Writing Methodology

WRITING
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Practical Research 2
CONTENTS
Quantitative Research Design
Research Locale
Population and Sampling
Research Ethics
Instrumentation in
Quantitative Research
Decision tree
in selecting a
quantitative
research
design
CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
BECAUSE OF THE INTERPLAY OF RESEARCH PURPOSE AND TIME DIMENSION, THERE ARE
NINE TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
SAMPLING NI QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Sampling is the process of obtaining the
participants of a study from a larger pool
of potential participants termed as the
population.
One of the characteristics of quantitative
research is using representative samples. This is
essential so that the findings or results of the
study can be generalized and that conclusions
can be consider valid.
There are two ways of generating samples in

quantitative study:
Probability Sampling (Random Sampling)

Non-probability Sampling (Non-random
sampling)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Method: Simple Random Sampling

(also known as fishbowl technique)
Description: It allows members of the population

to have an equal chance of being selected as a
member of the sample
Sampling Procedure:
1. Assign a number to all members of a
population.
2. Randomly select or draw a predetermined
number by using a table of random numbers.
Method: Stratified random sampling
Description: It involves dividing the population into

homogeneous subgroups and then taking a simple
random sample in each subgroup.
Sampling Procedure:
1. Divide the population into different subgroups
or strata (e.g., different year level, strand,
course).
2. Randomly select the members of the sample
for each subgroup.
Method: Systematic random sampling
Description: When simple random sampling or

strata random sampling is too tedious or
complicated die to the large population, then a
systematic random sampling can be employed.
Sampling Procedure:
1. Number the units in the population 1 to N.
2. Decide on the sample size (n) you need.
3. Compute for the interval size, (k)
k=N
4.Randomly select an interger between 1 to k.

5.Take every kth unit of the population as a
member of the sample.
Method: Cluster or area sampling
Description: When the members of the population

are dispersed across a wide geographical region,
then cluster sampling is the preferred method. As
an example, a sampling of all areas of Manila might
be very difficult. A researcher can instead
randomly select a number of districts to be
members of the sample
Sampling Procedure:
1. Divide population into cluster using
geographical boundaries.
2. Randomly sample clusters
3. Randomly select units from each sampled
cluster.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Method: Accidental or Convenience sampling
Description: Participants are sampled according to

what is conveniently available.
Example:
1. A psychologist samples his or her own clients
since they are readily available.
2. A market researcher asks volunteers in a mall to
be interviewed.
Method: Quota sampling
Description: A predetermined number or

percentage of the population is sampled.
Example:
1. For example, you know that in a given
population, there are 60%. In quota sampling,
you will select samples non randomly until you
reach 40% women (4 out of 10)
Method: Snowball sampling
Description: Participants identify other potential

participants to be included as samples.
Example:
1. Students belonging to a study group can
recommend members of the group to be
participants on a research about intrinsic
motivation to study.
Method: Purposive sampling (also known as
judgemental or selective sampling)
Description: The researcher selects participants

based on their judgement and the purpose of the
study.
Example:
1. If you’re studying the experiences of
experienced teachers in special education, you
would purposively select teachers with long
history in that field.
INSTRUMENTATION IN QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Instrumentation is the process of collecting data. The tool or device used to
collect data is called instrument.
The first step in constructing an instrument is to ask the ff. questions on

data collection
1. How will the data be gathered?

2. When will the data be gathered?
3. Where will the data be gathered?
4. How will the data be analyzed?
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
A research instrument is a tool or device that
researchers use to collect, measure, and analyze
data from participants in a study.
It can take many forms depending on the type of
research and the data being collected.
The purpose of a research instrument is to
gather accurate, reliable, and valid data that will
help answer the research questions or test the
hypotheses.
COMMON TYPES OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
1.Surveys/Questionnaires: A set of written or digital
questions designed to gather information from
respondents on their opinions, behaviors, or
characteristics. It can include:
Open-ended questions: Allow participants to
answer in their own words.
Close-ended questions: Provide specific answer
options (e.g., multiple-choice, yes/no, Likert
scales).
2. Interviews: A verbal method where the researcher
asks participants a series of questions to gain
deeper insights into their experiences, opinions, or
behaviors. Interviews can be:
Structured: All participants are asked the same
set of questions.
Semi-structured: Allows for flexibility in the
questions based on responses.
Unstructured: More conversational, with no set
list of questions.
3. Observations:
Researchers observe and record behaviors, actions,
or events in a natural or controlled environment.
This method is often used in social science and
psychology research.
4. Tests:
Standardized tests or assessments used to measure
specific variables such as knowledge, skills,
intelligence, or personality traits.
WHEN SELECTING A RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT, CONSIDER:
Validity: Does the instrument measure
what it is supposed to measure?
Reliability: Is the instrument consistent in
measuring data over time?
Suitability: Does it align with your
research questions and objectives?
Practicality: Is it feasible to use in terms
of time, cost, and participant availability?
RESEARCH ETHICS
Refers to a set of guidelines that ensure
research is conducted in a responsible
and morally sound manner, respecting
the rights, dignity, and welfare of all
participants.
RESEARCH ETHICS
Informed Consent:
Participants must be fully informed about
the research's purpose, procedures, risks,
and benefits, and they must voluntarily
agree to participate. They should also know
they can withdraw at any time.
RESEARCH ETHICS
Confidentiality and Privacy:
Researchers must protect participants'
personal information and ensure that their
identities remain confidential unless
explicitly agreed upon.
RESEARCH ETHICS
Integrity:
Researchers must conduct their work
honestly, report data accurately, and avoid
fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting
results.

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WRITING

Population and Sampling

There are two ways of generating samples in

Probability Sampling (Random Sampling)

Method: Simple Random Sampling

Description: It allows members of the population

Method: Stratified random sampling

Description: It involves dividing the population into

Description: When simple random sampling or

4.Randomly select an interger between 1 to k.

Description: When the members of the population

Method: Accidental or Convenience sampling

Description: Participants are sampled according to

Method: Quota sampling

Description: A predetermined number or

Method: Snowball sampling

Description: Participants identify other potential

Description: The researcher selects participants

The first step in constructing an instrument is to ask the ff. questions on

1. How will the data be gathered?

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