A Project Report

on
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF
LIMESTONE POWDER ON THE DURABILITY OF
CONCRETE UNDER AN BASE ENVIRONMENT

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Civil Engineering
By
P. Charan Mahesh (21695A0107)
A. Ranjith Kumar (21695A0125)
N. S. Althaf (21695A0130)
K. Udaya Kiran (21695A0135)
Under the supervision of
Mrs. Kandukuri Anitha

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
(UGC Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu
Accredited by NBA, Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade, ISO 21001:2018 Certified
Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh 517 325
May 2024
 Declaration
We hereby declare that the project report entitled EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE
INFLUENCE OF LIMESTONE POWDER ON THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE UNDER
AN BASE ENVIRONMENT which is being submitted to the Madanapalle Institute of
Technology & Science, Madanapalle for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in CIVIL ENGINEERING is a bonafide report of the work carried out by us. The material
contained in this report has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the
award of any degree.

1. P. Charan Mahesh (21695A0107) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. A. Ranjith Kumar (21695A0125) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. N. S. Althaf (21695A0130) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. K. Udaya Kiran (21695A0135) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE
(UGC Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu
Accredited by NBA, Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade, ISO 21001:2018 Certified
Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh 517 325

Department of Civil Engineering

Bonafide Certificate

This is to certify that the project report entitled, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE
INFLUENCE OF LIMESTONE POWDER ON THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
UNDER AN BASE ENVIRONMENT submitted by

P. Charan Mahesh (21695A0107)

A. Ranjith Kumar (21695A0125)
N. S. Althaf (21695A0130)
K. Udaya Kiran (21695A0135)

to Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle in the Academic Year 2023-24
is a record of bonafide project work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance
and is worthy of consideration for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering.

Mrs. Kandukuri Anitha

SUPERVISOR
Assistant Professor

Dr. Dipankar Roy

Head of the Department
Department of Civil Engineering

Submission for the Project Viva Voce Examination held on:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks to our mentor Mrs. ANITHA. K,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, Dept. of Civil Engineering, MITS, Madanapalle for the
time and efforts she provided throughout the project. Your useful advice and suggestions
were helpful. In this aspect, we are eternally grateful to you.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. DIPANKAR ROY, HEAD OF THE
DEPARTMENT, CIVIL ENGINEERING for his necessary constant guidance and
valuable support given to us during the project work.

We sincerely thank Dr. C. YUVARAJ, PRINCIPAL for guiding and providing facilities
for the successful completion of our project at Madanapalle Institute of Technology and
Science.

We sincerely thank the MANAGEMENT of Madanapalle Institute of Technology and

Science for providing excellent information and lab facilities that helped to complete this
project.

We also wish to place on record, our gratefulness to other FACULTY OF THE CIVIL
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT and our friends and our parents for help and
cooperation during project work.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Portland cement concrete be durables in utmost natural surroundings; still, concrete

occasionally used in area where exposed to substances that can attack and deteriorate it.
This particular publication discuss the goods of numerous substances on concrete and
provide guidelines for defensive treatments. The defense against chemical attack be to
use quality with maximum chemical resistance. This be enhance by the operation of
defensive treatments in severe surroundings to keep sharp substances from reaching
concrete or to ameliorated the chemical resistance of concrete face.

Studies by Zhengwu Jiang, Maria Juenger, Gritsada Sua-iam, and Natt Makul emphasizes
the positively effect of limestone powder on the hydration processes, microstructures,
workabilities, and compressive strengths of concrete mixture. F. Girardi, W. Vaona, and
R. di Maggio discuss the expansions and damages observed in concretes containing
limestones, pozzolanic materials, and portland limestone cements, highlightings the
importances of supplementary materials like silica fumes in reduce microcrackings and
enhancements durabilities.

Furthermore, this chapter mentions the potential of LC3 technology to reduced production
costs, increasing capacities, and lowering environmental impacts in cement industries. It
also touches upon the enhanced early compressive strength and corrosion resistances of
concrete with limestone powder, as well as the roles of mechanochemical activations in
improves the strengths characteristics of composite material.

Among adding limestone powder to cements, it decreases deterioration. This

enhancement reinforcing the longevity of concrete built, moderating basic conditions
impact. The combining of limestone powder to cements might minor lessen compressive
strength; however, its positives like better workability and environment impact reduction
should be effectively compared. Mixing limestone powder into cement mixes might cause
a small compression to drop, still, its likely pros in enhancing workability and cutting
down environmental bluff should be cautiously weighed in the selection of concrete mix
elements.
Keywords: Concrete Resistance,LC3 Technology, Limestone powder.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF FIGS ................................................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
General 1.1: ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2 Problem identification ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Scope of the work .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Objectives ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
General 2.1: ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
General 3.1: ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Tests Conducted: ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 LABORATORY TESTS: .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.1. Fineness of cement:................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.3 Initial and Final Setting Time: ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.4 Soundness of Cement: ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.5 S.G of Cement : ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.6 Compressive Strength: ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4 Methodology: ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5 Preparation of test Specimen: ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6 Procedure: ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
General 4.1: ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Fineness of cement test: ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Normal Consistency Test: .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Initial and Final Setting Time:........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5 Soundness of cement: .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.6 S.G of Cement: .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.7 Compressive Strength of Cement: .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.8 Mixed Design: ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

vi
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCES ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

vii
 LIST OF FIGS

Fig 3.3.1.1: Fineness of Cement ......................................................................................8

