1913-Myanmar_Companies_Act_1913-en

THE MYANMAR COMPANIES ACT 1913
CONTENTS
PART I
PRELIMINARY
Sections
1. * * * *
2. Definitions
3. Jurisdiction of the Courts
PART II
CONSTITUTION AND INCORPORATION
4. Prohibition of partnerships exceeding certain number

5. Mode of forming incorporated company
6. Memorandum of company limited by shares
7. Memorandum of company limited by guarantee
8. Memorandum of unlimited company
9. Printing and signature of memorandum
10. Restriction on alteration of memorandum
11. Name of company and change of name
12. Alteration of memorandum
13. Power of Court when confirming alteration
14. Exercise of discretion by Court
15. Procedure on confirmation of the alteration
16. Effect of failure to register within three months
Articles of Association
17. Registration of articles
18. Application of Table A
19. Form and signature of articles
20. Alteration of articles by special resolution
20A. Effect of alteration in memorandum or articles
General Provisions
21. Effect of memorandum and articles
22. Registration of memorandum and articles
23. Effect of registration
24. Conclusiveness of certificate of incorporation
25. Copies of memorandum and articles to be given to members
25A. Alteration of memorandum and articles to be noted in every copy
Associations not for Profit

26. Power to dispense with “Limited” in name of charitable and other
companies
Companies limited by guarantee
27. Provision as to companies limited by guarantee
PART III
SHARE CAPITAL, REGISTRATION OF UNLIMITED COMPANY AS

LIMITED, AND UNLIMITED LIABILITY OF DIRECTORS
Distribution of Share Capital

28. Nature of shares
29. Certificate of shares or stock
30. Definition of “member”
31. Register of members
31A. Index of members of company
32. Annual list of members and summary
33. Trusts not to be entered on register
34. Transfer of shares
35. Transfer by legal representative
36. Inspection of register of members
37. Power to close register
38. Power of Court to rectify register
39. Notice to Registrar of rectification of register
40. Register to be evidence
41. Power of company to keep branch register in the United Kingdom
42. Regulations as to British register
43. Issue of share-warrants to bearer
44. Effect of share- warrant
45. Registration of name of bearer of share-warrant
46. Position of bearer of share-warrant
47. Entries in register when share-warrant issued
48. Surrender of share-warrant
49. Power of company to arrange for different amounts being paid on shares
50. Power of company limited by shares to alter its share capital
51. Notice to Registrar of consolidation of share capital, conversion of shares
into stock, etc.
52. Effect of conversion of shares into stock
53. Notice of increase of share capital or of members
54. Reorganization of share capital
Reduction of Share Capital

54A. Restrictions on purchase by company or loans by company for purchase of
its own shares
55. Reduction of share capital
56. Application to Court for confirming order
57. Addition to name of company of “and reduced”
58. Objections by creditors and settlement of list of objecting creditors
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59. Power to dispense with consent of creditor on security being given for his
debt
60. Order confirming reduction
61. Registration of order and minute of reduction
62. Minute form part of memorandum
63. Liability of members in respect of reduced shares
64. Penalty on concealment of name of creditor
65. Publication of reasons for reduction
66. Increase and reduction of share capital in case of a company limited by
guarantee having a share capital
Variation of Shareholders’ Rights

66A. Rights of holders of special classes of shares
Registration of Unlimited Company as Limited

67. Registration of unlimited company as limited
68. Power of unlimited company to provide for reserve share capital on
registration
Reserve Liability of Limited Company

69. Reserve liability of limited company
Unlimited Liability of Directors

70. Limited company may have directors with unlimited liability
71. Special resolution of limited company making liability of directors
unlimited
PART IV
MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
Office and Name

72. Registered office of company
73. Publication of name by a limited company
74. Penalties for non-publication of name
75. Publication of authorized as well as subscribed and paid-up capital
Meetings and Proceedings

76. Annual general meeting
77. Statutory meeting of company
78. Calling of extraordinary general meeting on requisition
79. Provisions as to meetings and votes
80. Representation of companies at meetings of other companies of which
they are members
81. Extraordinary and special resolutions
82. Registration and copies of special and extraordinary resolutions
83. Minutes of proceedings of general meetings and of its directors
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Directors
83A. Directors obligatory
83B. Appointment of directors
84. Restrictions on appointment or advertisement of director.
85. Qualification of director
86. Validity of acts of directors
86A. Ineligibility of bankrupt to act as director
86B. Assignment of office by directors
86C. Avoidance of provisions relieving liability of directors
86D. Loans of directors
86E. Director not to hold office of profit
86F. Sanction of directors necessary for certain contracts
86G. Removal of directors
86H. Restrictions on powers of directors
86I. Vacation of office of director
87. Register of directors, managers and managing agents
Managing Agents
87A. Duration of appointment of managing agent
87B. Conditions applicable to managing agents
87C. Remuneration of managing agent
87D. Loans to managing agents
87E. Loans to or by companies under the same management
87F. Purchase by company of shares of company under same managing agent
87G. Restriction on managing agent’s powers of management
87H. Managing agent not to engage in business competing with the business of
managed company
87I. Limit on number of directors appointed by managing agent
Contracts
88. Form of contracts
89. Bills of exchange and promissory notes
90. Execution of deeds
91. Power for company to have official seal for use abroad
91A. Disclosure of interest by director
91B. Prohibition of voting by interested director
91C. Disclosure to members in case of contract appointing a manager
91D. Contracts by agent of company in which company is undisclosed principal
Prospectus
92. Filing of prospectus
93. Specific requirements as to particulars of prospectus
94. Meaning of “vendor” in section 93
95. Application of section 93 to the case of property taken on lease
96. Invalidity of certain conditions as to waiver or notice
97. Saving in certain cases of non-compliance with section 93
98. Obligations of companies where no prospectus is issued
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98A. Document offering shares or debentures for sale to be deemed a
prospectus
99. Restriction on alteration of terms mentioned in prospectus or statement in
lieu of prospectus
100. Liability for statements in prospectus
Allotment
101. Restriction as to allotment
102. Effect of irregular allotment
103. Restrictions on commencement of business
104. Return as to allotments
Commissions and Discounts

105. Power to pay certain commissions and prohibition of payment of all other
commissions, discounts, etc.
105A. Power to issue shares at a discount
105B. Issue of redeemable preference shares
105C. Further issue of capital
106. Statement in balance-sheet as to commissions and discounts
Payment of Interest out of Capital

107. Power of company to pay interest out of capital in certain cases
Certificates of Shares, etc.

108. Limitation of time for issue of certificates
Information as to Mortgages, Charges, etc.

109. Certain mortgages and charges to be void if not registered
109A. Registration of charges on properties acquired subject to charge
110. Particulars in case of series of debentures entitling holders pari passu
111. Particulars in case of commission, etc., on debentures
112. Register of mortgages and charges
113. Index to register of mortgages and charges
114. Certificate of registration
115. Endorsement of certificate of registration on debenture or certificate of
debenture stock
116. Duty of company and right of interested party as regards registration
117. Copy of instrument creating mortgage or charge to be kept at registered
office
118. Registration of appointment of receiver
119. Filing of accounts of receivers
120. Rectification of register of mortgages
121. Registration of Satisfaction of mortgages and charges
122. Penalties
123. Company’s register of mortgages
124. Right to inspect copies of instruments creating mortgages and charges and
company’s register of mortgages
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125. Right to inspect the register of debenture-holders and to have copies of
trust-deed.
125A. Transitory provisions as respects Indian companies
Debentures and Floating Charges

126. Perpetual debentures
127. Power to re-issue redeemed debentures in certain cases
128. Specific performance of contract to subscribe for debentures
129. Payments of certain debts out of assets subject to floating charge in
priority to claims under the charge
Statements, Books and Accounts

130. Books to be kept by company and penalty for not keeping proper books
131. Annual balance-sheet
131A. Directors’ report
132. Contents of balance-sheet
132A. Balance-sheet to include particulars as to subsidiary companies
133. Authentication of balance-sheet
134. Copy of balance-sheet to be forwarded to the Registrar
135. Right of member of company to copies of the balance-sheet and the
auditor’s report
Statement to be published by Banking and certain other Companies

136. Certain companies to publish statement in schedule
Investigation by the Registrar

137. Power of Registrar to call for information or explanation
Inspection and Audit

138. Investigation of affairs of company by inspectors
139. Application for inspection to be supported by evidence
140. Inspection of books and examination of officers
141. Results of examination how dealt with
141A. Institution of prosecutions
142. Power of company to appoint inspectors
143. Report of inspectors to be evidence
144. Qualifications and appointment of auditors
145. Powers and duties of auditors
145A. Application of sections 131, 144 and 145 to company in which
Government holds shares
145B. Delegation
145C. Penalty
146. Rights of preference shareholders, etc., as to receipt and inspection of
reports, etc.
Carrying on Business with less than the Legal Minimum of Members

147. Liability for carrying on business with fewer than seven, or, in the case of
a private company two members
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Service and Authentication of Documents
148. Service of documents on company
149. Service of documents on Registrar
150. Authentication of documents
Tables Forms and Rules as to Prescribed Matters

151. Application and alteration of tables and forms, and power to make rules as
to prescribed matters
Arbitration and Compromise

152. Power for companies to refer matters to arbitration
153. Power to compromise with creditors and members
153A. Provisions for facilitating arrangements and compromises
153B. Power to acquire shares of shareholders dissenting from schemes or
contract approved by majority
Conversion of Private Company into Public Company

154. Conversion of private company into public company
PART V
WINDING UP
Preliminary
155. Mode of winding up
Contributories
156. Liability as contributories of present and past members
157. Liability of directors whose liability is unlimited
158. Meaning of “contributory”
159. Nature of liability of contributory
160. Contributories in case of death of member
161. Contributories in case of insolvency of member
Winding up by Court
162. Circumstances in which company may be wound up by Court
163. Company when deemed unable to pay its debts
164. Winding up may be referred to District Court
165. Transfer of winding up from one District Court to another
166. Provisions as to applications for winding up
167. Effect of winding up order
168. Commencement of winding up by Court
169. Court may grant injunction
170. Powers of Court on hearing petition
171. Suits stayed on winding up order
171A. Vacancy in the office of liquidator
172. Copy of winding up order to be filed with Registrar
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173. Power of Court to stay winding up
174. Court may have regard to wishes of creditors or contributories
Official Liquidators
175. Appointment of official liquidator
176. Resignations, removals, filling up vacancies and compensation
177. Official liquidator
177A. Statement of affairs to be made to the liquidator
177B. Statement by liquidator
178. Custody of company’s property
178A. Committee of inspection in compulsory winding up
179. Powers of official liquidator
180. Discretion of official liquidator
181. Provision for legal assistance to official liquidator
182. Liquidator to keep books containing proceedings of meetings and to
submit account of his receipts to Court
183. Exercise and control of liquidator’s powers
Ordinary Powers of Court

184. Settlement of list of contributories and application of assets
185. Power to require delivery of property
186. Power to order payment of debts by contributory
187. Power of Court to make calls
188. Power to order payment into bank
189. Regulation of account with Court
190. Order on contributory conclusive evidence
191. Power to exclude creditors not proving in time
192. Adjustment of rights of contributories
193. Power to order costs
194. Dissolution of company
Extraordinary Powers of Court

195. Power to summon persons suspected of having property of company
196. Power to order public examination of promoters, directors, etc.
197. Power to arrest absconding contributory
198. Saving of other proceedings
Enforcement of and Appeal from Orders

199. Power to enforce orders
200. Order made in any Court to be enforced by other Courts
201. Mode of dealing with orders to be enforced by other Courts
202. Appeals from orders
Voluntary Winding up
203. Circumstances in which company may be wound up voluntarily
204. Commencement of voluntary winding up
205. Effect of voluntary winding up on status of company
206. Notice of resolution to wind up voluntarily
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207. Declaration of solvency
Members Voluntary Winding up

208. Provisions applicable to a members’ voluntary winding up
208A. Power of company to appoint and fix remuneration of liquidators
208B. Power to fill vacancy in office of liquidator
208C. Power of liquidator to accept shares, etc., as consideration for sale of
property of company
208D. Duty of liquidator to call general meeting at end of each year
208E. Final meeting and dissolution
Creditors’ Voluntary Winding up

209. Provisions applicable to a creditors' voluntary winding up
209A. Meeting of creditors
209B. Appointment of liquidator
209C. Appointment of committee of inspection
209D. Fixing of liquidator’s remuneration and cesser of directors’ powers
209E. Power to fill vacancy in office of liquidator
209F. Application of section 208C to a creditors’ voluntary winding up
209G. Duty of liquidator to call meetings of company and of creditors at end of
each year
209H. Final meeting and dissolution
Members’ or Creditors’ Voluntary Winding up

210. Provisions applicable to every voluntary winding up
211. Distribution of property of company
212. Powers and duties of liquidator in voluntary winding up
213. Power of Court to appoint and remove liquidator in voluntary winding up
214. Notice by liquidator of his appointment
215. Arrangement when binding on creditors
216. Power to apply to Court to have questions determined or powers exercised
217. Cost of voluntary winding up
218. Saving for rights of creditors and contributories
219. * * * *
220. Power of Court to adopt proceedings of voluntary winding up
Winding up subject to Supervision of Court

221. Power to order winding up subject to supervision
222. Effect of petition for winding up subject to supervision
223. Court may have regard to wishes of creditors and contributories
224. Power for Court to appoint or remove liquidators
225. Effect of supervision order
226. Appointment in certain cases of voluntary liquidators to office of official
liquidator
Supplemental Provisions
227. Avoidance of transfers, etc., after commencement of winding up
228. Debts of all descriptions to be proved
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229. Application of insolvency rules in winding up of insolvent companies
230. Preferential payments
230A. Disclaimer of property
231. Fraudulent preference
232. Avoidance of certain attachments, executions, etc.
233. Effect of floating charge
234. General scheme of liquidation may be sanctioned
235. Power of Court to assess damages against delinquent directors, etc.
236. Penalty for falsification of books
237. Prosecution of delinquent directors.
238. Penalty for false evidence
238A. Penal provisions
239. Meetings to ascertain wishes of creditors or contributories
240. Documents of company to be evidence
241. Inspection of documents
242. Disposal of documents of company
243. Power of Court to declare dissolution of company void
244. Information as to pending liquidations
244A. Payments of liquidator into bank
245. Court or person before whom affidavit may be sworn
Rules
246. Power of High Court to make rules
Removal of defunct Companies from Register

247. Registrar may strike defunct company off register
PART VI
REGISTRATION OFFICE AND FEES
248. Registration offices

249. Fees
249A. Enforcing submission of returns and documents to Registrar
PART VII
APPLICATION OF ACT TO COMPANIES FORMED AND REGISTERED

UNDER FORMER COMPANIES ACTS
250. Application of Act to companies formed under former Companies Acts

251. Application of Act to companies registered but not formed under former
Companies Acts
252. Mode of transferring
PART VIII
COMPANIES AUTHORIZED TO REGISTER UNDER THIS ACT
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253. Companies capable of being registered
254. Definition of “joint-stock company”
255. Requirements for registration by joint-stock companies
256. Requirements for registration by other than joint-stock companies
257. Authentication of statement of existing companies
258. Registrar may require evidence as to nature of company
259. On registration of banking company with limited liability, notice to be
given to customers
260. Exemption of certain companies from payment of fees
261. Addition of “Limited” to name
262. Certificate of registration of existing companies
263. Vesting of property on registration
264. Saving of existing liabilities
265. Continuation of existing suits
266. Effect of registration under Act
267. Power to substitute memorandum and articles for deed of settlement
268. Power of Court to stay or restrain proceedings
PART IX
WINDING UP OF UNREGISTERED COMPANIES
270. Meaning of “unregistered company”

271. Winding up of unregistered companies
272. Contributories in winding up of unregistered companies
273. Power to stay or restrain proceedings
275. Directions as to property in certain cases
276. Provisions of this Part cumulative
PART X
COMPANIES ESTABLISHED OUTSIDE THE UNION OF MYANMAR
277. * * * *
277A. Restriction on sale and offer for sale of shares
277B. Requirements as to prospectus
277C. Restriction on canvassing for sale of shares
277D. Registration of charges
277E. Notice of appointment of receiver
PART X-A
BANKING COMPANIES
277F. Definition of banking company
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277G. Limitation of activities of banking company
277H. Banking company not to employ managing agent
277I. Restriction on commencement of business by banking company
277J. Prohibition of charge on unpaid capital
277K. Reserve fund
277L. Penalties
277M. Restriction on nature of subsidiary companies
277N. Power of Court to stay proceedings
PART XI
SUPPLEMENTAL
Legal Proceedings, Offences, etc.

