STAT 101 FUNDAMENTALS OF STATISTICS
STAT 101 FUNDAMENTALS OF STATISTICS
STAT 101 FUNDAMENTALS OF STATISTICS
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Recall type
2. Dichotomous type
3. Guided-response type
4. Multiple-response type
5. Free-response type
MULTIPLE-RESPONSE TYPE
- The respondents are allowed to choose more than one response.
1. INTERVIEW METHOD
This is a method of gathering information where there is an oral communication
between the researcher and the respondents.
It may be direct or indirect
This method will give us precise and consistent information because clarifications
can be made.
This method may be time consuming, expensive and has limited field coverage.
2. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
This is a method where written answers are given to set of prepared items or
questions called questionnaire.
This method requires less time and is inexpensive
There is a probability of low response rate or non-response.
3. REGISTRATION METHOD
Consists purely of perusal of existing records of an agency or person
Data are readily available.
The advantage of this method is that information is kept systematized and made
available to all because of the requirement of the law.
4. OBSERVATION METHOD
This is a method used which observes the behaviour of individuals or organizations in
the study.
In certain situations, the person collecting the data may act as a participant observer
to get a first-hand experience of the event he/she is studying.
5. EXPERIMENTATION METHOD
This method is used when the objective of the study is to determine the cause and
effect of certain phenomena or event.
It involves setting up an experiment by employing the three basic principles of
experimental design, namely randomization, replication and error control in order to
obtain relevant and objective information from the experiment.
Requires the use of devices and equipment
SAMPLING METHODS
SAMPLING is the process of selecting units, like people, organizations, or objects from a
population of interest in order to study and fairly generalize the results back to the population
from which the sample was chosen.
SAMPLE SIZE- One way of getting the number of samples or “sample size” is by using the
SLOVIN’s Formula.
𝑁
𝑛 = 1+𝑁𝑒2 where: n is the sample size N is the population size e is the margin of error.
The “margin of error” is a common summary of sampling error which quantifies uncertainty
about the results.
ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING
1. Reduced Cost
2. Greater Speed
3. Reduced Effort
4. Greater Accuracy
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- A Probability Sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of
random selection.
- Samples are chosen in such a way that each member of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
- It is the most used because the selection of participants is determined by chance.
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
- Systematic Sampling with a random start is a method of selecting a sample by
taking every kth element of a series representing the population.
- A complete listing is required in this method.
- It is used when the population is very large and of no known characteristics.
𝑁
𝑘= (u can random start)
𝑛
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING
- It is sometimes referred to as an area sample because it is frequently applied on a
geographical basis. On this basis, districts or blocks of a municipality or city are
selected. These districts or blocks constitute the clusters.
5. MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING
- This technique uses several stages or phases in getting the sample from the general
population.
- Multi-stage sampling is useful in conducting nationwide surveys or any-survey
involving a large universe.
B. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In non – probability sampling, the probability of selecting a single individual is not
known. Because of this, you must assume that potential members of the sample do
not have an equal and independent chance of being selected.
It can be useful for certain studies, but it only provides only a weak basis for
generalization.
1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
- This is one of the most common methods of sampling which is primarily based on
the convenience of the researcher. It involves using what is immediately available.
- It is also known as Incidental Sampling.
2. QUOTA SAMPLING
- This method selects people with the characteristics the researcher wants but does
not randomly select from the population a subset of the elements as would occur in
proportional stratified sampling.
- It is used regularly by reporters interviewing on the streets as an attempt to balance
the sample interviewed by selecting responses from equal numbers of different
responses.
3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
- The researcher selects what he/she thinks is a “typical” sample.
- It is a technique usually based on certain criteria set by the researcher. This is
particularly important in the making decisions in case of incomplete observations.
4. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
- This method is where the researcher contacts a small number of members of the
target population and gets them to introduce you to others.