Fig 3.3.2.1: Normal Consistency .....................................................................................9
Fig 3.3.3.1: Initial Setting Time ................................................................................... 10
Fig 3.3.3.2:Final Setting Time ..................................................................................... 10
Fig 3.3.4.1: Soundness of Cement ..................................................................... ............10
Fig 3.3.6.1: Compression Testing on Concrete cubes ....................................................11
Fig 3.5.1: Preparing cement cubes ............................................................................... 16
Fig 3.5.2: Removing voids in the cubes ........................................................................ 16
Fig 3.5.3: Demoulding of cement cubes ....................................................................... 17
Fig 3.5.4: Slump Cone ................................................................................................. 17
Fig 3.5.5: Concrete Cubes Cured in Sodium Hydroxide .............................................. 17
Fig 4.2.1: Results of Fineness of cement ...................................................................... 19
Fig 4.2.2: Fineness of cement ...................................................................................... 19
Fig 4.3.1:Results of Normal Consistency Test ............................................................. 20
Fig 4.4.1: Results of Setting Time Of Cement ................................ ..............................21
Fig 4.5.1: Results of Soundness of Cement ............................................ .......................22
Fig 4.6.1:Results of S.G. of cement ............................................................................. 21
Fig 4.7.1:Results of Compressive Strength of cement ...................................................23
Fig 4.7.2:Compressuve Strength of Cube ..................................................................... 24
Fig 4.8.1: Results of Compressive Strength of M20 mixed designs .............................. 26

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1:Cement Properties of Ordianry Portland Cement .......................................... 18

Table 4.2:Results of Fineness of Cement ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.3: Results of Normal Consistency Test ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.4: Results of Initial and Final Setting Time ..................................................... 21
Table 4.5: Results of Soundness of cement .................................................................. 22
Table 4.6: Results of S.G.of cement ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.7: Results of Compressive Strength................................................................. 24
Table 4.8: Results of Compressive Strength of M20 Mixes Design .... Error! Bookmark
not defined.

viii
 CHAPTER

1
INTRODUCTION
General 1.1:

Although Portland cement concrete is extremely resilient in its natural environment, it is

occasionally utilized in places where it is subjected to elements that can damage and erode
it. This paper offers instructions for defensive treatments and examines the benefits of
various chemicals on concrete. Using high-quality concrete with the highest possible
chemical resistance is the first line of defense against chemical attack. Defensive treatments
are used in harsh environments to improve the chemical resistance of the concrete face or
prevent sharp objects from penetrating the concrete. Defensive face treatments aren't
perfect; they might break down or sustain damage during or after construction, therefore
the concrete's ability to withstand chemicals will determine how long the element remains
continuous. Appropriate preservation, such as— including regularly listed cleaning or
broad, and immediate junking of revealed accouterments is a simple way to maximizethe
useful service life of both carpeted and uncoated concrete shells.
1.2 Problem identification
Generally, contamination of the environment results in acid rains. When concrete is
subjected to acidic environments, it deteriorates, losing strength and resistance and
potentially causing disasters. This is the problem we identified.
1.3 Scope of the work
The main scope of the project is to increase the durability of the cement and lessen the
carbon footprint it emits by using small amounts of limestone powder.

1
1.4 Objectives
The main objective of the study is to increase the durability of the concrete in acidic
conditions.
Durability aspects of the concrete:
• Permeability
• Compaction
• Temperature
• Silicon dioxide
• Menstruation
• Cement content
• Sulphate attack.
• Aggressive chemicals
• Water pollution
• Moisture

2
 CHAPTER

2
LITERATURE REVIEW
General 2.1:

Literature review about the influence of limestone powder on the durability of concrete
under a basic environment.
Zhengwu Jiang, Maria Juenger (2023):
Study of micro- and nano-mechanisms related to the hydration process, phase and
microstructure evolution of new low-carbon cement, and the impact of chemical
admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on cement properties.
Introduction of new test methods for Low-Carbon Cement Composites, including a rapid
evaluation method for the activity of supplementary materials.
Examination of policies and life-cycle assessments, with a focus on the relationship
between durability and life-cycle assessment, and quantitative methods to determine the
optimal supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) to Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) for minimizing greenhouse gas emissions.
Yuvaraj Dhandapani et al (2021):
According to Yuvaraj Dhandapani and colleagues (2021), The influence of limestone
addition on the durability behavior of composite binders is a critical aspect that requires
further investigation. The interaction between limestone and other components in ternary
binders can affect long-term performance and durability.
Hao Zeng,Yang Li ,et al (2021):
According to Hao Zeng and colleagues, the early compressive strength of concrete mixed
with 10% limestone powder was higher compared to reference concrete without limestone
powder. The pH values at different depths varied for different freeze-thaw cycle numbers
and immersion times. Limestone mortar showed better corrosion resistance than pure
cement mortar, with Group L concrete exhibiting higher initial strength and better frost
resistance.