278. Cognizance of offences
279. Application of fines
280. Power to require limited company to give security for costs
281. Power of Court to grant relief in certain cases
282. Penalty for false statement
282A. Penalty for wrongful withholding of property
282B. Penalty for misapplication of securities by employers
283. Penalty for improper use of word “Limited”
284. Saving of pending proceedings for winding up
285. Saving of documents
286. Former registration offices, registers and Registrars continued
287. Savings for Life Assurance Companies Act and Provident insurance
Societies Act
SCHEDULES
THE FIRST SCHEDULE
THE SECOND SCHEDULE
THE THIRD SCHEDULE
THE MYANMAR COMPANIES ACT

PART I
PRELIMINARY
1. * * * *
2. Definitions
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(1) In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or
context,–
(1) “articles” means the articles of association of a company as

originally framed or as altered by special resolution, including, so
far as they apply to the company, the regulations contained (as the
case may be) in Table B in the Schedule annexed to Act No. XIX
of 1857 or in Table A in the First Schedule annexed to the Indian
Companies Act, 1882, or in Table A in the First Schedule annexed
to this Act;
(2) “company” means a company formed and registered under this Act
or an existing company;
(2A) “Myanmar company” means –

(a) in the case of a company having a share capital, a company
whose entire share capital is, at all times, owned and controlled
by the citizens of the Union of Myanmar, or
(b) in the case of a company limited by guarantee but not having a
share capital, a company which is, at all times, owned and
controlled by the citizens of the Union of Myanmar;
(2B) “Foreign company” means –

(a) any company other than a Myanmar company or a special
company formed under the Special Company Act, 1950, or
(b) a company incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar and
having an established place of business in the Union of
Myanmar;
(2C) “Company carrying on international trade” means a company

which has a subsidiary company or branch in a foreign country for
the purpose of trading;
(3) “the Court” means the Court having jurisdiction under this Act;
(4) “debenture” includes debenture stock;
(5) “director” includes any person occupying the position of a director

by whatever name called;
(6) * * * *
(7) “existing company” means a company formed and registered under

the Indian Companies Act, 1866, or under any Act or Acts repealed
thereby, or under the Indian Companies Act, 1882;
(8) “insurance company” means a company that carries on the

business of insurance either solely or in common with any other
business or businesses;
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(9) “manager” means a person who subject to the control and direction
of the directors has the management of the whole affairs of a
company, and includes a director or any other person occupying
the position of a manager by whatever name called and whether
under a contract of service or not;
(9A) “managing agent” means a person, firm or company entitled to the

management of the whole affairs of a company by virtue of an
agreement with the company, and under the control and direction
of the directors except to the extent, if any, otherwise provided for
in the agreement, and includes any person, firm or company
occupying such position by whatever name called;
Explanation – If a person occupying the position of a managing

agent calls himself a manager he shall nevertheless be regarded as
managing agent and not as manager for the purposes of this Act;
(10) “memorandum” means the memorandum of association of a

company as originally framed or as altered in pursuance of the
provisions of this Act;
(11) “officer” includes any director, managing agent, manager or

secretary but, save in sections 235, 236, and 237, does not include
an auditor;
(12) “prescribed” means, as respects the provisions of this Act relating

to the winding up of companies, prescribed by rules made by the
High Court, and, as respects the other provisions of this Act,
prescribed by the President of the Union (Chairman of the State
Peace and Development Council);
(13) “private company” means a company which by its articles –

(a) restricts the right to transfer the shares, if any; and
(b) limits the number of its members to fifty not including persons
who are in the employment of the company; and
(c) prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for the
shares, if any, or debentures of the company:
Provided that where two or more persons hold one or more shares
in a company jointly they shall, for the purposes of this definition,
be treated as a single member;
(13A) “public company” means a company incorporated under this Act

or under the Indian Companies Act, 1882, or under the Indian
Companies Act, 1866, or under any Act repealed thereby, which is
not a private company;
(14) “prospectus” means any prospectus, notice, circular, advertisement

or other invitation, offering to the public for subscription or
purchase any shares or debentures of a company, but shall not
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include any trade advertisement which shows on the face of it that
a formal prospectus has been prepared and filed;
(15) “the Registrar” means a Registrar or assistant Registrar performing

under this Act the duty of registration of companies;
(16) “share” means share in the share capital of the company, and
includes stock except when a distinction between stock and shares
is expressed or implied;
(17) “Scheduled Bank” means a bank which has been notified under
section 38 of the Union Bank of Myanmar Act, 1952, as a
scheduled bank;
(18) “this Act” means, as respects any period before the coming into
operation of the Constitution, the Myanmar Companies Act as then
in force in the Union of Myanmar.
(2) Where the assets of a company consist in whole or in part of shares in

another company, whether held directly or through a nominee and
whether that other company is a company within the meaning of this
Act or not, and
(a) the amount of the shares so held is at the time when the accounts of
the holding company are made up more than fifty per cent of the
issued share capital of that other company or such as to entitle the
company to more than fifty per cent of the voting power in that
other company, or
(b) the company has power (not being power vested in it by virtue
only of the provisions of a debenture trust deed or by virtue of
shares issued to it for the purpose in pursuance of those provisions)
directly or indirectly to appoint the majority of the directors of that
other company,
that other company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary company within
the meaning of this Act, and the expression “subsidiary company” in
this Act means a company in the case of which the conditions of this
sub-section are satisfied and includes a subsidiary company of such
company:
Provided that where a company the ordinary business of which

includes the lending of money holds shares in another company as
security only, no account shall, for the purpose of determining under
this section whether that other company is a subsidiary company, be
taken of the shares so held.
3. Jurisdiction of the Courts
(1) The Court having jurisdiction under this Act shall be the High Court:
Provided that the President of the Union may, by notification in the
Gazette and subject to such restrictions and conditions as he thinks fit,
empower any District Court to exercise all or any of the jurisdiction by
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this Act conferred upon the Court, and in that case such District Court
shall, as regards the jurisdiction so conferred, be the Court in respect
of all companies having their registered offices in the district.
(2) For the purposes of jurisdiction to wind up companies, the expression

“registered office” means the place which has longest been the
registered office of the company during the six months immediately
preceding the presentation of the petition for winding up.
(3) Nothing in this section shall invalidate a proceeding by reason of its

being taken in a wrong Court.
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PART II
CONSTITUTION AND INCORPORATION
4. Prohibition of partnerships exceeding certain number
(1) No company, association or partnership consisting of more than ten

persons shall be formed for the purpose of carrying on the business of
banking unless it is registered as a company under this Act [ * * * * ].
(2) No company, association or partnership consisting of more than

twenty persons shall be formed for the purpose of carrying on any
other business that has for its object the acquisition of gain by the
company, association or partnership, or by the individual members
thereof, unless it is registered as a company under this Act [ * * * * ].
(3) This section shall not apply to a joint family carrying on joint family
trade or business, and where two or more such joint families form a
partnership, in computing the number of persons for the purposes of
this section, minor members of such families shall be excluded.
(4) Every member of a company, association or partnership carrying on

business in contravention of this section shall be personally liable for
all liabilities incurred in such business.
(5) Any person who is a member of a company, association or partnership

formed in contravention of this section shall be punishable with fine
not exceeding one thousand kyats.
Memorandum of Association
5. Mode of forming incorporated company
Any seven or more persons (or, where the company to be formed will be a
private company, any two or more persons) associated for any lawful
purpose may, by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association
and otherwise complying with the requirements of this Act in respect of
registration, form an incorporated company, with or without limited
liability (that is to say), either-
(i) a company having the liability of its members limited by the
memorandum to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively
held by them (in this Act termed a company limited by shares); or
(ii) a company having the liability of its members limited by the
memorandum to such amount as the members may respectively
thereby undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the
event of its being wound up (in this Act termed a company limited by
guarantee); or
(iii)a company not having any limit on the liability of its members (in this
Act termed an unlimited company).
6. Memorandum of company limited by shares

In the case of a company limited by shares –
(1) the memorandum shall state –
(i) the name of the company, with “Limited” as the last word in its
name;
(ii) that the registered office of the company will be situated in the
Union of Myanmar;
(iii) the objects of the company;
(iv) that the liability of the members is limited;
(v) the amount of share capital with which the company proposes to be
registered, and the division thereof into shares of a fixed amount;
(2) no subscriber of the memorandum shall take less than one share;
(3) each subscriber shall write opposite to his name the number of shares
he takes.
7. Memorandum of company limited by guarantee
In the case of a company limited by guarantee –

(i) the name of the company, with “Limited” as the last word in its
name;
(ii) that the registered office of the company will be situated in the
Union of Myanmar;
(iv) that the liability of the members is limited;
(v) that each member undertakes to contribute to the assets of the
company in the event of its being wound up while he is a member,
or within one year afterwards, for payment of the debts and
liabilities of the company contracted before he ceases to be a
member, and of the costs, charges and expenses of winding up, and
for adjustment of the rights of the contributories among
themselves, such amounts as may be required not exceeding a
specified amount;
(2) if the company has a share capital –

(i) the memorandum shall also state the amount of share capital with
which the company proposes to be registered and the division
thereof into shares of a fixed amount;
(ii) no subscriber of the memorandum shall take less than one share;
(iii) each subscriber shall write opposite to his name the number of
shares he takes.
8. Memorandum of unlimited company
In the case of an unlimited company –

(i) the name of the company;
(ii) that the registered office of the company will be situated in the Union of
Myanmar;
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(2) if the company has a share capital –
(i) no subscriber of the memorandum shall take less than one share;
(ii) each subscriber shall write opposite to his name the number of
shares he takes.
9. Printing and signature of memorandum
The memorandum shall –

(a) be printed both in Myanmar and English;
(b) be divided into paragraphs numbered consecutively; and
(c) be signed by each subscriber (who shall add his address, nationality
and description) in the presence of at least one witness who shall attest
the signature.
10. Restriction on alteration of memorandum
A company shall not alter the conditions contained in its memorandum

except in the cases and in the mode and to the extent for which express
provision is made in this Act:
Provided that any provision in the memorandum relating to the

appointment of a manager or managing agent, and other matters of a like
nature incidental or subsidiary to the main objects of the company, shall
not be deemed to be such condition.
11. Name of company and change of name
(1) A company shall not be registered by a name identical with that by

which a company in existence is already registered, or so nearly
resembling that name as to be calculated to deceive, except where the
company in existence is in the course of being dissolved and signifies
its consent in such manner as the Registrar requires.
(2) If a company, through inadvertence or otherwise, is, without such

consent as aforesaid, registered by a name identical with that by which
a company in existence is previously registered, or so nearly
resembling it as to be calculated to deceive, the first-mentioned
company may, with the sanction of the Registrar, change its name.
(3) Except with the previous consent in writing of the President of the
Union no company shall be registered by a name which-
(a) contains any of the following words, namely, “Crown”, “Emperor”,
“Empire”, “Empress”, “Federal”, “Imperial”, “King”, “Queen”,
“Royal”, “State”, “Reserve Bank”, “Union”, “President”, or any
word which suggests or is calculated to suggest the patronage of
His Britannic Majesty [ * * ] or any connection with His
Britannic Majesty’s Government or the Government of Myanmar
or of any Department thereof; or
(b) contains the word “Municipal” or “Chartered”, or any word which
suggests or is calculated to suggest connection with any
19
municipality or other local authority or with any society or body
incorporated by Royal Charter:
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to companies

registered before the commencement of this Act.
(4) Any company may, by special resolution and subject to the approval of
the President of the Union signified in writing, change its name.
(5) Where a company changes its name, the Registrar shall enter the new
name on the register in place of the former name, and shall issue a
certificate of incorporation altered to meet the circumstances of the
case. On the issue of such a certificate, the change of name shall be
complete.
(6) The change of name shall not affect any rights or obligations of the
company, or render defective any legal proceedings by or against the
company; and any legal proceedings that might have been continued or
commenced against it by its former name may be continued or
commenced against it by its new name.
12. Alteration of memorandum
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, a company may, by special

resolution, alter the provisions of its memorandum with respect to the
objects of the company, so far as may be required to enable it –
(a) to carry on its business more economically or more efficiently; or
(b) to attain its main purpose by new or improves means; or
(c) to enlarge or change the local area of its operations; or
(d) to carry on some business which under existing circumstances
may conveniently or advantageously be combined with the
business of the company; or
(e) to restrict or abandon any of the objects specified in the
memorandum; or
(f) to sell or dispose of the whole or any part of the undertaking of the
company; or
(g) to amalgamate with any other company or body of persons.
(2) The alteration shall not take effect until and except in so far as it is
confirmed by the Court on petition.
(3) Before confirming the alteration, the Court must be satisfied –

(a) that sufficient notice has been given to every holder of debentures
of the company, and to any persons or class of persons whose
interests will, in the opinion of the Court, be affected by the
alteration; and
(b) that, with respect to every creditor who in the opinion of the Court
is entitled to object, and who signifies his objection in manner
directed by the Court, either his consent to the alteration has been
obtained or his debt or claim has been discharged or has
determined, or has been secured to the satisfaction of the Court:
20
Provided that the Court may, in the case of any person or class, for
special reasons, dispense with the notice required by this section.
13. Power of Court when confirming alteration
The Court may make an order confirming the alteration either wholly or in
part, and on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit, and may make such
order as to costs as it thinks proper.
14. Exercise of discretion by Court
The Court shall, in exercising its discretion under sections 12 and 13, have
regard to the rights and interests of the members of the company or of any
class of them, as well as to the rights and interests of the creditors, and
may, if it thinks fit, adjourn the proceedings in order that an arrangement
may be made to the satisfaction of the Court for the purchase of the
interests of dissentient members; and may give such directions and make
such orders as it may think expedient for facilitating or carrying into effect
any such arrangement:
Provided that no part of the capital of the company may be expended in

any such purchase.
15. Procedure on confirmation of the alteration
(1) A certified copy of the order confirming the alteration, together with a
printed copy of the memorandum as altered, shall, within three months
from the date of the order, be filed by the company with the Registrar,
and he shall register the same, and shall certify the registration under
his hand, and the certificate shall be conclusive evidence that all the
requirements of this Act with respect to the alteration and the
confirmation thereof have been complied with, and thenceforth the
memorandum so altered shall be the memorandum of the company.
(2) * * * *
(3) The Court may by order at any time extend the time for the filing of
documents with the Registrar under this section for such period as the
Court thinks proper.
16. Effect of failure to register within three months
No such alteration shall have any operation until registration thereof has
been duly effected in accordance with the provisions of section 15, and if
such registration is not effected within three months next after the date of
the order of the Court confirming the alteration, or within such further
time as may be allowed by the Court in accordance with the provisions of
section 15, such alteration and order and all proceedings connected
therewith shall, at the expiration of such period of three months or such
further time, as the case may be, become absolutely null and void:
21
Provided that the Court may, on sufficient cause shown, revive the order
on application made within a further period of one month.
Articles of Association
17. Registration of articles
(1) There may, in the case of a company limited by shares, and there shall,
in the case of a company limited by guarantee or unlimited, be
registered with the memorandum articles of association signed by the
subscribers to the memorandum and prescribing regulations for the
company.
(2) Articles of association may adopt all or any of the regulations

contained in Table A in the First Schedule, and shall in any event be
deemed to contain regulations identical with or to the same effect as
regulation 56, regulation 66, regulation 71, regulations 78, 79, 80, 81
and 82, regulation 95, regulation 97, regulation 105, regulation 107
and regulations 112, 113, 114,115, and 116 contained in that Table:
Provided that regulation 78 shall not be deemed to be included in the

articles of any private company except a private company which is the
subsidiary company of a public company:
Provided further that regulation 107 shall be deemed to require that a

statement of the reasons why, of the whole amount of any item of
expenditure which may in fairness be distributed over several years,
only a portion thereof is charged against the income of the year shall
be shown in the profit and loss account, unless the company in general
meeting shall determine otherwise.
(3) In the case of an unlimited company or a company limited by

guarantee, the articles, if the company has a share capital, shall state
the amount of share capital with which the company proposes to be
registered.
(4) In the case of an unlimited company or a company limited by

guarantee, if the company has not a share capital, the articles shall
state the number of members with which the company proposes to be
registered, for the purpose of enabling the Registrar to determine the
fees payable on registration.
18. Application of Table A
In the case of a company limited by shares and registered after the

commencement of this Act, if articles are not registered, or, if articles are
registered, in so far as the articles do not exclude or modify the regulations
in Table A in the First Schedule, those regulations shall, so far as
applicable be the regulations of the company in the same manner and to
the same extent as if they were contained in duly registered articles.
19. Form and signature of articles

22
Articles shall –
(a) be printed both in Myanmar and English;
(b) be divided into paragraphs numbered consecutively; and
(c) be signed by each subscriber of the memorandum of association (who
shall add his address, nationality and description) in the presence of at
least one witness who must attest the signature.
20. Alteration of articles by special resolution
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and to the conditions contained in
its memorandum, a company may by special resolution alter or add to
its articles; and any alteration or addition so made shall be as valid as
if originally contained in the articles, and be subject in like manner to
alteration by special resolution.
(2) The power of altering articles under this section shall, in the case of
any company formed and registered under Act No. XIX of 1857 and
Act No. VII of 1860 or either of them, extend to altering any
provisions in Table B annexed to Act XIX of 1857, and shall also, in
the case of an unlimited company formed and registered under the said
Acts or either of them, extend to altering any regulations relating to the
amount of capital or its distribution into shares, notwithstanding that
those regulations are contained in the memorandum.
20A. Effect of alteration in memorandum or articles
Notwithstanding anything in the memorandum or articles of a company,

no member of the company shall be bound by an alteration made in the
memorandum or articles after the date on which he became a member if
and so far as the alteration requires him to take or subscribe for more
shares than the number held by him at the date on which the alteration is
made, or in any way increases his liability as at that date to contribute to
the share capital of, or otherwise to pay money to, the company:
Provided that this section shall not apply in any case where the member
agrees in writing either before or after the alteration is made to be bound
thereby.
General Provisions
21. Effect of memorandum and articles
(1) The memorandum and articles shall, when registered, bind the
company and the members thereof to the same extent as if they
respectively had been signed by each member and contained a
covenant on the part of each member, his heirs, and legal
representatives, to observe all the provisions of the memorandum and
of the articles, subject to the provisions of this Act.
(2) All money payable by any member to the company under the
memorandum or articles shall be a debt due from him to the company.
23
22. Registration of memorandum and articles
The memorandum and the articles (if any) shall be filed with the Registrar
and he shall retain and register them.
23. Effect of registration
(1) On the registration of the memorandum of a company, the Registrar

shall certify under his hand that the company is incorporated, and in
the case of a limited company that the company is limited.
(2) From the date of incorporation mentioned in the certificate of

incorporation, the subscribers of the memorandum, together with such
other persons as may from time to time become members of the
company, shall be a body corporate by the name contained in the
memorandum, capable forthwith of exercising all the functions of an
incorporated company, and having perpetual succession and a
common seal, but with such liability on the part of the members to
contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound
up as is mentioned in this Act.
24. Conclusiveness of certificate of incorporation
(1) A certificate of incorporation given by the Registrar in respect of any

association shall be conclusive evidence that all the requirements of
this Act in respect of registration and of matters precedent and
incidental thereto have been complied with, and that the association is
a company authorized to be registered and duly registered under this
Act.
(2) A declaration by an advocate entitled to appear before the High Court

who is engaged in the formation of a company, or by a person named
in the articles as a director, manager or secretary of the company, of
compliance with all or any of the said requirements shall be filed with
the Registrar, and the Registrar may accept such a declaration as
sufficient evidence of compliance.
25. Copies of memorandum and articles to be given to members
(1) Every company shall send to every member, at his request and within
fourteen days thereof, on payment of fifteen kyats or such less sum as
the company may prescribe, a copy of the memorandum and of the
articles (if any).
(2) If a company makes default in complying with the requirements of this

section, it shall be liable for each offence to a fine not exceeding ten
kyats.
25A. Alteration of memorandum or articles to be noted in every copy
24
(1) Where an alteration is made in the memorandum or articles of a
company, every copy of the memorandum or articles issued after the
date of the alteration shall be in accordance with the alteration.
(2) If, where any such alteration has been made, the company at any time
after the date of the alteration issues any copies of the memorandum or
articles which are not in accordance with the alteration, it shall be
liable to a fine not exceeding ten kyats for each copy so issued, and
every officer of the company who is knowingly and wilfully in default
shall be liable to the like penalty.
Associations not for Profit
26. Power to dispense with “Limited” in name of charitable and other

companies
(1) Where it is proved to the satisfaction of the President of the Union that
an association capable of being formed as a limited company has been
or is about to be formed for promoting commerce, art, science,
religion, charity, or any other useful object, and applies or intends to
apply its profits (if any) or other income in promoting its objects, and
to prohibit the payment of any dividend to its members, the President
of the Union may, by licence, direct that the association be registered
as a company with limited liability, without the addition of the word
“Limited” to its name, and the association may be registered
accordingly.
(2) A licence by the President of the Union under this section may be
granted on such conditions and subject to such regulations as the
President of the Union thinks fit, and those conditions and regulations
shall be binding on the association, and shall, if the President of the
Union so directs, be inserted in the memorandum and articles, or in
one of those documents.
(3) The association shall on registration enjoy all the privileges of limited
companies, and be subject to all their obligations, except those of
using the word “Limited” as any part of its name, and of publishing its
name, and of sending lists of members to the Registrar.
(4) A licence under this section may at any time be revoked by the
President of the Union, and upon revocation the Registrar shall enter
the word “Limited” at the end of the name of the association upon the
register, and the association shall cease to enjoy the exemptions and
privileges granted by this section:
Provided that, before a licence is so revoked, the President of the

