

 Linear Differential Equation:

dydx+P(x)y=Q(x)\frac{dy}{dx} + P(x)y = Q(x)

A⋅B=∣A∣∣B∣cos⁡θ\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B} = |\mathbf{A}| |\mathbf{B}| \cos \theta

A×B=∣A∣∣B∣sin⁡θ n^\mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{B} = |\mathbf{A}| |\mathbf{B}| \sin \theta

Equations of Lines and Planes

x−x1a=y−y1b=z−z1c\frac{x - x_1}{a} = \frac{y - y_1}{b} = \frac{z - z_1}{c}

a(x−x1)+b(y−y1)+c(z−z1)=0a(x - x_1) + b(y - y_1) + c(z - z_1) = 0

 Addition Rule: P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)

 Binomial Distribution: P(X=k)=(nk)pk(1−p)n−kP(X = k) = \binom{n}{k} p^k (1 -

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