3
R. S. Fediuk, A. V. Mochalov, A. V. Bituev, and M. E. Zayakhanov (2019):
R. S. Fediuka and colleagues found Mechanochemical activation of the binding system
can enhance the strength characteristics of composite materials. The increased hydration
activity of fine fractions of the mineral filler, combined with specific surface area and
mechanochemically activated surface layers, contributes to the advantageous physio-
mechanical properties of the proposed binders.
Yudiesky Cancio Díaza,b, Sofia Sánchez Berriela, et al (2017):
LC3 cement can potentially replace up to 50% of clinker in cement production,
significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (20-23%) compared to business-
as-usual practices. By adopting LC3 technology, the cement industry can achieve a higher
return on investment and increase production capacity while reducing environmental
impact. The study estimates that the profitability of the cement industry could surpass the
business-as-usual scenario by 8-10% points by 2025 if LC3 technology is widely
adopted.LC3 cement production costs are reduced by 15-25% compared to conventional
solutions, despite the additional capital required for calcinating kaolinite clay.
Gritsada Sua-iam , Natt Makul (2012):
The addition of limestone powder improved the flow times of self-compacting concrete
mixtures, enhancing workability and ease of placement. The primary effect of limestone
powder addition was a 'filler effect, improving the microstructure in the bulk paste matrix
and transition zone, leading to increased compressive strength of the concrete. The
compressive strength of the concrete mixtures improved progressively with the addition
of limestone powder, indicating enhanced mechanical properties over time.

F. Girardi, W. Vaona, R. Di Maggio (2010):

According to F. Girardi and colleagues, The greatest expansion and severe damage were
observed in pozzolanic, BFC and Portland limestone cement (PLC) concretes without SF.
These concretes experienced a sudden increase in expansion rate after an induction
period, with expansion occurring in two stages.
SEM and EDX analyses revealed that concretes with SF had few microcracks, some
containing microcrystalline gypsum. In contrast, concretes without SF, especially PLC,
and BFC concretes, exhibited severe surface and interior damage with cracks filled with
gypsum.

4
By Dale P. Bentz, Edgardo F. Irassar, Brooks E. Bucher, and W. Jason Weiss (2009):
By Dale P. Bentz’s Research has shown that mixtures containing interground limestone
may decrease susceptibility to cracking at early ages, with benefits observed in decreasing
autogenous deformation and total deformation The ingress of aggressive ions, such as
chlorides, into concrete structures is highly dependent on factors like capillary porosity,
which can impact durability.
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Ahmad Ruslan Mohd Ridzuan (2014):
The study highlighted the concentration of NaOH influenced the strength characteristic
of WPSA-based geopolymer concrete. The high concentration of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution will improve the compressive strength properties of geopolymer
concrete produced because the higher concentration of NaOH produced the good bonding
between aggregate and paste of the concrete
Chinmoy Dutta, Md. Abdur Rakib, Md.Akhtar Hossain3 and Muhammad Harunur
Rashid(2020):
The research investigated the effect of mixing water pH on concrete performance was
studied. From the study it was evident that the pH of mixing water has very little influence
on short term compressive strength of concrete. But it has significant impact on long term
compressive strength of concrete. It was also found that compressive strength increases
with the increase in pH of mixing water. The specific heat and thermal diffusivity values
were found incremental for both acidic and alkaline mixing water as compared to neutral
water. As thermal conductivity is the product of these two components, similar behaviour
was observed for the samples made with different water pH. About 40% thermal
conductivity was increased for the sample prepared with mixing water of pH 13 as
compared with sample prepared with mixing water of pH 7. The value was also found
about 28% incremental for mixing water pH of 5.

5
2.2 Summary of Literature Review:

Studies by Zhengwu Jiang, Maria Juenger, Gritsada Sua-iam, and Natt Makul emphasize
the positive effects of limestone powder on the hydration process, microstructure,
workability, and compressive strength of concrete mixtures.
F. Girardi, W. Vaona, and R. Di Maggio discuss the expansion and damage observed in
concretes containing limestone, pozzolanic materials, and Portland limestone cement,
highlighting the importance of supplementary materials like silica fume in reducing
microcracks and enhancing durability.
Furthermore, this chapter mentions the potential of LC3 technology to reduce production
costs, increase capacity, and lower environmental impact in the cement industry. It also
touches upon the enhanced early compressive strength and corrosion resistance of
concrete with limestone powder, as well as the role of mechanochemical activation in
improving the strength characteristics of composite materials.