Union shall give to the association notice in writing of his intention,
and shall afford the association an opportunity of submitting a
representation in opposition to the revocation.
(5) The Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council

(President) may-
25
(a) vary the licence by making it subject to such conditions and
regulations as the Chairman of the State Peace and Development
Council thinks fit, in lieu of, or in addition to, the conditions and
regulations, if any, to which the licence may formerly subject, or
(b) issue a new licence in lieu of the licence formerly granted.
Companies limited by Guarantee
27. Provision as to companies limited by guarantee
(1) In the case of a company limited by guarantee and not having a share
capital, and registered after the commencement of this Act, every
provision in the memorandum or articles or in any resolution of the
company purporting to give any person a right to participate in the
divisible profits of the company otherwise than as a member shall be
void.
(2) For the purpose of the provisions of this Act relating to the
memorandum of a company limited by guarantee and of this section,
every provision in the memorandum or articles, or in any resolution, of
any company limited by guarantee and registered after the
commencement of this Act, purporting to divide the undertaking of the
company into shares or interests, shall be treated as a provision for a
share capital, notwithstanding that the nominal amount or number of
the shares or interests is not specified thereby.
Foreign Companies and Companies Carrying on International Trade
27A. (1) Every foreign company or company carrying on international trade

shall, before its memorandum and articles, if any, are filed with the
Registrar, obtain a permit from the President of the Union.
(2) An application for issue of a permit shall be in the form prescribed,

and the President of the Union may grant the permit on such
conditions and subject to such regulations, if any, as may be
prescribed; and the permit shall be in Form I in the Third Schedule
containing the particulars set out therein.
(3) No foreign company shall carry on or continue to carry on its business

in the Union of Myanmar unless it has obtained a permit under sub-
section (1) within such time as may be prescribed.
(4) (i) No company carrying on international trade shall establish a

subsidiary company or branch in a foreign country unless it has
obtained a permit under sub-section (1).
(ii) A company carrying on international trade having a subsidiary
company or a branch in a foreign country at the date of
commencement of the Myanmar Companies (Amendment) Act,
1955, shall obtain a permit from the President of the Union within
such time as may be prescribed.
26
(5) If a foreign company or company carrying on international trade
makes default in complying with the requirements of this section, the
company, and every officer or agent of the company shall, on
conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats or, in
the case of a continuing offence, fifty kyats for every day during which
the default continues.
PART III
SHARE CAPITAL, REGISTRATION OF UNLIMITED COMPANY AS LIMITED, AND

UNLIMITED LIABILITY OF DIRECTORS
Distribution of Share Capital
28. Nature of shares
(1) The shares or other interest of any member in a company shall be

moveable property, transferable in manner provided by the articles of
the company.
(2) Each share in a company having a share capital shall be distinguished

by its appropriate number.
29. Certificate of shares or stock
A certificate, under the common seal of the company, specifying any

shares or stock held by any member, shall be prima facie evidence of the
title of the member to the shares or stock therein specified.
30. Definition of “member”
(1) The subscribers of the memorandum of a company shall be deemed to

have agreed to become members of the company, and on its
registration shall be entered as members in its register of members.
(2) Every other person who agrees to become a member of a company,

and whose name is entered in its register of members, shall be a
member of the company.
31. Register of members
(1) Every company shall keep in one or more books a register of its
members, and enter therein the following particulars: –
(i) the names, addresses and nationality and the occupations, if any, of
the members and, in the case of a company having a share capital,
a statement of the shares held by each member, distinguishing each
share by its number, and of the amount paid or agreed to be
considered as paid on the shares of each member;
(ii) the date at which each person was entered in the register as a
member;
(iii)the date at which any person ceased to be a member.
27
section, it shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every
day during which the default continues, and every officer of the
company who knowingly and wilfully authorizes or permits the default
31A. Index of members of company
(1) Every company having more than fifty members shall, unless the
register of members is in such a form as to constitute in itself an index,
keep an index of the names of the members of the company, and shall
within fourteen days after the date on which any alteration is made in
the register of members make any necessary alteration in the index.
(2) The index, which may be in the form of a card index, shall in respect
of each member contain a sufficient indication to enable the account of
that member in the register to be readily found.
(3) If default is made in complying with this section, the company and
shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats.
32. Annual list of members and summary
(1) Every company having a share capital shall within eighteen months
from its incorporation and thereafter once at least in every year make a
list of all persons who, on the day of the first or only ordinary general
meeting in the year, are members of the company, and of all persons
who have ceased to be members since the date of the last return or (in
the case of the first return) of the incorporation of the company.
(2) The list shall state the names, addresses, nationality and occupations of
all the past and present members therein mentioned, and the number of
shares held by each of the existing members at the date of the return,
specifying shares transferred since the date of the last return or (in the
case of the first return) of the incorporation of the company by persons
who are still members and persons who have ceased to be members,
respectively, and the dates of registration of the transfers, and shall
contain a summary distinguishing between shares issued for cash and
shares issued as fully or partly paid up otherwise than in cash, and
specifying the following particulars: –
(a) the amount of the share capital of the company, and the number of
the shares into which it is divided;
(b) the number of shares taken, from the commencement of the
company up to the date of the return;
(c) the amount called up on each share;
(d) the total amount of calls received;
(e) the total amount of calls unpaid;
(f) the total amount of the sums (if any) paid by way of commission in
respect of any shares or debentures, or allowed by way of discount
in respect of any shares or debentures, since the date of the last
28
return, or so much thereof as has not been written off at the date of
the return;
(g) the total number of shares forfeited;
(h) the total amount of shares or stock for which share-warrants are
outstanding at the date of the return;
(i) the total amount of share-warrants issued and surrendered
respectively since the date of the last return;
(k) the number of shares or amount of stock comprised in each share
warrant;
(l) the names, addresses and nationality of the persons who at the date
of the return are the directors of the company and of the persons (if
any) who at the said date are the managers or managing agents of
the company, and the changes in the personnel of the directors,
managers and managing agents since the last return together with
the dates on which they took place; and
(m) the total amount of debts due from the company in respect of all
mortgages and charges which are required to be registered with the
Registrar under this Act.
(3) The above list and summary shall be contained in a separate part of the
register of members, and shall be completed within twenty-one days
after the day of the first or only ordinary general meeting in the year,
and the company shall forthwith file with the Registrar a copy signed
by a director or by the manager or the secretary of the company,
together with a certificate from such director, manager or secretary
that the list and summary state the facts as they stood on the day
aforesaid.
(4) A private company shall send with the annual return required by sub-
section (1) a certificate signed by a director or other officer of the
company that the company has not, since the date of the last return or,
in the case of a first return, since the date of the incorporation of the
company, issued any invitation to the public to subscribe for any
shares or debentures of the company, and where the annual return
discloses the fact that the number of members of the company exceeds
fifty, also a certificate so signed that the excess consists wholly of
persons who under sub-clause (b) of clause (13) of sub-section (1) of
section 2 are not to be included in reckoning the number of fifty.

33. Trusts not to be entered on register
No notice of any trust, expressed, implied or constructive, shall be entered

on the register, or be receivable by the Registrar.
34. Transfer of shares
29
(1) An application for the registration of the transfer of shares in a
company may be made either by the transferor or the transferee,
provided that where such application is made by the transferor no
registration shall in the case of partly paid shares be effected unless the
company gives notice of the application to the transferee, and, subject
to the provisions of sub-section (4), the company shall, unless
objection is made by the transferee within two weeks from the date of
receipt of the notice, enter in its register of members the name of the
transferee in the same manner and subject to the same conditions as if
the application for registration was made by the transferee.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1) notice to the transferee shall be
deemed to have been duly given if despatched by prepaid post to the
transferee at the address given in the instrument of transfer and shall
be deemed to have been delivered in the ordinary course of post.
(3) It shall not be lawful for the company to register a transfer of shares in
or debentures of the company unless the proper instrument of transfer
duly stamped and executed by the transferor and the transferee has
been delivered to the company along with the scrip:
Provided that, where it is proved to the satisfaction of the directors of

the company that an instrument of transfer signed by the transferor and
transferee has been lost, the company may, if the directors think fit, on
an application in writing made by the transferee and bearing the stamp
required by an instrument of transfer, register the transfer on such
terms as to indemnity as the directors may think fit.
(4) If a company refuses to register the transfer of any shares or

debentures, the company shall, within two months from the date on
which the instrument of transfer was lodged with the company, send to
the transferee and the transferor notice of the refusal.
(5) If default is made in complying with sub-section (4) of this section, the
company and every director, manager, secretary or other officer of the
company who is knowingly a party to the default shall be liable to a
fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every day during which the default
continues.
(6) Nothing in sub-section (3) shall prejudice any power of the company to
register as shareholder or debenture-holder any person to whom the
right to any shares in or debentures of the company has been
transmitted by operation of law.
(7) Nothing in this section shall prejudice any power of the company
under its articles to refuse to register the transfer of any shares.
34A. (1) It shall be the duty of every Myanmar company to give intimation to
the Registrar of the transfer of its shares, within 21 days of such
transfer, to any foreigner, stating the nationality of the transferee.
30
(2) It shall be the duty of every foreign company to give intimation to the
Registrar of the transfer of its shares, within 21 days of such transfer
when as a consequence of such transfer, the entire share capital of the
said company is owned and controlled by citizens of the Union of
Myanmar.
(3) If any company makes default in complying with the requirements of

this section, the company, and every officer or agent of the company
who is knowingly a party to the default shall, on conviction, be liable
to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every day during which the
default continues.
35. Transfer by legal representative
A transfer of the share or other interest of a deceased member of a

company made by his legal representative shall, although the legal
representative is not himself a member, be as valid as if he had been a
member at the time of the execution of the instrument of transfer.
36. Inspection of register of members
(1) The register of members, commencing from the date of the registration
of the company, and the index of members shall be kept at the
registered office of the company, and, except when closed under the
provisions of this Act, shall during business hours (subject to such
reasonable restrictions, as the company in general meeting may
impose, so that not less than two hours in each day be allowed for
inspection) be open to the inspection of any member gratis, and to the
inspection of any other person on payment of fifteen kyats, or such
less sum as the company may prescribe, for each inspection. Any such
member or other person may make extracts therefrom.
(2) Any member or other person may require a copy of the register, or of
any part thereof, or of the list and summary required by this Act, or
any part thereof, on payment of six kyats for every hundred words or
fractional part thereof required to be copied, and the company shall
cause any copy so required by any person to be sent to that person
within a period of ten days, exclusive of non-working days and days
on which the transfer books of the company are closed, commencing
on the day next after the day on which the requirement is received by
the company.
(3) If any inspection required under this section is refused, or if any copy
required under this section is not sent within the proper period, the
company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be
liable in respect of each offence to a fine not exceeding twenty kyats,
and to a further fine not exceeding twenty kyats for every day during
which the refusal or default continues, and the Court may by an order
compel an immediate inspection of the register and index or direct that
copies required shall be sent to the persons requiring them.
37. Power to close register

31
A company may, on giving seven days’ previous notice by advertisement
in some newspaper circulating in the district in which the registered office
of the company is situate, close the register of members for any time or
times not exceeding in the whole forty-five days in each year but not
exceeding thirty days at a time.
38. Power of Court to rectify register
(1) If –
(a) the name of any person is fraudulently or without sufficient cause
entered in or omitted from the register of members of a company,
or
(b) default is made or unnecessary delay takes place in entering on the
register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member,
the person aggrieved, or any member of the company, or the company,

may apply to the Court for rectification of the register.
(2) The Court may either refuse the application, or may order rectification
of the register and payment by the company of any damages sustained
by any party aggrieved, and may make such order as to costs as it in its
discretion thinks fit.
(3) On any application under this section the Court may decide any
question relating to the title of any person who is a party to the
application to have his name entered in or omitted from the register,
whether the question arises between members or alleged members, or
between members or alleged members on the one hand and the
company on the other hand, and generally may decide any question
necessary or expedient to be decided for rectification of the register:
Provided that the Court may direct an issue to be tried in which any
question of law may be raised; and an appeal from the decision on
such an issue shall lie in the manner directed by the Code of Civil
Procedure on the grounds mentioned in section 100 of that Code.
39. Notice to Registrar of rectification of register
In the case of a company required by this Act to file a list of its members
with the Registrar, the Court, when making an order for rectification of the
register, shall, by its order, direct notice of the rectification to be filed with
the Registrar within a fortnight from the date of the completion of the
order.
40. Register to be evidence
The register of members shall be prima facie evidence of any matters by

this Act directed or authorized to be inserted therein.
41. Power for company to keep branch register in the United Kingdom
32
(1) A company having a share capital may, if so authorized by its articles,
cause to be kept in the United Kingdom a branch register of members
(in this Act called a British register).
(2) The company shall, within one month from the date of the opening of
any British register, file with the Registrar notice of the situation of the
office where such register is kept and, in the event of any change in the
situation of such office or of its discontinuance shall, within one month
from the date of such change or discontinuance as the case may be, file
notice of such change or discontinuance.

day during which the default continues.
42. Regulations as to British register
(1) A British register shall be deemed to be part of the company’s register

of members (in this section called the principal register).
(2) It shall be kept in the same manner in which the principal register is by
this Act required to be kept, except that the advertisement before
closing the register shall be inserted in some newspaper circulating in
the locality wherein the British register is kept.
(3) The company shall transmit to its registered office in the Union of
Myanmar a copy of every entry in its British register as soon as may
be after the entry is made; and shall cause to be kept at such office,
duly entered up from time to time, a duplicate of his British register,
and the duplicate shall, for all the purposes of this Act, be deemed to
be part of the principal register.
(4) Subject to the provisions of this section with respect to the duplicate
register, the shares registered in a British register shall be
distinguished from the shares registered in the principal register, and
no transaction with respect to any shares registered in a British register
shall, during the continuance of that registration, be registered in any
other register.
(5) The company may discontinue to keep any British register, and
thereupon all entries in that register shall be transferred to the principal
register.
(6) Subject to the provisions of this Act, any company may, by its articles,
make such regulations as it may think fit respecting the keeping of a
British register.
43. Issue of share-warrants to bearer
(1) A company limited by shares, if so authorized by its articles, may, with

respect to any fully paid-up shares, or to stock, issue under its common
seal a warrant stating that the bearer of the warrant is entitled to the
33
shares or stock therein specified, and may provide, by coupons or
otherwise, for the payment of the future dividends on the shares or
stock included in the warrant, in this Act termed a share-warrant.
(2) Nothing in this section shall apply to a private company.
44. Effect of share-warrants
A share-warrant shall entitle the bearer thereof to the shares or stock

therein specified, and the shares or stock may be transferred by delivery of
the warrant.
45. Registration of name of bearer of share-warrant
The bearer of a share-warrant shall, subject to the articles of the of the

company, be entitled, on surrendering it for cancellation, to have his name
entered as a member in the register of members; and the company shall be
responsible for any loss incurred by any person by reason of the company
entering in its register the name of a bearer of a share-warrant in respect of
the shares or stock therein specified without the warrant being surrendered
and cancelled.
46. Position of bearer of share-warrant
The bearer of a share-warrant may, if the articles of the company so

provide, be deemed to be a member of the company within the meaning of
this Act, either to the full extent or for any purposes defined in the articles,
except that he shall not be qualified in respect of the shares or stock
specified in the warrant for being a director or manager of the company, in
cases where such a qualification is required by the articles.
47. Entries in register when share-warrant issued
(1) On the issue of a share-warrant, the company shall strike out of its
register of members the name of the member then entered therein as
holding the shares or stock specified in the warrant as if he had ceased
to be a member, and shall enter in the register the following
particulars, namely: –
(i) the fact of the issue of the warrant;
(ii) a statement of the shares or stock included in the warrant,
distinguishing each share by its number; and
(iii) the date of the issue of the warrant.

section it shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every
company who knowingly and wilfully continues or permits the default
48. Surrender of share-warrant
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Until the warrant is surrendered, the above particulars shall be deemed to
be the particulars required by this Act to be entered in the register of
members; and, on the surrender, the date of the surrender shall be entered
as if it were the date at which a person ceased to be a member.
49. Power of company to arrange for different amounts being paid on

shares
A company, if so authorized by its articles, may do any one or more of the

following things, namely: –
(1) make arrangements on the issue of shares for a difference between the
shareholders in the amounts and times of payment of calls on their
shares;
(2) accept from any member who assents thereto the whole or a part of the
amount remaining unpaid on any shares held by him although no part
of that amount has been called up;
(3) pay dividend in proportion to the amount paid up on each share where
a larger amount is paid up on some shares than on others.
50. Power of company limited by shares to alter its share capital
(1) A company limited by shares, if so authorized by its articles, may alter

the conditions of its memorandum as follows (that is to say), it may –
(a) increase its capital by the issue of new shares of such amount as it
thinks expedient;
(b) consolidate and divide all or any of its share capital into shares of
larger amount than its existing shares;
(c) convert all or any of its paid-up shares into stock and re-convert
that stock into paid-up shares of any denomination;
(d) sub-divide its shares, or any of them, into shares of smaller amount
than is fixed by the memorandum, so, however, that in the sub-
division the proportion between the amount paid and the amount, if
any, unpaid on each reduced share shall be the same as it was in
the case of the share from which the reduced share is derived;
(e) cancel shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution in
that behalf, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any
person, and diminish the amount of its share capital by the amount
of the shares so cancelled.
(2) The powers conferred by this section must be exercised by the

company in general meeting.
(3) A cancellation of shares in pursuance of this section shall not be

deemed to be a reduction of share capital within the meaning of this
Act.
(4) The company shall file with the Registrar notice of the exercise of any
power referred to in clause (d) or clause (e) of sub-section (1) within
fifteen days from the exercise thereof.
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51. Notice to Registrar of consolidation of share capital, conversion of
shares into stock, etc.
(1) Where a company having a share capital has consolidated and divided
its share capital into shares of larger amount than its existing shares, or
converted any of its shares into stock, or re-converted stock into
shares, it shall within fifteen days of the consolidation and division,
conversion or shares re-conversion, file notice with the Registrar of the
same, specifying the shares consolidated and divided, or converted, or
the stock re-converted.

