1) What is included in the Rationale of a study?

Start with the topic introduction and provide readers with a short background of the
topic, namely the past and current situations related to the topic. Show why the chosen
subject is important to make the audience interested and why this research has to be
conducted (what contributions this research will make).
- In a research proposal or research article, the rationale would not be more
than a few sentences, and in a thesis, it could last several paragraphs.
- In conclusion, it is important to describe the Rationale of a study to put
the significance and novelty of the research into perspective so that you
can convince the readers of the importance of your work.

2) What is included in the Background/Context of a study?

Typically, the background of a study includes a review of the existing literature on the
area of the research which leads up to the topic. Once he/she has discussed the
contribution of other researchers in the field, he/she can identify gaps in
understanding, that is, areas that have not been addressed in these studies and how
his/her research will attempt to address one or several of these gaps.
- First, you need to provide a general overview
- Then, you can include any controversies of the topic of the research that
needs to be mentioned
- You have to make sure that the background of a study has a logical
structure and it naturally leads to the statement of the problem at the end
of the introduction section so that the reader can judge the relevance of
your work and the validity of your approach before they dig deeper into
the details of your study.
- In conclusion, the Background of a study provides general information
about the topic of the research and emphasizes the main aims of the
research.

3) What is the Statement of a research problem?

That is what the researcher wants to solve and what questions he/she wishes to answer.
This is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a
study.
A Statement of research problem should include 3 parts:
+ the idea: describes a desired goal or ideal situation
+ the reality: describes a condition that prevents the goal
+ the consequences: identifies the way you propose to improve the current situation

4) What is a literature?
The review of Literature is a task that continues throughout the duration of a thesis in
order to determine the availability of sources for research on a particular topic. It is a
fairly comprehensive summary of the theoretical framework and similar studies of
previous structures, assuring that the researcher has read, evaluated, and assimilated
those works into the research at hand.

5) What types of the literature review are there?

There are two types of LW:
+ Historical Review: Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical
reviews are focused on examining research throughout a period of time.
+ Theoretical Review: Helps establish what theories already exist, the relationships
between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to
develop new hypotheses to be tested.

6) Why a lit literature review is necessary for a study?

It is essential to have a LW:
+ to prepare a theoretical background and an overview of previous works
+ to identify gaps in previous studies
+ to justify the current study
+ to make contributions: practical (practice, policy-making) or theoretical
(explanation, broadcast, supporting actions)

7) What is included in the Significance section?

The significance of the study is a written statement that explains why your research
was needed. It’s a justification of the importance of your work and impact it has on
your research field, how it will contribute new knowledge and how others will benefit
from it.
How to write a Significance section: It should include two parts:
+ what is the general contribution of your research to your field
+ what specific contribution have you made to the knowledge and who does this
benefit the most.

8) What is included in the Implications section?

You should discuss what your findings mean to the field and to other researchers. You
also need to discuss what your findings mean for the people who are involved in your
area of research and how they will benefit from it.
9. What is included in the Limitations section?
- The limitations of the study are those characteristics of design or methodology that
influence the interpretation of the results of your study. They are the constraints on
generalizability and utility of findings that are the results of the ways in which you
choose to design the study and/or the method used to establish internal and external
validity.
- The importance of limitations: a study’s limitation is an opportunity to make
suggestions for further research.
10. What is included in the Scope section?
The scope of the study refers to the boundaries within which your research project
will be performed; this is sometimes also called the scope of research. To define the
scope of the study is to define all aspects that will be considered in your research
project. It is also just as important to make clear what aspects will not be covered.
11. What is included in the Methodology chapter?
- Research approach: qualitative/quantitative/mixed-methods
- Research design: experimental, survey, observation, interview, phases in data
collection
- Research methods: what method(s) is/are used to collect data?
- Research tools/instruments: interview/observation protocol, … Why choose these
tools?
- Participants
- Research site(s)
12. What is a research approach?
Research approach can be defined as the collection of procedures and plan that decide
the overall process of research. Research approach decides the methods for data
collection, analysis, and interpretation.
13. What research approaches are there?
- Quantitative approach: is typified by experimental studies in science based discipline
where the findings are usually expressed in numerical forms. Quantitative research
answers research questions or tests the hypothesis using charts, graphs, tables, data,
and statements.
- Qualitative approach: is characterized by ethnographic and historical studies where
findings are more commonly expressed I words than in numbers.
- Mixed approach; a combination of qualitative and quantitative approach.
14. What is a research design?
Research design is a framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a
researcher. The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are
suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for success.
The essential elements are:
- Type of research methodology
- Techniques to be implemented for collecting and analyzing collected
information
- Timeline
15. What are some popular research designs?
- Quantitative research designs: experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational,
descriptive.
 - Qualitative research designs: case study, ethnography, grounded theory,
phenomenology.
16. What is a research method?
Research method is the strategies, processes or techniques utilized in the collection of
data or evidence for analysis in order to uncover new information or create better
understanding of a topic.
17. What are some common research methods?