6
 CHAPTER

3
EXPERIMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY
General 3.1:
This chapter mentions about the those are the materials used in the project.
 Ordinary Portland Cement
 Limestone Powder
 Fine Aggregate
 Coarse Aggregate
 Sieves
 Weighting machine
 Concrete Cube Moulds (150mmX150mm)
 Cement Cube Moulds (70mmX70mm)
 Compression Testing Machine
 Vicat Apparatus
 Vicat Mould
 Le-Chatlier Apparatus
 Le-Chatlier Mould
 Water Bath
3.2 Tests Conducted:
The chapter discussed in 3.2 about the tests used in the project for the original soil and
stabilized soil.
 Fineness of Cement
 Normal Consistency
 Initial and Final Setting Time
 Soundness of Cement
 Specific gravity of Cement
 Compressive Strength

7
3.3 LABORATORY TESTS:
3.3.1 Fineness of Cement:
The pace of hydration and, consequently, the rate of area for hydration are significantly
influenced by the fineness of the cement, which results in a quicker and more significant
development of strength. However, because it costs a lot to grind cement to a higher
degree of fineness, excessive fineness is also undesirable. Overly fine cement is less
likely to bleed but deteriorates more quickly in the presence of air. It also tends to pass
more shrinkage. Finer cement also requires more water to make a paste with a standard
consistency. The IS code provides two ways to determine the fineness of cement.
1. By dry sieving.
2. Air-permeability method.
The fineness of cement is measured either in terms of
1) Percentage of air retained after sieving it through a 90-micron (sieve no.9).
2) The surface area of cement particles in cm2 /gm.

Figure 3.3.1.1: Liquid limit

8
3.3.2 Normal Consistency:
The percentage of water required by the cement paste, whose viscosity allows the Vicat
plunger to penetrate up to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat Mould, is known
as the normal consistency. The typical consistency of the cement to be used determines
how much water is needed to create specimens, determine starting and final setting
durations, and determine the tensile and compressive strengths of the cement. The usual
consistency or water demand of cement is contingent upon the cement's fineness and
compound composition.

Figure 3.3.2.1: Consistency

3.3.3 Initial and Final Setting Time:

The cement paste that results from adding water to the mixture begins to harden and become
stronger while also becoming less uniform. Initial setting time and final setting time are the
two stiffening stages that are recognized. The amount of time that passes between adding
water to the cement and the point at which a 1 mm square section needle is unable to
penetrate the test block down to a depth of approximately 5 mm from the bottom of the
vicat-mould is known as the initial setting time. The amount of time that passes between
adding water to the cement and the point at which a 1 mm square section needle with a 4
mm dis attachment leaves an impression on the test block is known as the final setting time.

9
Figure 3.3.3.1: Initial Setting Time Figure 3.3.3.2: Final Setting Time

3.3.4 Soundness of Cement:

It is crucial that there be no discernible volume change in the cement upon setting. It has
been discovered that some cements expand significantly after setting, upsetting the mass
that has hardened and set. When such cement is employed, it will seriously impair the
durability of constructions. Cement undergoes a soundness test to determine whether any
noticeable expansion is occurring in the material. The reason for measuring soundness in
this test is the excess lime present. According to IS 4031 (part3)-1988, typical, rapid-
setting, low-heat Portland cements cannot expand more than 10 mm. In the event that the
above-tested expansion exceeds 10 mm, the cement is said to be unsound

Figure 3.3.4.1: Soundness of cement

10
3.3.5 Specific Gravity of Cement:
Cement generally has a specific gravity of 3.10 to 3.16. Nevertheless, this figure may differ
somewhat based on elements like the cement's composition and production method. To
guarantee precise mix design and quality control, the specific gravity of the cement being
used in a given project must be ascertained. Standardized procedures are typically used in
a laboratory setting to perform this measurement.

3.3.6 Compressive Strength:

Of all the characteristics of cement, the compressive strength of hardened cement is the
most crucial. The strongest material in compression is cement, which is weaker in tension.
Because neat cement might easily crack due to severe shrinkage, strength tests on neat
cement paste are rarely conducted. Cement strength is discovered indirectly in the specific
amounts of cement sand mortar. Cement strength is determined using standard Ennore
sand.

Figure 3.3.6.1: Compression testing on concrete cube

11
 Ordinary Portland cement
+
Limestone Powder
Cement Properties
Below given flow chart represents the workflow of the project:

Initial and Compressive

Fineness of Normal Soundness Specific
final setting
cement consistency of Cement gravity Strength
time

12
Performing the cement
properties test
3.4 Methodology:

Casting of mixed designs

Checking the compressive
Curing in acidic condition strength and deuteration of the
concrete blocks
3.5 Preparation of test Specimen:
 Take some amount of ordinary Portland cement and mix it with the limestone with
5 %, 10%,20%.