52. Effect of conversion of shares into stock
Where a company having a share capital has converted any of its shares
into stock, and filed notice of the conversion with the Registrar, all the
provisions of this Act which are applicable to shares only shall cease as to
so much of the share capital as is converted into stock; and the register of
members of the company, and the list of members to be filed with the
Registrar, shall show the amount of stock held by each member instead of
the amount of shares and the particulars relating to shares hereinbefore
required by this Act.
53. Notice of increase of share capital or of members
(1) Where a company having a share capital, whether its shares have or
have not been converted into stock, has increased its share capital
beyond the registered capital, and where a company not having a share
capital has increased the number of its members beyond the registered
number, it shall file with the Registrar, in the case of an increase of
share capital, within fifteen days after the passing of the resolution
authorizing the increase, and, in the case of an increase of members,
within fifteen days after the increase was resolved on or took place,
notice of the increase of capital or members, and the Registrar shall
record the increase.
(2) The notice to be given as aforesaid shall include particulars of the

classes of shares affected and the conditions (if any) subject to which
the new shares are to be issued.
(3) If a company makes a default in complying with the requirements of

this section, it shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for
every day during which the default continues, and every officer of the
54. Reorganization of share capital

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(1) A company limited by shares may, by special resolution confirmed by
an order of the Court, modify the conditions contained in its
memorandum so as to reorganize its share capital, whether by the
consolidation of shares of different classes or by the division of its
shares into shares of different classes:
Provided that no preference or special privilege attached to or

belonging to any class of shares shall be interfered with except by
resolution passed by a majority in number of shareholders of that class
holding three-fourths of the share capital of that class and every
resolution so passed shall bind all shareholders of the class.
(2) Where an order is made under this section, a certified copy thereof
shall be filed with the Registrar within twenty-one days after the
making of the order, or within such further time as the Court may
allow, and the resolution shall not take effect until such a copy has
been so filed.
Reduction of Share Capital
54A. Restrictions on purchase by company or loans by company for

purchase of its own shares
(1) No company limited by shares shall have power to buy its own shares
or the shares of a public company of which it is a subsidiary company
unless the consequent reduction of capital is effected and sanctioned in
the manner provided by sections 55 to 66.
(2) No company limited by shares, other than a private company not being
a subsidiary company of a public company, shall give, whether
directly or indirectly, and whether by means of a loan, guarantee, the
provision of security or otherwise, any financial assistance for the
purpose of or in connection with a purchase made or to be made by
any person of any shares in the company:
Provided that nothing in this section shall be taken to prohibit, where

the lending of money is part of the ordinary business of a company, the
lending of money by the company in the ordinary course of its
business.
(3) If a company acts in contravention of this section, the company and

shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand kyats.
(4) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of a company to redeem
any shares issued under section 105B.
55. Reduction of share capital
(1) Subject to confirmation by the Court, a company limited by shares, if

so authorized by its articles, may by special resolution reduce its share
37
capital in any way, and in particular (without prejudice to the
generality of the foregoing power) may –
(a) extinguish or reduce the liability on any of its shares in respect of
share capital not paid up; or
(b) either with or without extinguishing or reducing liability on any of
its shares, cancel any paid-up share capital which is lost or
unrepresented by available assets; or
(c) either with or without extinguishing or reducing liability on any of
its shares, pay off any paid-up share capital which is in excess of
the wants of the company,
and may, if and so far as is necessary, alter its memorandum by
reducing the amount of its share capital and of its shares accordingly.
(2) A special resolution under this section is in this Act called a resolution
for reducing share capital.
56. Application to Court for confirming order
Where a company has passed a resolution for reducing share capital, it

may apply by petition to the Court for an order confirming the reduction.
57. Addition to name of company of “and reduced”
On and from the passing by a company of a resolution for reducing share

capital, or where the reduction does not involve either the diminution of
any liability in respect of unpaid share capital or the payment to any
shareholder of any paid-up share capital, then on and from the making of
the order confirming the reduction, the company shall add to its name,
until such date as the Court may fix the words “and reduced” as the last
words in its name, and those words shall, until that date, be deemed to be
part of the name of the company:
Provided that, where the reduction does not involve either the diminution
of any liability in respect of unpaid share capital or the payment to any
shareholder of any paid-up share capital, the Court may, if it thinks
expedient, dispense altogether with the addition of the words “and
reduced”.
58. Objections by creditors and settlement of list of objecting creditors
(1) Where the proposed reduction of share capital involves either

diminution of liability in respect of unpaid share capital, or the
payment to any shareholder of any paid-up share capital, and in any
other case if the Court so directs, every creditor of the company who at
the date fixed by the Court is entitled to any debt or claim which, if
that date were the commencement of the winding up of the company,
would be admissible in proof against the company, shall be entitled to
object to the reduction.
(2) The Court shall settle a list of creditors so entitled to object, and for
that purpose shall ascertain, as far as possible without requiring an
application from any creditor, the names of those creditors and the
38
nature and amount of their debts or claims, and may publish notices
fixing a day or days within which creditors not entered on the list are
to claim to be so entered or are to be excluded from the right of
objecting to the reduction.
59. Power to dispense with consent of creditor on security being given for
his debt
Where a creditor entered on the list of creditors whose debt or claim is not
discharged or determined does not consent to the reduction, the Court
may, if it thinks fit, dispense with the consent of that creditor, on the
company securing payment of his debt or claim by appropriating, as the
Court may direct, the following amount (that is to say), –
(i) if the company admits the full amount of his debt or claim, or, though
not admitting it, is willing to provide for it, then the full amount of the
debt or claim;
(ii) if the company does not admit or is not willing to provide for the full
amount of the debt or claim, or if the amount is contingent or not
ascertained, then an amount fixed by the Court after the like inquiry
and adjudication as if the company were being wound up by the Court.
60. Order confirming reduction
The Court, if satisfied, with respect to every creditor of the company who
under this Act is entitled to object to the reduction, that either his consent
to the reduction has been obtained or his debt or claim has been
discharged or has been determined or has been secured, may make an
order confirming the reduction on such terms and conditions as it thinks
fit.
61. Registration of order and minute of reduction
(1) The Registrar, on production to him of an order of the Court

confirming the reduction of the share capital of a company, and on the
filing with him of a certified copy of the order and of a minute
(approved by the Court) showing, with respect to the share capital of
the company as altered by the order, the amount of the share capital,
the number of shares into which it is to be divided and the amount of
each share, and the amount (if any) at the date of the registration
deemed to be paid up on each share, shall register the order and
minute.
(2) On the registration, and not before, the resolution for reducing share
capital as confirmed by the order so registered shall take effect.
(3) Notice of the registration shall be published in such manner as the

Court may direct.
(4) The Registrar shall certify under his ha d the registration of the order
and minute, and his certificate shall be conclusive evidence that all the
requirements of this Act with respect to reduction of share capital have
39
been complied with, and that the share capital of the company is such
as is stated in the minute.
62. Minute to form part of memorandum
(1) The minute when registered shall be deemed to be substituted for the
corresponding part of the memorandum of the company, and shall be
valid and alterable as if it had been originally contained therein, and
shall be embodied in every copy of the memorandum issued after its
registration.

section, it shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten kyats for each
copy in respect of which default is made, and every officer of the
63. Liability of members in respect of reduced shares
(1) A member of the company, past or present, shall not be liable in

respect of any share to any call or contribution exceeding in amount
the difference (if any) between the amount paid, or (as the case may
be) the reduced amount, if any, which is to be deemed to have been
paid, on the share and the amount of the share as fixed by the minute:
Provided that, if any creditor, entitled in respect of any debt or claim to

object to the reduction of share capital, is, by reason of his ignorance
of the proceedings for reduction, or of their nature and effect with
respect to his claim, not entered on the list of creditors, and, after the
reduction the company is unable, within the meaning of the provisions
of this Act with respect to winding up by the Court, to pay the amount
of his debt or claim, then-
(i) every person who was a member of the company at the date of the
registration of the order for reduction and minute shall be liable to
contribute for the payment of that debt or claim an amount not
exceeding the amount which he would have been liable to
contribute if the company had commenced to be wound up on the
day before that registration; and
(ii) if the company is wound up, the Court, on the application of any
such creditor and proof of his ignorance as aforesaid, may, if it
thinks fit, settle accordingly a list of persons so liable to contribute,
and make and enforce calls and orders on the contributories settled
on the list as if they were ordinary contributories in a winding up.
(2) Nothing in this section shall affect the rights of the contributories
among themselves.
64. Penalty on concealment of name of creditor
If any officer of the company wilfully conceals the name of any creditor
entitled to object to the reduction, or wilfully misrepresents the nature or
amount of the debt or claim of any creditor, or if any officer of the
40
company abets any such concealment or misrepresentation as aforesaid,
every such officer shall be punishable with imprisonment which may
extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.
65. Publication of reasons for reduction
In any case of reduction of share capital, the Court may require the
company to publish as the Court directs the reasons for reduction, or such
other information in regard thereto as the Court may think expedient, with
a view to give proper information to the public, and, if the Court thinks fit,
the causes which led to the reduction.
66. Increase and reduction of share capital in case of a company limited

by guarantee having a share capital
A company limited by guarantee and registered after the commencement

of this Act may, if it has a share capital and is so authorized by its articles,
increase or reduce its share capital in the same manner and subject to the
same conditions in and subject to which a company limited by shares may
increase or reduce its share capital under the provisions of this Act.
Variation of Shareholders’ Rights
66A. Rights of holders of special classes of shares
(1) If in the case of a company, the share capital of which is divided into
different classes of shares, provision is made by the memorandum or
articles for authorizing the variation of the rights attached to any class
of shares in the company, subject to the consent of any specified
proportion of the holders of the issued shares of that class or the
sanction of a resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of
those shares, and in pursuance of the said provision the rights attached
to any such class of shares are at any time varied, the holders of not
less in the aggregate than ten per cent of the issued shares of that class,
being persons who did not consent to or vote in favour of the
resolution for the variation, may apply to the Court to have the
variation cancelled, and where any such application is made the
variation shall not have effect unless and until it is confirmed by the
Court.
(2) An application under this section must be made within fourteen days
after the date on which the consent was given or the resolution was
passed, as the case may be, and may be made on behalf of the
shareholders entitled to make the application by such one or more of
their number as they may appoint in writing for the purpose.
(3) On any such application the Court, after hearing the applicant and any
other persons who apply to the Court to be heard and appear to the
Court to be interested in the application, may, if it is satisfied having
regard to all the circumstances of the case that the variation would
unfairly prejudice the shareholders of the class represented by the
41
applicant, disallow the variation and shall, if not so satisfied, confirm
the variation.
(4) The decision of the Court on any such application shall be final.
(5) The company shall within fifteen days after the service on the
company of any order made on any such application forward a copy of
the order to the Registrar, and, if default is made in complying with
this provision, the company and every officer of the company who is
knowingly and wilfully in default shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding fifty kyats.
(6) The expression “variation” in this section includes “abrogation” and

the expression “varied” shall be construed accordingly.
Registration of Unlimited Company as Limited
67. Registration of unlimited company as limited
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, any company registered as

unlimited may register under this Act as limited, or any company
already registered as a limited company may re-register under this Act,
but the registration of an unlimited company as a limited company
shall not affect any debts, liabilities, obligations or contracts incurred
or entered into by, to, with or on behalf of, the company before the
registration, and those debts, liabilities, obligations and contracts may
be enforced in manner provided by Part VIII of this Act in the case of
a company registered in pursuance of that Part.
(2) On registration in pursuance of this section, the Registrar shall close

the former registration of the company, and may dispense with the
delivery to him of copies of any documents with copies of which he
was furnished on the occasion of the original registration of the
company; but, save as aforesaid, the registration shall take place in the
same manner and shall have effect as if it were the first registration of
the company under this Act.
68. Power of unlimited company to provide for reserve share capital on

re-registration
An unlimited company having a share capital may, by its resolution for

registration as a limited company in pursuance of this Act, do either or
both of the following things, namely: –
(a) increase the nominal amount of its share capital by increasing the
nominal amount of each of its shares, but subject to the condition that
no part of the amount by which its capital is so increased shall be
capable of being called up except in the event and for the purposes of
the company being wound up;
(b) provide that a specified portion of its uncalled share capital shall not be
capable of being called up except in the event and for the purposes of
the company being wound up.
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Reserve Liability of Limited Company
69. Reserve liability of limited company
A limited company may by special resolution determine that any portion

of its share capital which has not been already called up shall not be
capable of being called up, except in the event and for the purposes of the
company being wound up, and thereupon that portion of its share capital
shall not be capable of being called up except in the event and for the
purposes aforesaid.
Unlimited Liability of Directors
70. Limited company may have directors with unlimited liability
(1) In a limited company the liability of the directors or of any director

may, if so provided by the memorandum, be unlimited.
(2) In a limited company in which the liability of any director is unlimited,

the directors of the company (if any) and the member who proposes a
person for election or appointment to the office of director shall add to
that proposal a statement that the liability of the person holding that
office will be unlimited, and the promoters and officers of the
company, or one of them, shall, before the person accepts the office or
acts therein, give him notice in writing that his liability will be
unlimited.
(3) If any director or proposer makes default in adding such a statement, or

if any promoter or officer of the company makes default in giving such
a notice, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand kyats
and shall also be liable for any damage which the person so elected or
appointed may sustain from the default, but the liability of the person
elected or appointed shall not be affected by the default.
71. Special resolution of limited company making liability of directors

unlimited
(1) A limited company, if so authorized by its articles, may by special

solution alter its memorandum so as to render unlimited the liability of
its directors or of any director.
(2) Upon the passing of any such special resolution, the provisions thereof
shall be as valid as if they had been originally contained in the
memorandum.
PART IV
MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
Office and Name
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72. Registered office of company
(1) A company shall as from the day on which it begins to carry on

business, or as from the twenty-eighth day after the date of its
incorporation, whichever is the earlier, have a registered office to
which all communications and notices may be addressed.
(2) Notice of the situation of the registered office and of any change
therein shall be given within twenty-eight days after the date of the
incorporation of the company or of the change, as the case may be, to
the Registrar who shall record the same.
(3) The inclusion in the annual return of a company of the statement as to

the address of its registered office shall not be taken to satisfy the
obligation imposed by this section.
(4) If a company carries on business without complying with the

requirements of this section, it shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
fifty kyats for every day during which it so carries on business.
73. Publication of name by a limited company
Every limited company –

(a) shall paint or affix, and keep painted or affixed, its name on the
outside of every office or place in which its business is carried on, in a
conspicuous position, in letters easily legible and in English
characters, and also, if the registered office be situate in a place
beyond the local limits of the ordinary original civil jurisdiction of the
High Court, in the characters of one of the vernacular languages used
in that place;
(b) shall have its name engraven in legible characters on its seal;
(c) shall have its name mentioned in legible Myanmar characters in all
bill-heads and letter paper and in all notices, advertisements and other
official publications of the company, and in all bills of exchange,
hundis, promissory notes, endorsements, cheques and orders for
money or goods purporting to be signed by or on behalf of the
company, and in all bills of parcels, invoices, receipts and letters of
credit of the company.
74. Penalties for non-publication of name
(1) If a limited company does not paint or affix, and keep painted or
affixed, its name in manner directed by this Act, it shall be liable to a
fine not exceeding fifty kyats for not so painting or affixing its name,
and for every day during which its name is not so kept painted or
affixed, and every officer of the company, who knowingly and wilfully
authorizes or permits the default, shall be liable to the like penalty.
(2) If any officer of a limited company, or any person on its behalf, uses or
authorizes the use of any seal purporting to be a seal of the company
whereon its name is not so engraven as aforesaid, or issues or
authorizes the issue of any bill-head, letter paper, notice, advertisement
44
or other official publication of the company, or signs or authorizes to
be signed on behalf of the company any bill of exchange, hundi,
promissory note, endorsement, cheque or order for money or goods, or
issues or authorizes to be issued any bill of parcels, invoice, receipt or
letter of credit of the company, wherein its name is not mentioned in
manner aforesaid, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five
hundred kyats, and shall further be personally liable to the holder of
any such bill of exchange, hundi, promissory note, cheque or order for
money or goods, for the amount thereof, unless the same is duly paid
by the company.
75. Publication of authorized as well as subscribed and paid-up capital
(1) Where any notice, advertisement or other official publication of a

company contains a statement of the amount of the authorized capital
of the company, such notice, advertisement or other official
publication shall also contain a statement in an equally prominent
position and in equally conspicuous characters of the amount of the
capital which has been subscribed and the amount paid up.
(2) Any company which makes default in complying with the

requirements of this section and every officer of the company who is
knowingly a party to the default shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
one thousand kyats.
Meetings and Proceedings
76. Annual general meeting
(1) A general meeting of every company shall be held within eighteen

months from the date of its incorporation and thereafter once at least in
every calendar year and not more than fifteen months after the holding
of the last preceding general meeting.
(2) If default is made in holding a meeting in accordance with the

provisions of this section, the company and every director or manager
of the company who is knowingly and wilfully a party to the default
shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats.
(3) If default is made as aforesaid, the Court may, on the application of

any member of the company, call or direct the calling of a general
meeting of the company.
77. Statutory meeting of company
(1) Every company limited by shares and every company limited by

guarantee and having a share capital shall, within a period of not less
than one month nor more than six months from the date at which the
company is entitled to commence business, hold a general meeting of
the members of the company, which shall be called the statutory
meeting.
45
(2) The directors shall, at least twenty-one days before the day on which
the meeting is held, forward a report (in this Act referred to as the
statutory report) certified as required by this section to every member
of the company.
(3) The statutory report shall be certified by not less than two directors of
the company, or by the chairman of the directors if authorized in this
behalf by the directors, and shall state –
(a) the total number of shares allotted, distinguishing shares allotted as
fully or partly paid up otherwise than in cash, and stating in the
case of shares partly paid up the extent to which they are so paid
up, and in either case the consideration for which they have been
allotted;
(b) the total amount of cash received by the company in respect of all
the shares allotted, distinguished as aforesaid;
(c) an abstract of the receipts of the company and of the payments
made thereout up to a date within seven days of the date of the
report, exhibiting under distinctive headings the receipts of the
company from shares and debentures and other sources, the
payments made thereout, and particulars concerning the balance
remaining in hand, and an account or estimate of the preliminary
expenses of the company showing separately any commission or
discount paid on the issue or sale of shares;
(d) the names, addresses, nationality and descriptions of the directors,
auditors, managing agents and managers, if any, and secretary of
the company and the changes, if any, which have occurred since
the date of the incorporation;
(e) the particulars of any contract, the modification of which is to be
submitted to the meeting for its approval, together with the
particulars of the modification or proposed modification;
(f) the extent to which underwriting contracts, if any, have been
carried out;
(g) the arrears, if any, due on calls from directors, managing agents
and managers; and
(h) the particulars of any commission or brokerage paid or to be paid
in connection with the issue or sale of shares to any director,
managing agent or manager, or a partner of the managing agent if
the managing agent is a firm, or if the managing agent is a private
company a director thereof.
(4) The statutory report shall, so far as it relates to the shares allotted by
the company, and to the cash received in respect of such shares and to
the receipts and payments of the company, be certified as correct by
the auditors of the company.
(5) The directors shall cause a copy of the statutory report certified as
required by this section to be delivered to the Registrar for registration
forthwith after the sending thereof to the members of the company.
(6) The directors shall cause a list showing the names, descriptions,
nationality and addresses of the members of the company, and the
number of shares held by them respectively, to be produced at the
46
commencement of the meeting, and to remain open and accessible to
any member of the company during the continuance of the meeting.
(7) The members of the company present at the meeting shall be at liberty
to discuss any matter relating to the formation of the company or
arising out of the statutory report, whether previous notice has been
given or not, but no resolution of which notice has not been given in
accordance with the articles may be passed.
(8) The meeting may adjourn from time to time, and at any adjourned
meeting any resolution of which notice has been given in accordance
with the articles, either before or subsequently to the former meeting,
may be passed, and the adjourned meeting shall have the same powers
as an original meeting.
(9) If a petition is presented to the Court in manner provided by Part V for