- Quantitative method: The intention of this method is to expose and find the extended
knowledge of a case through detailed data and theoretical principles, consisting of
objective tests, measuring instruments, statistics, tests,… If you want to test the
effectiveness of an online teaching method, a quantitative approach is most suitable.
You can use this type of research to measure learning outcomes like grades and test
scores.
- Qualitative method: the study of values and quantitative phenomena to establish and
strengthen /ˈstreŋ.θən/ an established theory, using interviews, focus groups, case
studies,… If you want to generate new ideas for online teaching strategies, a
qualitative approach would make the most sense. You can use this type of research to
explore exactly what teachers and students struggle with in remote classes.
- Comparative method: consists of placing two or more elements next to each other to
find differences and relationships and thus to define a case or problem and to be able
to take action in the future.
- Descriptive method: emphasises /ˈem.fə.saɪz/ on factual reporting, the researcher
cannot control the involved variables/ˈveə.ri.ə.bəl/ and can only report the details as
they took place or as they are taking place.

18. What is a research tool/instrument?

The term research instrument refers to any tool that you may use to
collect or obtain data, measure data and analyze /ˈæn.əl.aɪz/ data that is relevant to the
subject of your research. The research instrument must be able to assist in answering
the research aims, objectives and research questions, as well as prove or disprove the
hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθ.ə.sɪs/ of the study.

19. What are some popular research tools/instruments?

- Questionnaires: encompass /ɪnˈkʌm.pəs/ = contain numerous questions that seek
responses from respective respondents as the source of research data.
- Observations: the researchers conceal their identity as a researcher and live with the
study subjects as they collect data about a particular phenomenon/ or the researcher
watch the study subjects from a distance
- Interviews: require the researcher to talk directly with the respondent to gather
information on an issue of mutual /ˈmjuː.tʃu.əl/ interest.
20. What is a participant in a study?
A research participant, also called a human subject or an experiment ,
trial, or study participant or subject, is a person who voluntarily participates in human
subject research after giving informed consent to be the subject of the research.
 21. What is a research site?
A research site is a place where people conduct/carry out research.
Common research sites include universities, hospitals, research institutes, and field
research locations.

22. What is meant by data analysis?

Research data analysis is a process used by researchers for reducing
data to an interpretable /ɪnˈtɜː.prə.tə.bəl/ size and interpreting it to derive insights. The
data analysis process helps in reducing a large chunk of data into smaller
fragments/ˈfræɡ.mənt/, which makes sense.

23. Why are data analyzed?

In the beginning, the data that is collected are just groups of numbers
or statements. These numbers and statements need to be rearranged, processed and
interpreted /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/, in other words, analyzed, to find patterns and links, which all
serve to answer the research questions.

24. What is included in the Results/Findings chapter(s)?

They should include:
- Data presented in tables, charts, graphs, and other figures (may be placed into the text
or on separate pages at the end of the manuscript)
- A contextual analysis of this data explaining its meaning in sentence form
- All data that corresponds to the central research question(s)
- All secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.)

25. What is included in the Discussion and Conclusion chapter?

Discussion chapter:
- The discussion section contains the results and outcomes of a study. An effective
discussion informs readers what can be learned from your experiment and provides
context for the results.
- Should include:
+ the results of your research
+ a discussion of related research
+ a comparison between your results and initial hypothesis
+ suggestions for further research.

Conclusion chapter:
- Your conclusion is your chance to have the last word on the subject. The conclusion
allows you to have the final say on the issues you have raised in your paper, to (tổng
hợp) synthesize /ˈsɪn.θə.saɪz/ your thoughts, to demonstrate the importance of your
ideas, and to propel /prəˈpel/ your reader to a new view of the subject.
- Should include:
+ restate the thesis /ˈθiː.sɪs/ (tuyên bố lại)
+ reiterate /riˈɪt.ər.eɪt/ your supporting points (lặp lại)
+ make a connection between your opening and closing statements
+ provide some insight