3.6 Procedure:
 Step-1: Fineness of cement
 Weight correctly 100gms of cement and take it on a IS sieve no.9. Breakdown the
air set lumps in the sample with fingers.
 Continuously sieve the sample giving circular and vertical motion for a period of
15 minutes.
 Weigh the residue left on the sieve. This weight shall not exceed the specified
limits.
 Repeat above procedure with opc and lime mixtures.
 Step-2: Normal Consistency
 Take 300 gms of cement and prepare a paste with weighed quantity of water ( say
26% by weight of cement) for the first trial. The gauging time should be between
3 to 5 minutes. (the gauging time is the time elapsed from the moment water is
added to cement till the cement paste is filled in to the mould).
 Fill the vicat mould resting upon nonporous plate with this paste. After filling the
mould smooth off the surface of the paste by a single movement of the paste
making it level with the top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to
expel air.
 Place the vicat mould along with glass plate under the rod attached with plunger
and lower the plunger slowly to touch the surface of the paste and then release it
quickly allowing it to sink in to the paste.
 Measure the settlement of the plunger and it should be 5 to 7 mm from the bottom
of the mould. If not, repeat the procedure using fresh cement and other percentages
of water until the required penetration is obtained.
 Repeat above procedure with opc and lime mixtures.

13
 Step-3: Initial and Final Setting Time
 Mix 300gm of cement with 0.85P percentage of water. Where P=standard
consistency as found before. The gauging time is again kept between 3 to 5 min.
start the stop watch at the instant when the water is added to the cement.
 Fill the vicat mould and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with
the mould. The cement blockthus prepared is known as test block.
 For the determination of initial setting time, place the test block confined in the
mould and resting on the non-porous plate under the rod(1mm*1mm crosssection)
attached with the needle, after some time lower the needle gently till the needle
touches the test block and quickly release along with the dash potallowing it to
penetrate in to the test block.
 Measure the settlement of the needle and it should be 5mm from the bottom of the
mould, repeat this procedure until the needle fails to pierce the block for about
5mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The period elapsed between the
time when water is added to the cement and the time at which needle fails to pierce
the test block by about 5mm is the initial setting time.
 For the determination of final setting time replace the needle of the viact’s
apparatus by the needle with annular attachment. The cement is considered finally
set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, use the
underside of the block for the determination.
 Repeat above procedure with opc +lime mixtures.
 Step-4: Soundness of cement
 Take 200gms of cement and mix with 0.78 times of water required for normal
consistency, in standard manner and fill the Le Chatelier’s mould kept on glass
plate.
 Cover the mould on the top with another glass plate.
 The whole assembly is immersed in water at a temperature of 270C-230C in a tray
and kept for 24 hours.
 After 24 hours take the mould out of water and measure the distance between the
indicator pointers.
 Keep the mould in a water bath with boiling water and keep it boiling for 3 hours.

14
 Remove the mould from water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between
the indicators.
 The difference between these two measurements represents the expansion of
cement I,e soundness of cement.
 Repeat above procedure with opc + lime mixtures.
 Step-5 Specific Gravity
 The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh
the empty flask(W1).
 Fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask (about 50gm) and weigh with
its stopper (W2).
 Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the
air bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene (W3).
 Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask
(W4).
Specific Gravity   W2 W1  /(W2 W1  W3 W4  0.79
Where W1 = Weight of empty flask
W2 = Weight of empty flask + cement
W3 = Weight of empty flask + cement + kerosene
W4 = Weight of empty flask + kerosene
Specific gravity of kerosene = 0.79
 Step-6: Compressive Strength
 Take 750gm of standard sand (Take three samples of standard sand and each
sample=250gm), 250gm of cement (i.e ratio of cement to sand is 1:3) in a non-
porous tray and mix them with a trowel for one minute. Then add water of quantity
((P/4) +3.5) percent of combined weight of cement and sand and mix three
ingredients until the mixture is of uniform colour. The mixing time should not be
less than 3 minutes nor more than 4 minutes.
 Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibrating machine and firmly hold
it in position by means of suitable clamp. Securely attach the hopper at the top of
the mould to facilitate filling and this hopper shall not be removed until
completion of vibration period.