winding up the company on the ground of default in filing the statutory
report or in holding the statutory meeting, the Court may, instead of
directing that the company be wound up, give directions for the
statutory report to be filed or a meeting to be held, or make such other
order as may be just.
(10) In the event of any default in complying with the provisions of this
section every director of the company who is guilty of or who
knowingly and wilfully authorizes or permits the default shall be liable
to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats.
(11) This section shall not apply to a private company.
78. Calling of extraordinary general meeting on requisition
(1) Notwithstanding anything in the articles, the directors of a company

which has a share capital shall, on the requisition of the holders of not
less than one-tenth of the issued share capital of the company upon
which all calls or other sums then due have been paid, forthwith
proceed to call an extraordinary general meeting of the company.
(2) The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, and must be
signed by the requisitionists and deposited at the registered office of
the company, and may consist of several documents in like form, each
signed by one or more requisitionists.
(3) If the directors do not proceed within twenty-one days from the date of
the requisition being so deposited to cause a meeting to be called, the
requisitionists, or a majority of them in value, may themselves call the
meeting, but in either case any meeting so called shall be held within
three months from the date of the deposit of the requisition.
(4) Any meeting called under this section by the requisitionists shall be
called in the same manner, as nearly as possible, as that in which
meetings are to be called by directors.
47
(5) Any reasonable expenses incurred by the requisitionists by reason of
the failure of the directors duly to convene a meeting shall be repaid to
the requisitionists by the company, and any sum so repaid shall be
retained by the company out of any sums due or to become due from
the company by way of fees or other remuneration for their services to
such of the directors as were in default.
79. Provisions as to meetings and votes
(1) The following provisions shall have effect with respect to meetings of
a company other than a private company not being a subsidiary of a
public company and the procedure thereat, notwithstanding any
provision made in the articles of the company in this behalf: –
(a) a meeting of a company other than a meeting for the passing of a
special resolution may be called by not less than fourteen days’
notice in writing; but with the consent of all the members entitled
to receive notice of some particular meeting that meeting may be
convened by such shorter notice and in such manner as those
members may think fit;
(b) notice of the meeting of a company with a statement of the
business to be transacted at the meeting shall be served on every
member in the manner in which notices are required to be served
by Table A and for the purpose of this clause the expression “Table
A” means that Table as for the time being in force; but the
accidental omission to give notice to, or the non-receipt of notice
by, any member shall not invalidate the proceedings at any
meeting;
(c) five members present in person or by proxy, or the chairman of the
meeting, or any member or members holding not less than one-
tenth of the issued capital which carries voting rights, shall be
entitled to demand a poll: Provided that, in the case of a private
company, if not more than seven members are personally present,
one member, and if more than seven members are personally
present, two members, shall be entitled to demand a poll;
(d) an instrument appointing a proxy, if in the form set out in
regulation 67 of Table A, shall not be questioned on the ground
that it fails to comply with any special requirements specified for
such instruments by the articles; and
(e) any shareholder whose name is entered in the register of
shareholders of the company shall enjoy the same rights and be
subject to the same liabilities as all other shareholders of the same
class.
(2) The following provisions shall have effect in so far as the articles of
the company do not make other provision in that behalf:-
(a) two or more members holding not less than one-tenth of the total
share capital paid up or, if the company has not a share capital, not
less than five per cent. in number of the members of the company
may call a meeting;
(b) in the case of a private company two members, and in the case of
any other company five members, personally present shall be a
quorum;
48
(c) any member elected by the members present at a meeting may be
chairman thereof;
(d) in the case of a company originally having a share capital, every
member shall have one vote in respect of each share or each
hundred kyats of stock held by him, and in any other case every
member shall have one vote;
(e) on a poll votes may be given either personally or by proxy;
(f) the instrument appointing a proxy shall be in writing under the hand
of the appointor or of his attorney duly authorized in writing, or, if
the appointor is a corporation, either under seal or under the hand
of an officer or an attorney duly authorized; and
(g) a proxy must be a member of the company.
(3) If for any reason it is impracticable to call a meeting of a company in

any manner in which meetings of that company may be called, or to
conduct the meeting of the company in manner prescribed by the
articles or this Act, the Court may, either of its own motion or on the
application of any director of the company or of any member of the
company who would be entitled to vote at the meeting, order a
meeting of the company to be called, held and conducted in such
manner as the Court thinks fit, and where any such order is given may
give such ancillary or consequential directions as it thinks expedient,
and any meeting called, held and conducted in accordance with any
such order shall for all purposes be deemed to be a meeting of the
company duly called, held and conducted.
80. Representation of companies at meetings of other companies of which

they are members
A company which is a member of another company may, by resolution of

the directors, authorize any of its officials or any other person to act as its
representative at any meeting of that other company, and the person so
authorized shall be entitled to exercise the same powers on behalf of the
company which he represents as if he were an individual shareholder of
that other company.
81. Extraordinary and special resolutions
(1) A resolution shall be an extraordinary resolution when it has and been

passed by a majority of not less than three-fourths of such members
entitled to vote as are present in person or by proxy (where proxies are
allowed) at a general meeting of which notice specifying the intention
to propose the resolution as an extraordinary resolution has been duly
given.
(2) A resolution shall be a special resolution when it has been passed by

such a majority as is required for the passing of an extraordinary
resolution and at a general meeting of which not less than twenty-one
days’ notice specifying the intention to propose the resolution as a
special resolution has been duly given:
49
Provided that, if all the members entitled to attend and vote at any such
meeting so agree, a resolution may be proposed and passed as a special
resolution at a meeting of which less than twenty-one days’ notice has
been given.
(3) At any meeting at which an extraordinary resolution or a special

resolution is submitted to be passed a declaration of the chairman on a
show of hands that the resolution is carried shall, unless a poll is
demanded, be conclusive evidence of the fact without proof of the
number or proportion of the votes recorded in favour of or against the
resolution.
(4) At any meeting at which an extraordinary resolution or a special

resolution is submitted to be passed a poll may be demanded.
(5) In a case where, if a poll is demanded, it may in accordance with the

articles be taken in such manner as the chairman may direct, it may, if
the chairman so directs, be taken at the meeting at which it is
demanded.
(6) When a poll is demanded in accordance with this section, in

computing the majority on the poll, reference shall be had to the
number of votes to which each member is entitled by the articles of the
company or under this Act.
(7) For the purposes of this section notice of a meeting shall be deemed to
be duly given and the meeting to be duly held when the notice is given
and the meeting held in manner provided by the articles or under this
Act.
82. Registration and copies of special and extraordinary resolutions
(1) A copy of every special and extraordinary resolution shall, within

fifteen days from the passing thereof, be printed or typewritten and
duly certified under the signature of an officer of the company and
filed with the Registrar who shall record the same.
(2) Where articles have been registered, a copy of every special resolution
for the time being in force shall be embodied in or annexed to every
copy of the articles issued after the date of the resolution.
(3) Where articles have not been registered, a copy of every special
resolution shall be forwarded in print to any member at his request, on
payment of fifteen kyats or such less sum as the company may direct.
(4) If a company makes default in so filing with the Registrar a copy of a

special or extraordinary resolution, it shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding twenty kyats for every day during which the default
continues.
(5) If a company makes default in embodying in or annexing to a copy of

its articles or in forwarding in print to a member when required by this
50
section a copy of a special resolution, it shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding ten kyats for each copy in respect of which default is made.
(6) Every officer of a company who knowingly and wilfully authorizes or

permits any default by the company in complying with the
requirements of this section shall be liable to the like penalty as is
imposed by this section on the company for that default.
83. Minutes of proceedings of general meetings and of its directors
(1) Every company shall cause minutes of all proceedings of general

meetings and of its directors to be entered in books kept for that
purpose.
(2) Any such minute, if purporting to be signed by the chairman of the

meeting at which the proceedings were had, or by the chairman of the
next succeeding meeting, shall be evidence of the proceedings.
(3) Until the contrary is proved, every general meeting of the company or
meeting of directors in respect of the proceedings whereof minutes
have been so made shall be deemed to have been duly called and held,
and all proceedings had thereat to have been duly had, and all
appointments of directors or liquidators shall be deemed to be valid.
(4) The books containing the minutes of proceedings of any general

meeting of a company held after the 15th January, 1937, shall be kept
at the registered office of the company and shall during business hours
(subject to such reasonable restrictions as the company may by its
articles or in general meeting impose so that not less than two hours in
each day be allowed for inspection) be open to the inspection of any
member without charge.
(5) Any member shall at any time after seven days from the meeting be
entitled to be furnished within seven days after he has made a request
in that behalf to the company with a copy of any minutes referred to in
sub-section (4) at a charge not exceeding six kyats for every hundred
words.
(6) If any inspection required under sub-section (4) of this section is

refused, or if any copy required under sub-section (5) of this section is
not furnished within the time specified in sub-section (5), the company
and every officer of the company who is knowingly and wilfully in
default shall be liable in respect of each offence to a fine not exceeding
twenty-five kyats, and to a further fine of twenty-five kyats for every
(7) In the case of any such refusal or default, the Court may by order
compel an immediate inspection of the books in respect of all
proceedings of general meetings or direct that the copies required shall
be sent to the persons requiring them.
Directors
51
83A. Directors obligatory
(1) Every company shall have at least three directors.
(2) This section shall not apply to a private company except a private
company being a subsidiary company of a public company.
83B. Appointment of directors
(1) In default of and subject to any regulations in the articles of a company

other than a private company –
(i) the subscribers of the memorandum shall be deemed to be the
directors of the company until the first directors shall have been
appointed;
(ii) the directors of the company shall be appointed by the members in
general meeting; and
(iii)any casual vacancy occurring among the directors may be filled up
by the directors, but the person so appointed shall be subject to
retirement at the same time as if he had become a director on the
day on which the director in whose place he is appointed was last
appointed a director.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in the articles of a company other

than a private company, not less than two-thirds of the whole number
of directors shall be persons whose period of office is liable to
determination at any time by retirement of directors in rotation:
Provided that nothing herein contained shall apply to a company

incorporated before the 15th January, 1937, where by virtue of the
articles of the company the number of directors whose period of office
is liable to determination at any time by retirement of directors in
rotation falls below the two-thirds proportion mentioned in this
section.
84. Restrictions on appointment or advertisement of director
(1) A person shall not be capable of being appointed director of a

company by the articles, and shall not be named as a director or
proposed director of a company in any prospectus issued by or on
behalf of the company or in relation to any intended company or in
any statement in lieu of prospectus filed by or on behalf of a company,
unless, before the registration of the articles or the publication of the
prospectus, or the filing of the statement in lieu of prospectus, as the
case may be, he has by himself or by his agent authorized in writing –
(i) signed and filed with the Registrar a consent in writing to act as
such director; and
(ii) save in the case of companies not having a share capital, either
signed the memorandum for a number of shares not less than his
qualification (if any) or taken from the company and paid or
agreed to pay for his qualification shares or signed and filed with
the Registrar a contract in writing to take from the company and
52
pay for his qualification shares (if any) or made and filed with the
Registrar an affidavit to the effect that a number of shares, not less
than his qualification (if any), are registered in his name.
(2) On the application for registration of the memorandum and articles, if

any, of a company the applicant shall file with the Registrar a list of
the persons who have consented to be directors of the company, and, if
this list contains the name of any person who has not so consented, the
applicant shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats.
(3) This section shall not apply to a private company or a company which
was a private company before becoming a public company nor to a
prospectus issued by or on behalf of a company after the expiration of
one year from the date at which the company is entitled to commence
business.
85. Qualification of director
(1) Without prejudice to the restrictions imposed by section 84, it shall be

the duty of every director who is by the articles required to hold a
specified share qualification, and who is not already qualified, to
obtain his qualification within two months after his appointment, or
such shorter time as may be fixed by the articles.
(2) If, after the expiration of the said period or shorter time, any
unqualified person acts as a director of the company, he shall be liable
to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every day between the expiration
of the said period or shorter time and the last day on which it is proved
that he acted as a director.
86. Validity of acts of directors
The acts of a director shall be valid notwithstanding any defect that may
afterwards be discovered in his appointment or qualification: Provided that
nothing in this section shall be deemed to give validity to acts done by a
director after the appointment of such director has been shown to be
invalid.
86A. Ineligibility of bankrupt to act as director
(1) If any person being an undischarged insolvent acts as director or

managing agent or manager of any company, he shall be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or to a fine not
exceeding one thousand kyats, or to both.
(2) In this section the expression “company” includes a company

incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar which has an established
place of business within the Union of Myanmar.
86B. Assignment of office by directors
53
If in the case of any company provision is made by the articles or by any
agreement entered into between any person and the company for
empowering a director or manager of the company to assign his office as
such to another person, any assignment of office made in pursuance of the
said provision shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in
the said provision, be of no effect unless and until it is approved by a
special resolution of the company:
Provided that the exercise by a director of a power to appoint an alternate

or substitute director to act for him during an absence of not less than three
months from the district in which meetings of the directors are ordinarily
held, if done with the approval of the board of directors, shall not be
deemed to be an assignment of office within the meaning of this section:
Provided always that any such alternate or substitute director shall ipso
facto vacate office if and when the appointor returns to the district in
which meetings of the directors are ordinarily held.
86C. Avoidance of provisions relieving liability of directors
Save as provided in this section, any provision, whether contained in the

articles of a company or in any contract with a company or otherwise, for
exempting any director, manager or officer of the company, or any person
(whether an officer of the company or not) employed by the company as
auditor, from or indemnifying him against any liability which by virtue of
any rule of law would otherwise attach to him in respect of any
negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which he may be
guilty in relation to the company shall be void:
Provided that-
(a) in relation to any such provision which is in force on the 15 th January,
1937, this section shall have effect only on the expiration of a period
of six months from that date, and
(b) nothing in this section shall operate to deprive any person of any
exemption or right to be indemnified in respect of anything done or
omitted to be done by him while any such provision was in force, and
(c) notwithstanding anything in this section, a company may, in pursuance
of any such provision as aforesaid, indemnify any such director,
manager, officer or auditor against any liability incurred by him in
defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, in which
judgment is given in his favour or in which he is acquitted, or in
connection with any application under section 281 of this Act in which
relief is granted to him by the Court.
86D. Loans of directors
(1) No company shall make any loan or guarantee any loan made to a
director of the company or to a firm of which such director is a partner
or to a private company of which such director is a director.
(2) In the event of any contravention of sub-section (1) any director of the
company who is a party to such contravention shall be punishable with
54
fine which may extend to five hundred kyats, and if default is made in
repayment of the loan or in discharging the guarantee shall be liable
jointly and severally for the amount unpaid.
(3) This section shall not apply to a private company (except a private
company which is the subsidiary company of a public company) or to
a banking company.
86E. Director not to hold office of profit
No director or firm of which such director is a partner or private company

of which such director is a director shall, without the consent of the
company in general meeting, hold any office of profit under the company
except that of a managing director or manager or a legal or technical
adviser or a banker:
Provided that nothing herein contained shall apply to a director elected or

appointed before the 15th January, 1937, in respect of any office of profit
under the company held by him at the said date.
Explanation – For the purposes of this section the office of managing

agent shall not be deemed to be an office of profit under the company.
86F. Sanction of directors necessary for certain contracts
Except with the consent of the directors, a director of the company, or the
firm of which he is a partner or any partner of such firm, or the private
company of which he is a member or director, shall not enter into any
contracts for the sale, purchase, or supply of goods and materials with the
company: Provided that nothing herein contained shall affect any such
contract or agreement for such sale, purchase or supply entered into before
the 15th January, 1937.
86G. Removal of directors
(1) The company may by extraordinary resolution remove any director,

whose period of office is liable to determination at any time by
retirement of directors in rotation, before the expiration of his period
of office, and may by ordinary resolution appoint another person in his
stead. The person so appointed shall be subject to retirement at the
same time as if he had become a director on the day on which the
director in whose place he is appointed was last elected director. A
director so removed shall not be reappointed a director by the board of
directors.
(2) This section shall not apply to directors elected or appointed before the
15th January, 1937.
86H. Restrictions on powers of directors
55
The directors of a public company or of a subsidiary company of a public
company shall not, except with the consent of the company concerned in
general meeting,-
(a) sell or dispose of the undertaking of the company;
(b) remit any debt due by a director.
86I. Vacation of office of director
(1) The office of a director shall be vacated if-

