Slides

Section : Programs with

multiple files – A closer look
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Programs with Multiple Files : A
closer look

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utilities.h utilities.cpp

main.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 C++ Compilation model

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 One file program

Compiler

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 source TU
object

Preprocessing Compilation
source TU
object

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 object

Linking
object

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 One file program

• Preprocessing
• Compilation
• Linking

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 11
The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 IDEs actually call compilers behind the scenes for us to compile our code
and generate an binary we can run. In this lecture, we’ll see how we can
bypass the IDE and do all this ourselves.

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 GCC will be our compiler in the course but the concepts apply
to any C++ compiler out there : MSVC, Clang,…

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utilities.h utilities.cpp

main.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Compile and link in one go!

g++ -o rooster.exe main.cpp utilities.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Compile only : generate object files

g++ -c main.cpp utilities.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Link up object files

g++ -o rooster.exe main.o utilities.o

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Compiler path should be in system environment variables

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Declarations and definitions

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Declaration introduces the name in a file, a definition says
what that name is or what it does.

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 22
The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 A few facts about declarations & definitions

• If a name is never used ( function called, or variable read from/written to) in

main, it's definition won't be needed : code will compile just fine.

• If you compile without a declaration, and the name is used, you get a
compiler error : unkown name

• If you compile with declaration without definition and the name is not
used,code compiles

• If you compile with declaration, without definition and the name is used, you
get a linker error.

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 • Variables
• Functions
• Classes

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Variables

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Functions

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Functions

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Classes

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 Classes

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 One Definition Rule

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Definitions can’t show up more than once in entire program,
or Translation units.

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 One definition rule : context

• Free standing variables

• Functions
• Classes
• Class member functions
• Class static member variables

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Linkage

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 A property associated with a name, that controls how wide
or narrow is the visibility of the name across translation units

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 No linkage

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 Internal linkage

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Extern linkage

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Linkage options

• No linkage
• Internal Linkage
• External Linkage
• Module Linkage(later)

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Linkage defaults

• Function local variables have no linkage

• Const global variables have internal linkage
• Non const global variables have external linkage
• Functions have external linkage

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Global variables

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 main.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 some_other_file.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Flipping Linkage

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 main.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 some_other_file.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Inline variables and functions

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utility1.cpp

utility2.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 main.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utility1.cpp

utility2.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utility1.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utility.h

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Inline VS static (unnamed
namespaces)

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 • Inline will optimize all the definitions for a name into one
• Static or unnamed namespaces won’t do such optimizations

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utility1.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utility2.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 main.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Forward Declarations

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Sometimes real definitions are needed

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Programs with Multiple Files - A closer
look :Summary

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utilities.h utilities.cpp

main.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 source TU
object

Preprocessing Compilation
source TU
object

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 object

Linking
object

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Declarations and definitions

Declaration introduces the name in a file, a definition says

what that name is or what it does.

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 One Definition Rule

Definitions can’t show up more than once in entire program,

or Translation units.

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Linkage

• No linkage
• Internal Linkage
• External Linkage
• Module Linkage(later)

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Flipping Linkage

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 main.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 some_other_file.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 utility1.cpp

Inline variables and functions

utility2.cpp

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Static(anonymous
inline
namespaces)

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The C++ 20 Masterclass : From Fundamentals to Advanced © Daniel Gakwaya
 Forward declarations

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