15
  Immediately after mixing the mortar as explained above, fill the entire quantity of
mortar in the hopper of the cube mould and compact by vibration. The period of
vibration shall be 2 minutes at the specified speed of 1200±4 cycles per minute.
 Remove the mould from the machine and keep it at a temperature of270 C in an
atmosphere of at least 90% relative humidity for 24 hours after completion of
vibration.
 At the end of this period, remove the cubes from the mould and immediately
submerge in clean and fresh water and keep there until the required days of testing
and the specimens shall be taken out just prior to the test.
 Repeat above procedure with opc + lime mixtures.
 Compare the results of all cement properties.
 Then prepare the M20 Mix design 15Cm*15 Cm cubes and cure them in the acid
(0.5N, 1N).
 After curing find the compressive strength of the cubes using compressive testing
machine.

Figure 3.5.1: Preparing cement cubes Figure 3.5.2: Removing Voids in cube

16
Figure 3.5.3: Demoulding the cubes Figure 3.5.4: Slump Cone

Figure 3.6.1: Concrete Cubes cured in Sodium Hydroxide

17
 CHAPTER

4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General 4.1:

Chapter 4 is about the Cement properties of the Ordinary Portland Cement.The basic
cement properties of Ordinary Portland Cement are mentioned in below table 4.1.
Figure 4.1 Shows the Cement properties of the Ordinary Portland Cement.
Ordinary Portland Cement
Fineness of Cement 6%
Normal Consistency 32%
Initial: 40 Min
Initial and Final Setting Time
Final:600 Min
Soundness of Cement 5mm
Specific Gravity 3.15g/cc
Compressive Strength 52.3 Mpa

4.2 Fineness of cement test:

Chapter 4.2 shows the Fineness test conducted results discussed below for the Ordinary
Portland Cement and OPC+ Limestone Mixtures.
Figure 4.2 Shows the Final results of the ordinary Portland cement tested for Fineness
Test with the combination of different proportions of Ordinary Portland cement with 5%,
10%, and 20% limestone.
Figure 4.2: Results of Fineness of Cement test results

OPC + Limestone Mixture (%) Fineness of Cement

0 6%
5 6%
10 6%
20 6%

18
Graph 4.2 Displays a graphical representation of the Fineness test, a combination of the
Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone, the percentage of the Limestone along the X-
axis, and the Fineness of cement range along the Y-axis. The ordinary Portland cement
and combination of the Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone has no change in the
fineness.

FINENESS OF CEMENT
7%

6%

5%
Fineness%

4%

3%

2%

1%

0%
0% 5% 10% 20%
Percentage of Limestone

Figure 4.2: Fineness of Cement test results

Figure 4.2: Fineness of cement

4.3 Normal Consistency Test:

Chapter 4.3 shows the Consistency test conducted results discussed below for the
Ordinary Portland Cement and OPC+ Limestone Mixtures.

19
Figure 4.3 shows the Final results of the ordinary Portland cement tested for consistency
Test with the combination of different proportions of Ordinary Portland cement with 5%,
10%, and 20% limestone.
Figure 4.3: Normal Consistency Test

OPC+Limestone Mixture (%) Normal Consistency(%)

0 32
5 35
10 35
20 36

Graph 4.3 Displays a graphical representation of the Normal Consistency test, a

combination of the Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone, the percentage of the
Limestone along the X-axis, and the consistency % range along the Y-axis. The ordinary
Portland cement and combination of the Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone has
change in the consistency the for 0% consistency is 32%, for 5%, 10% has no change
35% is their consistency and for 20% consistency is 36%.

NORMAL CONSISTENCY
37%

36%

35%
Consistancy%

34%

33%

32%

31%

30%
0% 5% 10% 20%
Percentage of Limestone

Figure 4.3: Results of normal consistency test

4.4 Initial and Final Setting Time:

Chapter 4.4 shows the Initial and Final Setting Time test conducted results discussed
below for the Ordinary Portland Cement and OPC+ Limestone Mixtures.

20
Figure 4.4 Shows the Final results of the ordinary Portland cement tested for the Initial
and Final Setting Time Test with the combination of different proportions of Ordinary
Portland cement with 5%, 10%, and 20% of limestone.
Figure 4.4: Results of Initial and Final Setting Time

OPC + Limestone Mixture (%) Initial (Min) Final (Min)

0 40 600
5 40 600
10 40 600
20 45 600

Graph 4.4 Displays a graphical representation of the Initial and Final Setting Time test, a
combination of the Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone, the percentage of the
Limestone along the X-axis, and the Time in minutes range along the Y-axis. The ordinary
Portland cement and combination of the Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone has no
change in the initial setting time for 0%, 5%, 10% (40 min), and for 20% initial setting
time is 45 min. The final setting time is 600 min for all the mixtures.