(a) he fails to obtain within the time specified in sub-section (1) of
section 84, or at any time thereafter ceases to hold, the share
qualification, if any, necessary for his appointment, or
(b) he is found to be of unsound mind by a Court of competent
jurisdiction, or
(c) he is adjudged an insolvent, or
(d) he fails to pay calls made on him in respect of shares held by him
within six months from the date of such calls being made, or
(e) he or any firm of which he is a partner or any private company of
which he is a director, without the sanction of the company in
general meeting, accepts or holds any office of profit under the
company other than that of a managing director or manager or a
legal or technical adviser or a banker, or
(f) he absents himself from three consecutive meetings of the directors
or from all meetings of the directors for a continuous period of
three months, whichever is the longer, without leave of absence
from the board of directors, or
(g) he or any firm of which he is a partner or any private company of
which he is a director accepts a loan or guarantee from the
company in contravention of section 86D, or
(h) he acts in contravention of section 86F.
(2) Nothing contained in this section shall be deemed to preclude a

company from providing by its articles that the office of director shall
be vacated on grounds additional to those specified in this section.
87. Register of directors, managers and managing agents
(1) Every company shall keep at its registered office a register of its of
directors, managers and managing agents containing with respect to
each of them the following particulars, that is to say: –
(a) in the case of an individual, his present name in full, any former
name or surname in full, his usual residential address, his
nationality and, if that nationality is not the nationality of origin,
his nationality of origin and his business occupation, if any, and if
he holds any other directorship or directorships the particulars of
such directorship or directorships;
(b) in the case of a corporation, its corporate name and registered or
principal office, and the full name, address and nationality of each
of its directors; and
(c) in the case of a firm, the full name, address and nationality of each
partner, and the date on which each became a partner.
56
(2) The company shall within the periods respectively mentioned in this
sub-section send to the Registrar a return in the prescribed form
containing the particulars specified in the said register, and a
notification in the prescribed form of any change among its directors,
managers or managing agents or in any of the particulars contained in
the register.
The period within which the said return is to be sent shall be a period
of fourteen days from the appointment of the first directors of the
company, and the period within which the said notification of a change
is to be sent shall be fourteen days from the happening thereof.
(3) The register to be kept under this section shall during business hours
(subject to such reasonable restrictions as the company may by its
articles or in general meeting impose, so that not less than two hours in
each day be allowed for inspection) be open to the inspection of any
member of the company without charge and of any other person on
payment of fifteen kyats or such less sum as the company may impose
for each inspection.
(4) If any inspection required under this section is refused, or if default is

made in complying with sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of this
section, the company and every officer of the company who is
knowingly and wilfully in default shall be liable to a fine of fifty kyats.
(5) In the case of any such refusal, the Court, on application made by the
person to whom inspection has been refused and upon notice to the
company, may by order direct an immediate inspection of the register.
Managing Agents
87A. Duration of appointment of managing agent
(1) No managing agent shall, after the 15th January, 1937, be appointed to
hold office for a term of more than twenty years at a time.
(2) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the articles of a

company or in any agreement with the company, a managing agent of
a company appointed before the 15th January, 1937, shall not continue
to hold office after the expiry of twenty years from the said date unless
then reappointed thereto or unless he has been reappointed thereto
before the expiry of the said twenty years.
(3) A managing agent whose office is terminated by virtue of the

provisions of sub-section (2) shall upon such termination be entitled to
a charge upon the assets of the company by way of indemnity for all
liabilities or obligations properly incurred by the managing agent on
behalf of the company subject to existing charges and encumbrances,
if any.
57
(4) The termination of the office of a managing agent by virtue of the
provisions of sub-section (2) shall not take effect until all moneys
payable to the managing agent for loans made to or remuneration due
up to the date of such termination from the company are paid.
(5) Nothing in this section shall apply to a private company which is not
the subsidiary company of a public company.
87B. Conditions applicable to managing agents
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the articles of the

company or in any agreement with the company –
(a) a company may, by resolution passed at a general meeting of which
notice has been given to the managing agent in the same manner as to
members of the company, remove a managing agent if he is convicted
of an offence in relation to the affairs of the company punishable under
the Penal Code, and being under the provisions of the Code of
Criminal Procedure non-bailable; and, for the purposes of this clause,
where the managing agent is a firm or company an offence committed
by a member of such firm or a director of or an officer holding a
general power-of-attorney from such company shall be deemed to be
an offence committed by such firm or company:
Provided that a managing agent shall not be liable to be removed under
the provisions hereof if the offending member, director or officer as
aforesaid is expelled or dismissed by the managing agent within thirty
days from the date of his conviction or if his conviction is set aside on
appeal;
(b) the office of a managing agent shall be vacated if he is adjudged
insolvent;
(c) a transfer of his office by a managing agent shall be void unless
approved by the company in general meeting:
Provided that in the case of a managing agent’s firm a change in the
partners thereof shall not be deemed to operate as a transfer of the
office of managing agent, so long as one of the original partners shall
continue to be a partner of the managing agent’s firm. For the purpose
of this proviso “original partners” shall mean, in the case of managing
agents appointed before the 15th January, 1937, partners who were
partners at the said date, and in the case of managing agents appointed
after the said date, partners who were partners at the date of the
appointment;
(d) a charge or assignment of his remuneration or any part thereof
effected by a managing agent shall be void as against the company;
(e) if a company is wound up either by the Court or voluntarily, any
contract of management made with a managing agent shall be
thereupon determined without prejudice, however, to the right of the
managing agent to recover any moneys recoverable by the managing
agent from the company:
Provided that whereby the Court finds that the winding up is due to the
negligence or default of the managing agent himself the managing
agent shall not be entitled to receive any compensation for the
premature termination of his contract of management; and
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(f) the appointment of a managing agent, the removal of a managing agent
and any variation of a managing agent’s contract of management made
after the 15th January, 1937, shall not be valid unless approved by the
company by a resolution at a general meeting of the company,
notwithstanding anything to the contrary in section 86E:
Provided that nothing herein contained shall apply to the appointment
of a company’s first managing agent made prior to the issue of the
prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus where the terms of the
appointment of such managing agent are there set forth.
87C. Remuneration of managing agent
(1) Where any company appoints a managing agent after the 15th of
January, 1937, the remuneration of the managing agent shall be a sum
based managing on a fixed percentage of the net annual profits of the
company, with provision for a minimum payment in the case of
absence of or inadequacy of profits, together with an office allowance
to be defined in the agreement of management.
(2) Any stipulation for remuneration additional to or in any other form

than the remuneration specified in sub-section (1) shall not be binding
on the company unless sanctioned by a special resolution of the
company.
(3) For the Purposes of this section “net profits” means the profits of the
company calculated after allowing for all the usual working charges,
interest on loans and advances, repairs and outgoings, depreciation,
bounties or subsidies received from Government or from a public
body, profits by way of premium on shares sold, profits on sale
proceeds of forfeited shares, or profits from the sale of the whole or
part of the undertaking of the company, but without any deduction in
respect of income-tax or super-tax, or any other tax or duty on income
or revenue, or for expenditure by way of interest on debentures or
otherwise on capital account, or on account of any sum which may be
set aside in each year out of the profits for reserve or any other special
fund.
(4) This section shall not apply to a private company except a private
company which is the subsidiary company of a public company, or to
any company, whose principal business is the business of insurance.
87D. Loans to managing agents
(1) No company shall make to a managing agent of the company or to any

partner of the firm, if the managing agent is a firm, or to any director
of the private company, if the managing agent is a private company,
any loan out of moneys of the company or guarantee any loan made to
a managing agent.
(2) Nothing contained in this section shall apply to any credit held by a
managing agent in a current account maintained, subject to limits
59
previously approved by the board of directors, by the company with
the managing agent for the purposes of the company’s business.
(3) In the event of any contravention of sub-section (1) any director of the
company who is a party to the making of the loan or giving of the
guarantee shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five
hundred kyats, and if default is made in repayment of the loan or
discharging the guarantee shall be liable jointly and severally for the
amount unpaid.
(4) Nothing in this section shall apply to a private company except a

private company which is the subsidiary company of a public
company.
(5) Except with the consent of three-fourths of the directors present and
entitled to vote on the resolution, a managing agent of the company, or
the firm of which he is a partner, or any partner of such firm, or, if the
managing agent is a private company, a member or director thereof,
shall not enter into any contract for the sale, purchase or supply of
goods and materials with the company: Provided that nothing herein
contained shall affect any such contract for such sale, purchase or
supply entered into before the 15th January, 1937.
87E. Loans to or by Companies under the same management
(1) No company incorporated under this Act after the 15th January, 1937,
which is under the management of a managing agent, shall make any
loan to or guarantee any loan made to any company under
management by the same managing agent, and no company shall after
the expiry of six months from the said date, except by way of renewal
of an existing loan or guarantee given, make any loan to or guarantee
ally loan made to any such company:
Provided that nothing herein contained shall apply to loans made or

guarantees given by a company to or on behalf of a company under its
own management or loans made by or to a company to or by a
subsidiary company thereof or to guarantees given by a company on
behalf of a subsidiary company thereof.
(2) In the event of any contravention of the provisions of this section, any
director or officer of the company making the loan or giving the
guarantee who is knowingly and wilfully in default shall be liable to a
fine not exceeding one thousand kyats and shall be jointly and
severally liable for any loss incurred by the company in respect of such
loan or guarantee.
87F. Purchase by company of shares of company under same managing

agent
A company, other than an investment company, that is to say, a company

whose principal business is the acquisition and holding of shares, stocks,
debentures or other securities, shall not purchase shares or debentures of
60
any company under management by the same managing agent, unless the
purchase has been previously approved by a unanimous decision of the
board of directors of the purchasing company.
87G. Restriction on managing agent’s powers of management
A managing agent shall not exercise in respect of any company of which

he is a managing agent a power to issue debentures or, except with the
authority of the directors and within the limits fixed by them, a power to
invest the funds of the company, and any delegation of any such power by
a company to a managing agent shall be void.
87H. Managing agent not to engage in business competing with the business
of managed company
A managing agent shall not on his own account engage in any business
which is of the same nature as and directly competes with the business
carried on by a company under his management or by a subsidiary
company of such company.
87I. Limit on number of directors appointed by managing agent
Notwithstanding anything contained in the articles of a company other

than a private company, the directors, if any, appointed by the managing
agent shall not exceed in number one-third of the whole number of
directors.
Contracts
88. Form of contracts
(1) Contracts on behalf of a company may be made as follows (that is to

say): –
(i) any contract which, if made between private persons, would be by
law required to be in writing, signed by the parties to be charged
therewith, may be made on behalf of the company in writing
signed by any person acting under its authority, express or implied,
and may in the same manner be varied or discharged;
(ii) any contract which, if made between private persons, would by law
be valid although made by parol only, and not reduced into
writing, may be made by parol on behalf of the company by any
person acting under its authority, express or implied, and may in
the same manner be varied or discharged.
(2) All contracts made according to this section shall be effectual in law
and shall bind the company and its successors and all other parties
thereto, their heirs, or legal representatives, as the case may be.
89. Bills of exchange and promissory notes
A bill of exchange, hundi or promissory note shall be deemed to have been

made, drawn, accepted or endorsed on behalf of a company if made,
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drawn, accepted or endorsed in the name of, or by or on behalf or on
account of, the company by any person acting under its authority, express
or implied.
90. Execution of deeds
A company may, by writing under its common seal, empower any person,
either generally or in respect of any specified matters, as its attorney, to
execute deeds on its behalf in any place either in or outside the Union of
Myanmar; and every deed signed by such attorney, on behalf of the
company, and under his seal, where sealing is required, shall bind the
company, and have the same effect as if it were under its common seal.
91. Power for company to have official seal for use seal for use abroad
(1) A company whose objects require or comprise the transaction of

business beyond the limits of the Union of Myanmar may, if
authorized by its articles, have for use in any territory, district or place
not situate in the Union of Myanmar an official seal which shall be a
facsimile of the common seal of the company, with the addition on its
face of the name of every territory, district or place where it is to be
used.
(2) A company having such an official seal may, by writing under its
common seal, authorize any person appointed for the purpose in any
territory, district or place not situate in the Union of Myanmar to affix
the same to any deed or other document to which the company is party
in that territory, district or place.
(3) The authority of any such agent shall, as between the company and
any person dealing with the agent, continue during the period (if any)
mentioned in the instrument conferring the authority, or if no period is
there mentioned, then until notice of the revocation or determination of
the agent’s authority has been given to the person dealing with him.
(4) The person affixing any such official seal shall, by writing under his
hand, on the deed or other document to which the seal is affixed,
certify the date and place of affixing the same.
(5) A deed or other document to which an official seal is duly affixed shall
bind the company as if it had been sealed with the common seal of the
company.
91A. Disclosure of interest by director
(1) Every director who is directly or indirectly concerned or interested in

any contract or arrangement entered into by or on behalf of the
company shall disclose the nature of his interest at the meeting of the
directors at which the contract or arrangement is determined on, if his
interest then exists, or in any other case at the first meeting of the
directors after the acquisition of his interest or the making of the
contract or arrangement:
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Provided that a general notice that a director is a director or a member
of any specified company or is a member of any specified firm, and is
to be regarded as interested in any subsequent transaction with such
firm or company, shall as regards any such transaction be sufficient
disclosure within the meaning of this sub-section, and after such
general notice it shall not be necessary to give any special notice
relating to any particular transaction with such firm or company.
(2) Every director who contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall
be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand kyats.
(3) A register shall be kept by the company in which shall be entered

particulars of all contracts or arrangements to which sub-section (1)
applies, and which shall be open to inspection by any member of the
company at the registered office of the company during business
hours.
(4) Every officer of the company who knowingly and wilfully acts in
contravention of the provisions of sub-section (3) shall be liable to a
fine not exceeding five hundred kyats.
91B. Prohibition of voting by interested director
(1) No director shall, as a director, vote on any contract or arrangement in

which he is either directly or indirectly concerned or interested, nor
shall his presence count for the purpose of forming a quorum at the
time of any such vote; and if he does so vote, his vote shall not be
counted:
Provided that the directors or any of them may vote on any contract of
indemnity against any loss which they or any one or more of them may
suffer by reason of becoming or being sureties or surety for the
company.
(2) Every director who contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall
(3) This section shall not apply to a private company:
Provided that where a private company is a subsidiary company of a

public company, this section shall apply to all contracts or
arrangements made on behalf of the subsidiary company with any
person other than the holding company.
91C. Disclosure to members in case of contract appointing a manager
(1) Where a company enters into a contract for the appointment of a

manager or managing agent of the company in which contract any
director of the company is directly or indirectly concerned or
interested, or varies any such existing contract, the company shall,
within twenty-one days from the date of entering into contract or the
63
varying of the contract, send an abstract of the terms of such contract
or variation, as the case may be, together with a memorandum clearly
indicating the nature of the interest of the director in such contract, or
in such variation, to every member; and the contract shall be open to
the inspection of any member at the registered office of the company.
(2) If a company makes default in complying with the requirements of

sub-section (1), it shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand
kyats; and every officer of the company who knowingly and wilfully
authorizes or permits the default shall be liable to the like penalty.
91D. Contracts by agent of company in which company is undisclosed

principal
(1) Every manager or other agent of a company, other than a private

company not being the subsidiary company of a public company, who
enters into a contract for or on behalf of the company in which
contract the company is an undisclosed principal shall, at the time of
entering into the contract, make a memorandum in writing of the terms
of the contract, and specify therein the person with whom it has been
made.
(2) Every such manager or other agent shall forthwith deliver the
memorandum aforesaid to the company and send copies to the
directors, and such memorandum shall be filed in the office of the
company and laid before the directors at the next directors’ meeting.
(3) If any such manager or other agent makes default in complying with
the requirements of this section –
(a) the contract shall, at the option of the company, be void as against
the company; and
(b) such manager or other agent shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
two hundred kyats.
Prospectus
92. Filing of prospectus
(1) Every prospectus issued by or on behalf of a company or in relation to

any intended company shall be dated, and that date shall, unless the
contrary be proved, be taken as the date of publication of the
prospectus.
(2) A copy of every such prospectus, signed by every person who is

named therein as a director or proposed director of the company, or by
his agent authorized in writing, shall be filed for registration with the
Registrar on or before the date of its publication, and no such
prospectus shall be issued until a copy thereof has been so filed for
registration.
(3) The Registrar shall not register any prospectus unless it is dated and
the copy thereof signed, in manner required by this section.
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(4) Every prospectus shall state on the face of it that a copy has been filed
for registration as required by this section.
(5) If a prospectus is issued without a copy thereof being so filed, the

company, and every person who is knowingly a party to the issue of
the prospectus, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for
every day from the date of issue of the prospectus until a copy thereof
is so filed.
93. Specific requirements as to particulars of prospectus
(1) Every prospectus issued by or on behalf of a company, or by or on

behalf of any person who is or has been engaged or interested in the
formation of the company, shall state –
(a) the contents of the memorandum, with the names, descriptions,
nationality, and addresses of the signatories and the number of
shares subscribed for by them respectively; and the number of
founders or management or deferred shares (if any) and the nature
and extent of the interest of the holders in the property and profits
of the company, and the number of redeemable preference shares
intended to be issued with the date or, where no date is fixed, the
period of notice required and the proposed method of redemption;
and
(b) the number of shares (if any) fixed by the articles as the
qualification of a director, and any provision in the articles as to
the remuneration of the directors; and
(c) the names, descriptions, nationality and addresses of the directors
or proposed directors and of the managers or proposed managers
and managing agents or proposed managing agents (if any), and
any provision in the articles or in any contract as to the
appointment of managers or managing agents and the remuneration
payable to them; and
(d) the minimum subscription on which the directors may proceed to
allotment, and the amount payable on application and allotment on
each share; and in the case of a second or subsequent offer of
shares the amount offered for subscription on each previous
allotment made within the two preceding years, and the amount
actually allotted, and the amount (if any) paid on the shares so
allotted; and
(e) the number and amount of shares and debentures which within the
two preceding years have been issued, or agreed to be issued, as
fully or partly paid up otherwise than in cash, and in the latter case
the extent to which they are so paid up, and in either case the
consideration for which those shares or debentures have been
issued or agreed to be issued; and
(ee) where any issue of shares or debentures is underwritten, the names
of the underwriters, and the opinion of the directors that the
resources of the underwriters are sufficient to discharge the
underwriting obligations; and
(f) the names and addresses of the vendors of any property purchased
or acquired by the company, or proposed so to be purchased or
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acquired, which is to be paid for wholly or partly out of the
proceeds of the issue offered for subscription by the prospectus, or
the purchase or acquisition of which has not been completed at the
date of issue of the prospectus, and the amount payable in cash,
shares or debentures to the vendor, and, where there is more than
one separate vendor or the company is a sub-purchaser, the amount
so payable to each vendor: Provided that where the vendors or any
of them are a firm, the members of the firm shall not be treated as
separate vendors; and
(ff) where any property referred to in clause (f) has within the two
years preceding the issue of the prospectus been transferred by
sale, the amount paid by the purchaser at each such transfer so far
as the information is available and, where any such property is a
business, the profits accruing from such business during each of
the three years immediately preceding the issue of the prospectus,
or during each year of the existence of the business if less than
three years, so far as the information is available. A balance sheet
of the business concerned made up to a date not more than ninety
days before the date of the issue of the prospectus shall be
appended to the prospectus; and
(g) the amount (if any) paid or payable as purchase-money, in cash,
shares or debentures, for any such property as aforesaid, specifying
the amount (if any) payable for goodwill; and
(h) the amount (if any) paid within the two preceding years or payable
as commission for subscribing or agreeing to subscribe, or
procuring or agreeing to procure, subscriptions for any shares in, or
debentures of, the company, or as discount in respect of shares
issued, showing separately the amount, if any, so paid to the
managing agents: Provided that it shall not be necessary to state
the commission payable to sub-underwriters; and
(i) the amount or estimated amount of preliminary expenses; and
(k) the amount paid within the two preceding years or intended to be
paid to any promoter, and the consideration for any such payment;
and
(l) the dates of, and parties to, every material contract including
contracts relating to the acquisition of property to which clause (f)
applies, and a reasonable time and place at which any material
contract or a copy thereof may be inspected: Provided that this
requirement shall not apply to a contract entered into in the
ordinary course of the business carried on or intended to be carried
on by the company, or to any contract (except a contract
appointing or fixing the remuneration of a managing director or
managing agent) entered into more than two years before the date
of issue of the prospectus; and
(m) the names and addresses of the auditors (if any) of the company;
and
(n) full particulars of the nature and extent of the interest (if any) of
every director in the promotion of, or in the property proposed to
be acquired by, the company, or, where the interest of such a
director consists in being a partner in a firm, the nature and extent
of the interest of the firm, with a statement of all sums paid or
agreed to be paid to him or to the firm, in cash or shares or
66
otherwise, by any person either to induce him to become, or to
qualify him as, a director, or otherwise for services rendered by
him or by the firm in connection with the promotion or formation
of the company; and
(o) where the company is a company having shares of more than one
class, the right of voting at meetings of the company conferred by,
and the rights in respect of capital and dividends attached to, the
several classes of shares respectively; and
(p) where the articles of the company impose any restrictions upon the
members of the company in respect of the right to attend, speak or
vote at meetings of the company or of the right to transfer shares,
or upon the directors of the company in respect of their powers of
management, the nature and extent of those restrictions.
(1A) Where the prospectus is issued by a company which has been carrying
on business prior to the issue thereof, the prospectus shall set out the
following reports in addition to the matters referred to in sub-section
(1), namely: –
(i) a report by the auditors of the company with respect to the profits
of the company including its subsidiary companies, if any, so far as
the information is available, in each of the three financial years
immediately preceding the issue of the prospectus and with respect
to the rates of the dividends, if any, paid by the company on each
class of shares in the company for each of the said three years,
giving particulars of each such class of shares on which such
dividends have been paid and the source from which the dividends
have been paid and particulars of the cases in which no dividends
have been paid on any class of shares for any of those years, and if
no accounts have been made up for any part of a period of three
years ending on a date three months before the issue of the
prospectus, containing a statement of that fact;
(ii) if the proceeds or any part of the proceeds of the issue of the shares
or debentures are or is to be applied directly or indirectly in the
purchase of any business, a report made by an accountant or
accountants holding the certificate referred to in section 144, who
shall be named in the prospectus, upon the profits of the business
in respect of each of the three financial years immediately
preceding the issue of the prospectus:
Provided that if, in the case of a company which has been carrying on
business for less than three years, the accounts of the company have
been made up only in respect of two years or any shorter period, this
sub-section shall have effect as if references to two years or such
shorter period were substituted for references to three years.
(1B) The statement referred to in clause (ff) of sub-section (1) and the
report referred to in sub-section (1A) with respect to the profits of a
company or business shall show clearly the trading results and all
charges and expenses incidental thereto, excluding income or profits
having no relation to the trading for the period covered and excluding
also items of profit or income of a non-recurring nature, but including
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amounts appropriated from profits to such purposes as payment of
taxation or reserves.
(1C) Where any part of the sums required for the matters set out in sub-
section (2) of section 101 is to be provided out of sources other than
share capital, particulars of the amount to be so provided and the
sources thereof.
(2) Where any such prospectus as is mentioned in this section is published

