Модуль 2

Первое задание

Reading

Task 1

Read the text below. Match choices (A - H) to (1-5). There are three choices you do not need
to use. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The History of Football

1. **F** The first known examples of a team game involving a ball, which was made out of a
rock, occurred in old Mesoamerican cultures over 3,000 years ago. According to the sources,
the ball would symbolise the sun and the captain of the losing team would be sacrificed to
the gods. The first known ball game which also involved kicking took place in China in the
3rd and 2nd century BC under the name Cuju. Cuju was played with a round ball on an area
of a square. It later spread to Japan and was practised...

2. **H** The game was developed in England in the 12th century. That time, games that
resembled football were played on meadows and roads in England. Besides kicks, the game
involved also punches of the ball with the fist. It took, however, long time until the features
of today's football had been taken into practice. For a long time, there was no clear
distinction between football and rugby. There were also many variations concerning the
size of the ball, the number of players and the length of a match....

3. **G** Football Association Challenge Cup (FA Cup) became the first important
competition when it was run in 1871. The following year a match between two national
teams was played for the first time. The match that involved England and Scotland ended 0-
0 and was followed by 4,000 people at Hamilton Crescent. Twelve years later, in 1883, the
first international tournament took place and included four national teams: England,
Ireland, Scotland and Wales. In 1908 would football for the first time be inclu...

4. **A** 'A' corresponds to the prominence of global football competitions like FIFA World
Cup and Champions League. No other sport event besides the Summer Olympic Games can
today measure itself with the FIFA World Cup. The first edition of the FIFA World Cup was
played in 1930 in Uruguay and has since then returned every fourth year (with two
exceptions due to the Second World War). In 1991 the first World Cup for women was held
in China and has since then also returned every fourth year. Today the big...

5. **C** In the late 19th century, only a few national football teams existed; England and
Scotland had the first active teams that played games against each other in the 1870s. Today
there are 211 national associations included in the Fédération internationale de Football
Association (FIFA), the world governing body of the sport. The number of nations
participating in the World Cup qualifiers increased from 32 in 1934 to over 200 in 2014.
The world regions have been divided into six confederations.

Второе задание

Reading

Task 2

Read the text below. For questions (6-10) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). Write
your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Olympic Games

For the ancient Greeks, the Olympic games existed since mythical times, but no definitive
time of their inauguration can be identified with any certainty. The first Olympiad was held
in 776 BC, and this is the year that provides the first accurate chronology of Greek history.
The athletic games were held every four years during the second (or possibly the first) full
moon in August, and the celebrations lasted five days.

Only free male Greeks were eligible to participate in the games, and they came from all
corners of the Mediterranean, including colonies from Magna Grecia and the Pontus. Slaves
and women were banned from the sanctuary under penalty of death. Women however were
allowed to sponsor events, teams and athletes. In addition, a competition with exclusive
events for boys were introduced in 632.

During the games warring Greeks had to cease all hostilities because it was mandatory to
participate in peaceful assembly. To this end, officials from Olympia travelled ahead of time
throughout Greece to announce the assembly and to proclaim the ceasing of all hostilities
(for up to three months) so all participants could find safe passage to the sanctuary.

More importantly, the games reflected the Greek's ideals: a free individual who aspires to
achieve excellence through a contest governed by just laws. Just like the games, Greeks in
their everyday lives competed intensely with each other in the political realm, in the
economy, and in the battlefield. They competed by placing enormous importance on the
value of the individual, and by respecting the rule of law that was above all.

Initially, the games were a local affair and the only event was the sprinting race, but in the
8th and 7th centuries BC wrestling, boxing, and equestrian events were added, as well as
the pentathlon (an event that combined running, long jump, discus and javelin throwing,
and wrestling), and the pankration which was a vicious form of boxing with little to no
rules. The Olympics in ancient Greece also included poetry and writing competition, and it
provided a peaceful ground where Greeks discussed and forg...

Winning an Olympic event bestowed fame and great honour to an athlete. The winners
were announced by a herald following each event, and they were rewarded with a wreath.
Tradition holds that cities will welcome back their Olympic winners by symbolically
destroying part of their defensive walls.

The modern Olympic revival began in 1896. Since then, the Olympics have occurred every
four years in different countries (interrupted only by the two World Wars), and they have
become one of the largest sports entertainment events in the world, drawing billions of
dollars in revenues, and enjoying wide participation by the vast majority of nations. As a
tribute to their ancient roots, before each Olympic event the Olympic flame is initiated in
ancient Olympia, in the temple of Hera. In an imaginative cho...

6. **B** It was necessary to proclaim the ceasing of hostilities during the early Olympic
games in Greece so that the athletes should have the possibility to get to Olympia without
obstacles.

7. **C** The concept of rule of law has become obsolete for the Greeks after the first games
is NOT mentioned in the text.

8. **D** Running was initially included into the games.

9. **A** The home city greeted the winners of the games by ruining the walls.

10. **B** Sun rays are used to light the Olympic fire.