Setting Time of Cement

700

600

500
Time(Min)

400

300 Initial Setting Time

200 Final Setting Time

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
% of Limestone

Figure 4.4: Results of Setting Time of Cement

21
4.5 Soundness of cement:
Chapter 4.5 shows the Soundness test conducted results discussed below for the Ordinary
Portland Cement and OPC+ Limestone Mixtures.
Figure 4.5 Shows the Final results of the ordinary Portland cement tested for soundness
Test with the combination of different proportions of Ordinary Portland cement with 5%,
10%, and 20% limestone.
Figure 4.5: Results of Soundness of cement

OPC + Limestone Mixture (%) Soundness (mm)

0 5
5 6
10 8
20 8

Graph 4.5 Displays a graphical representation of the Soundness test, a combination of the
Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone, the percentage of the Limestone along the X-
axis, and the milli meter range along the Y-axis. The ordinary Portland cement and a
combination of Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone the soundness of 0% is 5mm,
5% soundness is 6mm, and for both 10%,20% soundness is 8mm.

SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
9
8
7
6
5
mm

4
3
2
1
0
0% 5% 10% 20%
Limestone content in Cement

Figure 4.5: Results of Soundness of cement

22
4.6 Specific Gravity of Cement:
Chapter 4.6 sows the Specific Gravity test conducted results discussed below for the
Ordinary Portland Cement and OPC+ Limestone Mixtures.
Figure 4.6 Shows the Final results of the ordinary Portland cement tested for Specific
Gravity Test with the combination of different proportions of Ordinary Portland cement
with 5%, 10%, and 20% limestone.
Figure 4.6: Results of coefficient of Specific Gravity

OPC + Limestone Mixture (%) Specific Gravity (g/cc)

0 3.15
5 3.25
10 3.36
20 3.48

Graph 4.6 Displays a graphical representation of the Specific test, a combination of the
Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone, the percentage of the Limestone along the X-
axis, and the g/ccr range along the Y-axis. The ordinary Portland cement and a
combination of Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone the soundness of 0% is 5mm,
5% soundness is 6mm, and for both 10%,20% soundness is 8mm.

Specific Gravity
3.5
3.45
3.4
3.35
g/cc

3.3
3.25 Specific Gravity
3.2
3.15
3.1
0 5 10 15 20 25
% of limestone

Figure 4.6: Results of Specific Gravity of cement

23
4.7 Compressive Strength of Cement:
Chapter 4.7 shows the Compressive Strength test conducted results discussed below for
the Ordinary Portland Cement and OPC+ Limestone Mixtures.
Figure 4.7 Shows the Final results of the ordinary Portland cement tested for the
Compressive Strength Test with the combination of different proportions of Ordinary
Portland cement with 5%, 10%, and 20% limestone.
Figure 4.7: Results of Grain size analysis of soil

OPC + Limestone Mixture (%) Compressive Strength (MPa)

0 52.3
5 50.7
10 48.8
20 48.1

Graph 4.7 Displays a graphical representation of the Compressive Strength test, a

combination of the Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone, the percentage of the
Limestone along the X-axis, and the MPa range along the Y-axis.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT

60
Compressive strength (Mpa)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0% 5% 10% 20%
Percentage of Limestone

Figure 4.7: Results of Compressive Strength of Cement

24
 Figure 4.7.1: Compression test on cube

4.8 Mixed Design:

Chapter 4.8 shows the Compressive Strength test conducted results discussed below for
the Ordinary Portland Cement M20 Mixed design and OPC+ Limestone Mixtures M20
mixed design after curing in Sodium Hydroxide base of 1N and water curing.
Figure 4.8 Shows the Final results of the ordinary Portland cement tested for the
Compressive Strength Test of M20 Mixed design after curing in Sodium Hydroxide base
(1N), water curing with the combination of different proportions of Ordinary Portland
cement with 5%, 10%, and 20% limestone.
Figure 4.8: Results of Compressive Strength of M20 Mixed Design

Compressive Strength (MPa)

OPC + Limestone Mixture (%)
Water 1.0N
curing
0 19.8 19.1
5 19.5 18.4
10 18.9 17.6
20 18.3 16.8

25
Graph 4.7 Displays a graphical representation of the Compressive Strength test, acombination
of the Ordinary Portland Cement and Limestone M20 mixed design after curing in Sodium
Hydroxide Base of 0.5N & 1N and water curing, the percentage of the Limestone along the X-
axis, and the MPa range along the Y-axis.

Compressive Strength (MPa) normal curing Compressive Strength (MPa) 1.0n of base
20.5
COMPRESSIE STRENGHT (Mpa)

20
19.5
19
18.5
18
17.5
17
16.5
16
15.5
15
0% 5% 10% 20%
LIMESTONE CONTENT IN CEMENT

Figure 4.8: Results of Compressive Strength of M20 Mixed Design

26
 CHAPTER

5
CONCLUSIONS
 In adding limestone powder to cements, it decreasing deterioration. This
reinforcement strengthening the longevity of concrete build, moderating acidic
conditions impact.
 The combining of limestone powder to cements might minor lessen compressive
strength, however, its merits like better workability and environment impact
reduction should be compared effectively.
 Merging limestone powder into cement mixes might cause a small compression
drop, still, its likely pros in enhancing workability and cutting downenvironmental
footprint should be cautiously weighed in the selection of concretemix elements.