as a newspaper advertisement, it shall not be necessary in the
advertisement to specify the contents of the memorandum, or the
signatories thereto, and the number of shares subscribed for by them.
(3) This section shall not apply to a circular or notice inviting existing
members or debenture holders of a company to subscribe either for
shares or for debentures of the company, whether with or without the
right to renounce in favour of other persons.
(4) The requirements of this section as to the memorandum and the

qualification, remuneration and interest of directors, the names,
descriptions, nationality and addresses of directors or proposed
directors, and of managers or proposed managers, and the amount or
estimated amount of preliminary expenses, shall not apply in the case
of a prospectus issued more than one year after the date at which the
company is entitled to commence business:
Provided that the said requirements, except the requirement as to the

amount or estimated amount of preliminary expenses, shall apply to a
prospectus filed in pursuance of section 154.
(5) Nothing in this section shall limit or diminish any liability which any
person may incur under the general law or this Act apart from this
section.
94. Meaning of “vendor” in section 93
For the purposes of section 93 every person shall be deemed to be a

vendor who has entered into any contract, absolute or conditional, for the
sale or purchase, or for any option of purchase, of any property to be
acquired by the company, in any case where –
(a) the purchase-money is not fully paid at the date of issue of the
prospectus; or
(b) the purchase-money is to be paid or satisfied wholly or in part out of
the proceeds of the issue offered for subscription by the prospectus; or
(c) the contract depends for its validity or fulfilment on the result of that
issue.
95. Application of section 93 to the case of property taken on lease
Where any of the property to be acquired by the company is to be taken on

lease, section 93 shall apply as if the expression “vendor” included the
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lessor, and the expression “purchase-money” included the consideration
for the lease, and the expression “sub-purchaser” included a sub-lessee.
96. Invalidity of certain conditions as to waiver or notice
(1) Any condition requiring or binding any applicant for shares or

debentures to waive compliance with any requirements of section 93,
or purporting to affect him with notice of any contract, document or
matter not specifically referred to in the prospectus, shall be void.
(2) It shall not be lawful to issue any form of application for the shares in
or debentures of a company unless the form is issued with a prospectus
which complies with the requirements of section 93:
Provided that this sub-section shall not apply if it is shown that the
form of application was issued either –
(a) in connection with a bona fide invitation to a person to enter into an
underwriting agreement with respect to the shares or debentures; or
(b) in relation to shares or debentures which were not offered to the
public.
If any person acts in contravention of the provisions of this sub-

section, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats.
97. Saving in certain cases of non-compliance with section 93
(1) If a prospectus is issued which does not comply with the provisions of
section 93, every person who is knowingly responsible for the issue of
such prospectus shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for
every day from the day of the issue of the prospectus until a copy
complying with the requirements of section 93 is filed.
(2) In the event of non-compliance with or contravention of any of the

requirements of section 93, a director or other person responsible for
the prospectus shall not incur any liability by reason of the non-
compliance or contravention if he proves that –
(a) as regards any matter not disclosed, he was not cognisant thereof;
or
(b) the non-compliance or contravention arose from an honest mistake
of fact on his part; or
(c) the non-compliance or contravention was in respect of matters
which in the opinion of the Court were immaterial, or was
otherwise such as ought in the opinion of the Court having regard
to all the circumstances of the case, reasonably to be excused.
Provided that, in the event of non-compliance with or contravention of

the requirements contained in clause (n) of sub-section (1) of section
93, no such director or other person shall incur any liability in respect
of the non-compliance or contravention unless it be proved that he had
knowledge of the matters not disclosed.
98. Obligations of companies where no prospectus is issued

69
(1) A company which does not issue a prospectus on or with reference to
its formation shall not allot any of its shares or debentures unless
before the first allotment of either shares or debentures there has been
filed with the Registrar a statement in lieu of prospectus, signed by
every person who is named therein as a director or a proposed director
of the company or by his agent authorized in writing, in the form and
containing the particulars set out in the form marked I in the Second
Schedule.
(2) This section shall not apply to a private company or to a company

which has allotted any shares or debentures before the commencement
of this Act, or in so far as it relates to the allotment of shares to a
company limited by a guarantee and not having a share capital.
98A. Document offering shares or debentures for sale to be deemed a

prospectus
(1) Where a company allots or agrees to allot any shares in or debentures

of the company with a view to all or any of those shares or debentures
being offered for sale to the public, any document by which the offer
for sale to the public is made shall for all purposes be deemed to be a
prospectus issued by the company, and all enactments and rules of law
as to the contents of prospectuses and to liability in respect of
statements in and omissions from prospectuses or otherwise relating to
prospectuses shall apply and have effect accordingly as if the shares or
debentures had been offered to the public for subscription and as if
persons accepting the offer in respect of any shares or debentures were
subscribers for those shares or debentures, but without prejudice to the
liability, if any, of the persons by whom the offer is made in respect of
mis-statements contained in the document or otherwise in respect
thereof.
(2) For the purposes of this Act it shall, unless the contrary is proved, be
evidence that an allotment of or an agreement to allot shares or
debentures was made with a view to the shares or debentures being
offered for sale to the public, if it is shown –
(a) that an offer of the shares or debentures or of any of them for sale
to the public was made within six months after the allotment or
agreement to allot; or
(b) that at the date when the offer was made the whole of the
consideration to be received by the company in respect of the
shares or debentures had not been so received.
(3) Section 97 shall apply to the person or persons making the offer as
though they were persons named in a prospectus as directors of a
company, and the provisions of section 93 shall have effect as if it
required a prospectus to state, in addition to the matters required by
that section to be stated in a prospectus, –
(a) the net amount of the consideration received or to be received by
the company in respect of the shares or debentures to which the
offer relates, and
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(b) the place and time at which the contract under which the said
shares or debentures have been or are to be allotted may be
inspected.
(4) Where a person making an offer to which this section relates is a

company or a firm, it shall be sufficient if the document aforesaid is
signed on behalf of the company or firm by all directors of the
company or not less than half of the partners, as the case may be, and
any such director or partner may sign by his agent authorized in
writing.
99. Restriction on alteration of terms mentioned in prospectus or

statement in lieu of prospectus
A company shall not, at any time, vary the terms of a contract referred to
in the prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus, except subject to the
approval of the company in general meeting.
100. Liability for statements in prospectus
(1) Where a prospectus invites persons to subscribe for shares in or

debentures of a company, every person who is a director of the
company at the time of the issue of the prospectus, and every person
who has authorized the naming of himself and is named in the
prospectus as a director or as having agreed to become a director either
immediately or after an interval of time, and every promoter of the
company, and every person who has authorized the issue of the
prospectus, shall be liable to pay compensation to all persons who
subscribe for any shares or debentures on the faith of the prospectus
for all loss or damage they may have sustained by reason of any
misleading or untrue statement therein, or in any report or
memorandum appearing on the face thereof, or by reference
incorporated therein or issued therewith, unless it is proved –
(a) with respect to every misleading or untrue statement not purporting
to be made on the authority of an expert or of a public official
document or statement, that he had reasonable ground to believe
and did up to the time of the allotment of the shares or debentures,
as the case may be, believe that the statement fairly represented the
facts or was true;
(b) with respect to every misleading or untrue statement purporting to
be a statement by or contained in what purports to be a copy of or
extract from a report or valuation of an expert, that it fairly
represented the statement, or was a correct and fair copy of or
extract from the report or valuation: Provided that the director,
person named as director, promoter or person who authorized the
issue of the prospectus shall be liable to pay compensation as
aforesaid if it is proved that he had no reasonable ground to believe
that the person making the statement, report or valuation was
competent to make it; and
(c) with respect to every misleading or untrue statement purporting to
be a statement made by an official person or contained in what
purports to be a copy of or extract from a public official document,
71
that it was a correct and fair representation of the statement or copy
of or extract from the document;
or unless it is proved –
(i) that having consented to become a director of the company he
withdrew his consent before the issue of the prospectus, and that it
was issued without his authority or consent; or
(ii) that the prospectus was issued without his knowledge or consent,
and that, on becoming aware of its issue, he forthwith gave
reasonable public notice that it was issued without his knowledge
or consent; or
(iii)that, after the issue of the prospectus and before allotment
thereunder, he, on becoming aware of any misleading or untrue
statement therein, withdrew his consent thereto, and gave
reasonable public notice of the withdrawal and of the reason
therefor.
(2) Where a company existing at the commencement of this Act has

issued shares or debentures, and for the purpose of obtaining further
capital by subscriptions for shares or debentures issues a prospectus, a
director shall not be liable in respect of any statement therein unless he
has authorized the issue of the prospectus, or has adopted or ratified it.
(3) Where the prospectus contains the name of a person as a director of

the company, or as having agreed to become a director thereof, and he
has not consented to become a director, or has withdrawn his consent
before the issue of the prospectus, and has not authorized or consented
to the issue thereof, the directors of the company, except any without
whose knowledge or consent the prospectus was issued, and any other
person who authorized the issue thereof, shall be liable to indemnify
the person named as aforesaid against all damages, costs and expenses
to which he may be made liable by reason of his name having been
inserted in the prospectus, or in defending himself against any suit or
legal proceedings brought against him in respect thereof.
(4) Every person who, by reason of his being a director or named as a

director or as having agreed to become a director, or of his having
authorized the issue of the prospectus, becomes liable to make any
payment under this section, may recover contribution, as in cases of
contract, from any other person who, if sued separately, would have
been liable to make the same payment, unless the person who has
become so liable was, and that other person was not, guilty of
fraudulent misrepresentation.
(5) For the purposes of this section –

(a) the expression “promoter” means a promoter who was a party to
the preparation of the prospectus, or the portion thereof containing
the misleading or untrue statement, but does not include any
person by reason of his acting in a professional capacity for
persons engaged in procuring the formation of the company;
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(b) the expression “expert” includes engineer, valuer, accountant and
any other person whose profession gives authority to a statement
made by him.
Allotment
101. Restriction as to allotment
(1) No allotment shall be made of any share capital of a company offered

to the public for subscription unless the amount stated in the
prospectus as the minimum amount which in the opinion of the
directors must be raised by the issue of share capital in order to
provide the sums or, if any part thereof is to be defrayed in any other
manner, the balance of the sums required to be provided in respect of
the matters specified in sub-section (2) has been subscribed, and the
sum of at least five per cent. thereof has been paid to or received in
cash by the company.
(2) The matters for which provision for the raising of a minimum amount
of share capital must be made by the directors are the following,
namely: –
(a) the purchase price of any property purchased or to be purchased
which is to be defrayed in whole or in part out of the proceeds of
the issue;
(b) any preliminary expenses payable by the company and any
commission so payable to any person in consideration of his
agreeing to subscribe for or of his procuring or agreeing to procure
subscriptions for any shares in the company;
(c) the repayment of any moneys borrowed by the company in respect
of any of the foregoing matters; and
(d) working capital.
(2A) The amount referred to in sub-section (1) as the amount stated in the
prospectus shall be reckoned exclusively of any amount payable
otherwise than in cash and is in this Act referred to as the minimum
subscription.
(2B) All moneys received from applicants for shares shall be deposited and
kept in a scheduled bank until returned in accordance with the
provisions of sub-section (4) or until the certificate to commence
business is obtained under section 103.
(2C) in the event of any contravention of the provisions of sub-section (2B)

every promoter, director or other person knowingly responsible for
such contravention shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred
kyats.
(3) The amount payable on application on each share shall not be less than
five per cent. of the nominal amount of the share.
(4) If the conditions aforesaid have not been complied with on the
expiration of one hundred and eighty days after the first issue of the
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prospectus, all money received from applicants for shares shall be
forthwith repaid to them without interest, and, if any such money is not
so repaid within one hundred and ninety days after the issue of the
prospectus, the directors of the company shall be jointly and severally
liable to repay that money with interest at the rate of seven per cent.
per annum from the expiration of the one hundred and ninetieth day:
Provided that a director shall not be liable if he proves that the loss of
the money was not due to any misconduct or negligence on his part.
(5) Any condition requiring or binding any applicant for shares to waive
compliance with any requirement of this section shall be void.
(6) This section, except sub-section (3) thereof, shall not apply to any
allotment of shares subsequent to the first allotment of shares offered
to the public for subscription.
(7) In the case of the first allotment of share capital payable in cash of a
company which does not issue any invitation to the public to subscribe
for its shares, no allotment shall be made unless the minimum
subscription (that is to say) –
(a) the amount (if any) fixed by the memorandum or articles and
named in the statement in lieu of prospectus as the minimum
subscription upon which the directors may proceed to allotment; or
(b) if no amount is so fixed and named, the whole amount of the share
capital other than that issued or agreed to be issued as fully or
partly paid up otherwise than in cash;
has been subscribed and an amount not less than five per cent. of the
nominal amount of each share payable in cash has been paid to and
received by the company.
(8) Sub-section (7) shall not apply to a private company or to a company

which has allotted any shares or debentures before the commencement
of this Act.
102. Effect of irregular allotment
(1) An allotment made by a company to an applicant in contravention of

the provisions of section 101 shall be voidable at the instance of the
applicant within one month after the holding of the statutory meeting
of the company and not later, or, in any case where the company is not
required to hold a statutory meeting or where the allotment is made
after the holding of the statutory meeting, within one month after the
date of the allotment and not later, and shall be so voidable
notwithstanding that the company is in course of being wound up.
(2) If any director of a company knowingly contravenes or permits or

authorizes the contravention of any of the provisions of section 101
with respect to allotment, he shall be liable to compensate the
company and the allottee respectively for any loss, damages or costs
which the company or the allottee may have sustained or incurred
thereby: Provided that proceedings to recover any such loss, damages
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or costs shall not be commenced after the expiration of two years from
the date of the allotment.
103. Restrictions on commencement of business
(1) A company shall not commence any business or exercise any

borrowing powers unless –
(a) shares held subject to the payment of the whole amount thereof in
cash have been allotted to an amount not less in the whole than the
minimum subscription; and
(b) every director of the company has paid to the company on each of
the shares taken or contracted to be taken by him, and for which he
is liable to pay in cash, a proportion equal to the proportion
payable on application and allotment on the shares offered for
public subscription or, in the case of a company which does not
issue a prospectus inviting the public to subscribe for its shares, on
the shares payable in cash; and
(c) there has been filed with the Registrar a duly verified declaration
by the secretary or one of the directors in the prescribed form that
the aforesaid conditions have been complied with; and
(d) in the case of a company which does not issue a prospectus inviting
the public to subscribe for its shares, there has been filed with the
Registrar a statement in lieu of prospectus.
(2) The Registrar shall, on the filing of a duly verified declaration in

accordance with the provisions of this section, certify that the
company is entitled to commence business, and that certificate shall be
conclusive evidence that the company is so entitled:
Provided that, in the case of a company which does not issue a

prospectus inviting the public to subscribe for its shares, the Registrar
shall not give such a certificate unless a statement in lieu of prospectus
has been filed with him.
(3) Any contract made by a company before the date at which it is entitled
to commence business shall be provisional only, and shall not be
binding on the company until that date, and on that date it shall
become binding.
(4) Nothing in this section shall prevent the simultaneous offer for
subscription or allotment of any shares and debentures or the receipt of
any money payable on application for debentures.
(5) If any company commences business or exercises borrowing powers in

contravention of this section, every person who is responsible for the
contravention shall, without prejudice to any other liability, be liable to
a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats for every day during which the
contravention continues.
(6) Nothing in this section shall apply to a private company, or to a