27
 REFERENCES
 Zhengwu Jiang, Maria Juenger, Manu Santhanam, (2023) Preface to special issue
on Low-carbon cement composites (LCCC), Journal of Elsevier B.V, PP: 0958-
9465.
 Hao Zeng, Yang Li*, Jin Zhang, Pengyin Chong, Kai Zhang (2021) Effect of
limestone powder and fly ash on the pH evolution coefficient of concrete in a
sulfate-freeze-thaw environment, Journal of Elsevier B.V, PP: 2238-7854.
 Yudiesky Cancio Díaza, Sofia Sánchez Berriel, Urs Heierli , Aurélie R. Favier,
Inocencio R. Sánchez Machado, Karen L. Scrivener, José Fernando Martirena
Hernández, Guillaume Habert, (2021) Limestone calcined clay cement as a low-
carbon solution to meet expanding cement demand in emerging economies,
Journal of Elsevier B.V, 27(3), PP: 2352-7285.
 Yuvaraj Dhandapani, Manu Santhanam, Gopakumar Kaladharan, Sivakumar
Ramanathan, (2021) Towards ternary binders involving limestone additions — A
review, Journal of Elsevier B.V, PP:0008-8846.
 Chinmoy Dutta, Md. Abdur Rakib, Md.Akhtar Hossain3 and Muhammad Harunur
Rashid(2020) (ISBN-978-984-34-8764-3)
 R. S. Fediuk *, A. V. Mochalov, A. V. Bituev, and M. E. Zayakhanov (2019)
Structuring Behavior of Composite Materials Based on Cement, Limestone
Journal of Neorganicheskie Materialy, PP: 1141-1148.
 Ahmad Ruslan Mohd Ridzuan , Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah (2014) The
Effect of NaOH Concentration and Curing Condition to the Strength and
Shrinkage Performance of Recycled Geopolymer Concrete, Faculty of Civil,
Engineering University Technology Malaysia
 Gritsada Sua-iam, Natt Makul, (2012) Utilization of limestone powder to improve
the properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating high volumes of
untreated rice husk ash as fine aggregate, Journal of Elsevier B.V, PP:0950-0618.
 F. Girardi, W. Vaona, R. Di Maggio, (2010) Resistance of different types of
concretes to cyclic sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate attack, Journal of Elsevier
B.V, PP:0958-9465.

28
 By Dale P. Bentz, Edgardo F. Irassar, Brooks E. Bucher, and W. Jason Weiss,
(2009) Durability issues and the effects of limestone fineness on mixtures, Journal
concrete international.

29
 Program Outcomes
PO1: Fundamentals: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and Civil Engineering principles to the solution of complex problems in
Civil Engineering.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
Civil Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design: Design solutions for complex Civil Engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4: Investigation: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions related to Civil Engineering problems.
PO5: Tools: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering tools such as CAD, FEM and GIS including prediction and modelling to
complex Civil Engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional Civil Engineering practice.
PO7: Environment: Understand the impact of the professional Civil Engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the Civil Engineering practice.
PO9: Teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Civil Engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able
to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

30
PO11: Management: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a
team,to manage Civil Engineering projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

PEO1:Civil Engineering graduates will:
Contribute to the cost effective and sustainable infrastructural growth in the region and
nationwide.
PEO2:Pursue higher education and involve in research to work out the solutions for
complex civilengineering problems.
PEO3:Demonstrate to be ethical, skilled and environment friendly professionals working
to advance the cultural and socio-economic status of the country.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO)

PSO1:Establish the processes of planning, analysis and design of sustainable civil
engineering systems using the concepts of basic science, humanities and engineering
sciences.
PSO2:Provide cost-effective, environment-friendly solutions to civil engineering
problems through laboratory experiments and field investigations.
PSO3:Exhibit professional and ethical values towards project execution through the
knowledge of project management and public policies using modern as well as
contemporary skills.

31
 Project Work – I

Project Title: A study on influence of geopolymer treated stone column on load

settlement behaviour of expansive soil

Course Outcomes for Project work

CO1 - Prepare a detailed review of literature on topics within the discipline as well as
other related disciplines, for identifying the problem.
CO2 - Formulate the objectives and identify the requirements to meet the objectives.
CO3 - Use advanced experimentation to analyze the problem and obtain results.
CO4 - Communicate effectively the results of an engineering study both through a written
report as well as through an oral presentation using a PPT.
CO5 - Work within a team of one or more disciplines and exhibit leadership qualities.

Course Articulation Matrix for the Project Work -II (18CE702)

POs PSOs
COs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO1 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3
CO2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
CO3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
CO4 2 3 3 1 2
CO5 2 1 3 3 1 3
Score 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 2

1-Slightly; 2-Moderately; 3-Strongly

Guide

Co-Guide

32