company registered before the commencement of this Act which does
not issue a prospectus inviting the public to subscribe for its shares or,
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in so far as its provisions relate to shares, to a company limited by
guarantee and not having a share capital.
104. Return as to allotments
(1) Whenever a company having a share capital makes any allotment of its
shares, the company shall, within one month thereafter, –
(a) file with the Registrar a return of the allotments, stating the number
and nominal amount of the shares comprised in the allotment, the
names, addresses, nationality and descriptions of the allottees, and
the amount (if any) paid or due and payable on each share; and
(b) in the case of shares allotted as fully or partly paid up otherwise
than in cash, produce for the inspection and examination of the
Registrar a contract in writing constituting the title of the allottee
to the allotment, together with any contract of sale, or for services
or other consideration in respect of which that allotment was made,
such contracts being duly stamped, and file with the Registrar
copies verified in the prescribed manner of all such contracts, and a
return stating the number and nominal amount of shares so
allotted, the extent to which they are to be treated as paid up, and
the consideration for which they have been allotted.
(2) Where such a contract as above mentioned is not reduced to writing,

the company shall, within one month after the allotment, file with the
Registrar the prescribed particulars of the contract stamped with the
same stamp-duty as would have been payable if the contract had been
reduced to writing, and these particulars shall be deemed to be an
instrument within the meaning of the Myanmar Stamp Act, and the
Registrar may, as a condition of filing the particulars, require that the
duty payable thereon be adjudicated under section 31 of that Act.
(3) If default is made in complying with the requirements of this section,

every officer of the company who is knowingly a party to the default
shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats for every day
during which the default continues:
Provided that, in case of default in filing with the Registrar within one
month after the allotment any document required to be filed by this
section, the company, or any person liable for the default, may apply
to the Court for relief, and the Court, if satisfied that the omission to
file the document was accidental or due to inadvertence or that on
other grounds it is just and equitable to grant relief, may make an order
extending the time for the filing of the document for such period as the
Court may think proper.
(4) Nothing in this section shall apply to the issue and allotment by a
company of shares which under the provisions of its articles were
forfeited for non-payment of calls.
Commissions and Discounts
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105. Power to pay certain commissions and prohibition of payment of all
other commissions, discounts, etc.
(1) It shall be lawful for a company to pay a commission to any person in

consideration of his subscribing or agreeing to subscribe, whether
absolutely or conditionally, for any shares in the company, or
procuring or agreeing to procure subscriptions, whether absolute or
conditional, for any shares in the company, if the payment of the
commission is authorized by the articles and the commission paid or
agreed to be paid does not exceed the amount or rate so authorized,
and if the amount or rate per cent. of the commission paid or agreed to
be paid is –
(a) in the case of shares offered to the public for subscription,
disclosed in the prospectus; or
(b) in the case of shares not offered to the public for subscription,
disclosed in the statement in lieu of prospectus, or in a statement in
the prescribed form signed in like manner as a statement in lieu of
prospectus and filed with the Registrar, and where a circular or
notice, not being a prospectus, inviting subscription for the shares
is issued, also disclosed in that circular or notice.
(2) Save as aforesaid and save as provided in section 105A, no company

shall apply any of its shares or capital money either directly or
indirectly in payment of any commission, discount or allowance, to
any person in consideration of his subscribing or agreeing to subscribe,
whether absolutely or conditionally, for any shares of the company, or
procuring or agreeing to procure subscriptions, whether absolute or
conditional, for any shares in the company, whether the shares or
money be so applied by being added to the purchase-money of any
property acquired by the company or to the contract price of any work
to be executed for the company, or the money be paid out of the
nominal purchase-money or contract price, or otherwise.
(3) Nothing in this section shall affect the power of any company to pay
such brokerage as it has heretofore been lawful for a company to pay,
and a vendor to, promoter of, or other person who receives payment in
money or shares from a company shall have and shall be deemed
always to have had power to apply any part of the money or shares so
received in payment of any commission, the payment of which, if
made directly by the company, would have been legal under this
section.
105A. Power to issue shares at a discount
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, it shall be lawful for a

company to issue at a discount shares in the company of a class
already issued:
Provided that –
(a) the issue of the shares at a discount must be authorized by
resolution passed in general meeting of the company and must be
sanctioned by the Court;
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(b) the resolution must specify the maximum rate of discount (not
exceeding ten per cent. in any case) at which shares are to be
issued;
(c) not less than one year must at the date of issue have elapsed since
the date on which the company was entitled to commence
business;
(d) the shares to be issued at a discount must be issued within six
months after the date on which the issue is sanctioned by the Court
or within such extended time as the Court may allow.
(2) Every prospectus relating to the issue of the shares and every balance
sheet issued by the company subsequently to the issue of the shares
must contain particulars of the discount allowed on the issue of the
shares, or of so much of that discount as has not been written off at the
date of the issue of the document in question.
(3) If default is made in complying with sub-section (2), the company and
every officer of the company who is in default shall be liable to a fine
not exceeding fifty kyats.
105B. Issue of redeemable preference shares
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a company limited by shares

may, if so authorized by its articles, issue preference shares which
are, or at the option of the company are to be, liable to be redeemed:
Provided that –
(a) no such shares shall be redeemed except out of profits of the
company which would otherwise be available for dividend or out
of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purposes of
the redemption or out of sale proceeds of any property of the
company;
(b) no such shares shall be redeemed unless they are fully paid;
(c) where any such shares are redeemed otherwise than out of the
proceeds of a fresh issue, there shall, out of profits which would
otherwise have been available for dividend, be transferred to a
reserve fund, to be called “the capital redemption reserve fund”, a
sum equal to the amount applied in redeeming the shares, and the
provisions of this Act relating to the reduction of the share capital
of a company shall, except as provided in this section, apply as if
the capital redemption reserve fund were paid-up share capital of
the company;
(d) where any such shares are redeemed out of the proceeds of a fresh
issue, the premium, if any, payable on redemption must have been
provided for out of the profits of the company before the shares are
redeemed.
(2) There shall be included in every balance-sheet of a company which

has issued redeemable preference shares a statement specifying what
part of the issued capital of the company consists of such shares and
the date on or before which those shares are, or are to be, liable to be
78
redeemed or, where no definite date is fixed for redemption, the period
of notice to be given for redemption.
If a company fails to comply with the provisions of this sub-section,

the company and every officer of the company who is in default shall
(3) Subject to the provisions of this section, the redemption of preference

shares thereunder may be effected on such terms and in such manner
as may be provided by the articles of the company.
(4) Where in pursuance of this section a company has redeemed or is

about to redeem any preference shares, it shall have power to issue
shares up to the nominal amount of the shares redeemed or to be
redeemed as if those shares had never been issued, and accordingly the
share capital of the company shall not for the purpose of calculating
the fees payable under section 249 be deemed to be increased by the
issue of shares in pursuance of this sub-section:
Provided that, where new shares are issued before the redemption of
the old shares, the new shares shall not, so far as relates to stamp duty,
be deemed to have been issued in pursuance of this sub-section unless
the old shares are redeemed within one month after the issue of the
new shares.
(5) Where new shares have been issued in pursuance of the last foregoing
sub-section, the capital redemption reserve fund may, notwithstanding
anything in this section, be applied by the company, up to an amount
equal to the nominal amount of the shares so issued, in paying up
unissued shares of the company to be issued to members of the
company as fully paid bonus shares.
105C. Further issue of capital
Where the directors decide to increase the capital of the company by the
issue of further shares, such shares shall be offered to the members in
proportion to the existing shares held by each member (irrespective of
class), and such offer shall be made by notice specifying the number of
shares to which the member is entitled, and limiting a time within which
the offer, if not accepted, will be deemed to be declined; and after the
expiration of such time, or on receipt of an intimation from the member to
whom such notice is given that he declines to accept the shares offered,
the directors may dispose of the same in such manner as they think most
beneficial to the company.
106. Statement in balance sheet as to commissions and discounts
Where a company has paid any sums by way of commission in respect of

any shares or debentures or allowed any sums by way of discount in
respect of any debentures, the total amount so paid or allowed, or so much
thereof as has not been written off, shall be stated in every balance-sheet
of the company until the whole amount thereof has been written off.
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Payment of Interest out of Capital
107. Power of company to pay interest out of capital in certain cases
Where any shares of a company are issued for the purpose of raising
money to defray the expenses of the construction of any works or
buildings or the provision of any plant which cannot be made profitable
for a lengthened period, the company may pay interest on so much of that
share capital as is for the time being paid up for the period and subject to
the conditions and restrictions in this section mentioned, and may charge
the same to capital as part of the cost of construction of the work or
building or the provision of plant:
Provided that –
(1) no such payment shall be made unless the same is authorized by the
articles or by special resolution;
(2) no such payment, whether authorized by the articles or by special
resolution, shall be made without the previous sanction of the
President of the Union, which sanction shall be conclusive evidence
for the purposes of this section that the shares of the company, in
respect of which such sanction is given, have been issued for a purpose
specified in this section;
(3) before sanctioning any such payment, the President of the Union may,
at the expense of the company, appoint a person to inquire and report
to the President of the Union as to the circumstances of the case, and
may, before making the appointment, require the company to give
security for the payment of the costs of the inquiry;
(4) the payment shall be made only for such period as may be determined
by the President of the Union, and such period shall in no case extend
beyond the close of the half-year next after the half-year during which
the works or buildings have been actually completed or the plant
provided;
(5) the rate of interest shall in no case exceed four per cent. per annum or
such lower rate as the President of the Union may, by notification in
the Gazette, prescribe;
(6) the payment of the interest shall not operate as a reduction of the
amount paid up on the shares in respect of which it is paid;
(7) the accounts of the company shall show the share capital on which,
and the rate at which, interest has been paid out of capital during the
period to which the accounts relate;
(8) nothing in this section shall affect any company to which the Railway
Companies Act or the Tramways Act applies.
Certificates of Shares, etc.
108. Limitation of time for issue of certificates
(1) Every company shall, within three months after the allotment of any of
its shares, debentures or debenture stock, and within three months after
the registration of the transfer of any such shares, debentures or
debenture stock, complete and have ready for delivery the certificates
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of all shares, the debentures, and the certificates of all debenture stock
allotted or transferred, unless the conditions of issue of the shares,
debentures or debenture stock otherwise provide.
(2) If default is made in complying with the requirements of this section,

the company, and every officer of the company who is knowingly a
party to the default, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats
for every day during which the default continues.
Information as to Mortgages, Charges, etc.
109. Certain mortgages and charges to be void if not registered
(1) Every mortgage or charge created after the commencement of this Act
by a company and being either –
(a) a mortgage or charge for the purpose of securing any issue of
debentures; or
(b) a mortgage or charge on uncalled share capital of the company; or
(c) a mortgage or charge on any immoveable property wherever
situate, or any interest therein; or
(d) a mortgage or charge on any book debts of the company; or
(e) a mortgage or a charge, not being a pledge on any moveable
property of the company except stock-in-trade; or
(f) a floating charge on the undertaking or property of the company;
shall, so far as any security on the company’s property or undertaking is

thereby conferred, be void against the liquidator and any creditor of the
company unless the prescribed particulars of the mortgage or charge,
together with the instrument (if any) by which the mortgage or charge is
created or evidenced, or a copy thereof verified in the prescribed manner,
are filed with the Registrar for registration in manner required by this Act
within twenty-one days after the date of its creation, but without prejudice
to any contract or obligation for repayment of the money thereby secured,
and when a mortgage or charge becomes void under this section, the
money secured thereby shall immediately become payable:
Provided that –
(i) in the case of a mortgage or charge created out of the Union of
Myanmar, comprising solely property situate outside the Union of
Myanmar, twenty-one days after the date on which the instrument
or copy could, in due course of post and if despatched with due
diligence, have been received in the Union of Myanmar shall be
substituted for twenty-one days after the date of the creation of the
mortgage or charge as the time within which the particulars and
instrument or copy are to be filed with the Registrar; and
(ii) where the mortgage or charge is created in the Union of Myanmar
but comprises property outside the Union of Myanmar, the
instrument creating or purporting to create the mortgage or charge
or a copy thereof verified in the prescribed manner may be filed for
registration notwithstanding that further proceedings may be
necessary to make the mortgage or charge valid or effectual
81
according to the law of the country in which the property is situate;
and
(iii)where a negotiable instrument has been given to secure the
payment of any book debts of a company, the deposit of the
instrument for the purpose of securing an advance to the company
shall not for the purposes of this section be treated as a mortgage
or charge on those book debts; and
(iv) the holding of debentures entitling the holder to a charge on
immoveable property shall not be deemed to be an interest in
immoveable property.
(2) Where any mortgage or charge on any property of a company required

to be registered under this section has been so registered, any person
acquiring such property or any part thereof, or any share or interest
therein, shall be deemed to have notice of the said mortgage or charge
as from the date of such registration.
109A. Registration of charges on properties acquired subject to charge
(1) Where after the 15th January, 1937, a company registered in the Union
of Myanmar acquires any property which is subject to a charge of any
such kind as would, if it had been created by the company after the
acquisition of the property, have been required to be registered under
this Part, the company shall cause the prescribed particulars of the
charge, together with a copy (certified in the prescribed manner to be a
correct copy) of the instrument, if any, by which the charge was
created or is evidenced, to be delivered to the Registrar for registration
in manner required by this Act within twenty-one days after the date
on which the acquisition is completed:
Provided that, if the property is situate and the charge was created
outside the Union of Myanmar, twenty-one days after the date on
which the copy of the instrument could, in due course of post and if
despatched with due diligence, have been received in the Union of
Myanmar shall be substituted for twenty-one days after the completion
of the acquisition as the time within which the particulars and the copy
of the instrument are to be delivered to the Registrar.
(2) If default is made in complying with this section, the company and
shall be liable to a fine of five hundred kyats.
110. Particulars in case of series of debentures entitling holders pari passu
Where a series of debentures containing or giving by reference to any

other instrument any charge to the benefit of which the debenture-holders
of that series are entitled pari passu is created by a company, it shall be
sufficient for the purposes of section 109 if there are filed with the
Registrar within twenty-one days after the execution of the deed
containing the charge or, if there is no such deed, after the execution of
any debentures of the series, the following particulars: –
(a) the total amount secured by the whole series; and
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(b) the dates of the resolution authorizing the issue of the series and the
date of the covering deed (if any) by which the security is created or
defined; and
(c) a general description of the property charged; and
(d) the names of the trustees (if any) for the debenture-holders;
together with the deed or a copy thereof verified in the prescribed manner
containing the charge, or if there is no such deed, one of the debentures of
the series, and the Registrar shall, on payment of the prescribed fee, enter
those particulars in the register:
Provided that, where more than one issue is made of debentures in the
series, there shall be filed with the Registrar for entry in the register
particulars of the date and amount of each issue, but an omission to do this
shall not affect the validity of the debentures issued.
111. Particulars in case of commission, etc., on debentures
Where any commission, allowance or discount has been paid or made

either directly or indirectly by the company to any person in consideration
of his subscribing or agreeing to subscribe, whether absolutely or
conditionally, for any debentures of the company, or procuring or agreeing
to procure subscriptions, whether absolute or conditional, for any such
debentures, the particulars required to be filed for registration under
sections 109 and 110 shall include particulars as to the amount or rate per
cent. of the commission, discount or allowance so paid or made, but an
omission to do this shall not affect the validity of the debentures issued:
Provided that the deposit of any debentures as security for any debt of the
company shall not for the purposes of this provision be treated as the issue
of the debentures at a discount.
112. Register of mortgages and charges
(1) The Registrar shall keep, with respect to each company, a register in
the prescribed form of all mortgages and charges created by the
company after the commencement of this Act and requiring
registration under section 109, and shall, on payment of the prescribed
fee, enter in the register, with respect to every such mortgage or
charge, the date of creation, the amount secured by it, short particulars
of the property mortgaged or charged, and the names of the
mortgagees or persons entitled to the charge.
(2) After making the entry required by sub-section (1), the Registrar shall
return the instrument (if any) or the verified copy thereof, as the case
may be, filed in accordance with the provisions of section 109 or
section 110, to the person filing the same.
(3) The register kept in pursuance of this section shall be open to

inspection by any person on payment of the prescribed fee, not
exceeding fifteen kyats for each inspection.
113. Index to register of mortgages and charges

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The Registrar shall keep a chronological index, in the prescribed form and
with the prescribed particulars, of the mortgages or charges registered with
him under this Act.
114. Certificate of registration
The Registrar shall give a certificate under his hand of the registration of
any mortgage or charge registered in pursuance of section 109, stating the
amount thereby secured, and the certificate shall be conclusive evidence
that the requirements of sections 109 to 112 as to registration have been
complied with.
115. Endorsement of certificate of registration on debenture or certificate

of debenture stock
The company shall cause a copy of every certificate of registration, given

under section 114, to be endorsed on every debenture or certificate of
debenture stock which is issued by the company, and the payment of
which is secured by the mortgage or charge so registered:
Provided that nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring a

company to cause a certificate of registration of any mortgage or charge so
given to be endorsed on any debenture or certificate of debenture stock
which has been issued by the company before the mortgage or charge was
created.
116. Duty of company and right of interested party as regards registration
(1) It shall be the duty of the company to file with the Registrar for
registration the prescribed particulars of every mortgage or charge
created by the company and of the issues of debentures of a series,
requiring registration under section 109, but registration of any such
mortgage or charge may be effected on the application of any person
interested therein.
(2) Where the registration is effected on the application of some person

other than the company, that person shall be entitled to recover from
the company the amount of any fees properly paid by him to the
Registrar on the registration.
(3) Whenever the terms or conditions or extent or operation of any

mortgage or charge registered under this section are modified, it shall
be the duty of the company to send to the Registrar the particulars of
such modification, and the provisions of this section as to registration
of a mortgage or a charge shall apply to such modification of the
mortgage or charge as aforesaid.
117. Copy of instrument creating mortgage or charge to be kept at

registered office
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Every company shall cause a copy of every instrument creating any
mortgage or charge requiring registration under section 109 to be kept at
the registered office of the company: Provided that, in the case of a series
of uniform debentures, a copy of one such debenture shall be sufficient.
118. Registration of appointment of receiver
(1) If any person obtains an order for the appointment of a receiver of the
property of a company, or appoints such a receiver under any powers
contained in any instrument, he shall, within fifteen days from the date
of the order or of the appointment under the powers contained in the
instrument, file notice of the fact with the Registrar, and the Registrar
shall, on payment of the prescribed fee, enter the fact in the register of
mortgages and charges.
(2) If any person makes default in complying with the requirements of this
section, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every
119. Filing of accounts of receivers
(1) Every receiver of the property of a company who has been appointed
under the powers contained in any instrument, and who has taken
possession, shall once in every half-year while he remains in
possession, and also on ceasing to act as receiver, file with the
Registrar an abstract in the prescribed form of his receipts and
payments during the period to which the abstract relates, and shall
also, on ceasing to act as receiver, file with the Registrar notice to that
effect, and the Registrar shall enter the notice in the register of
mortgages and charges.
(2) Where a receiver of the property of a company has been appointed,

every invoice, order for goods, or business letter issued by or on behalf
of the company, or the receiver of the company, being a document on
or in which the name of the company appears, shall contain a
statement that a receiver has been appointed.
(3) If default is made in complying. with the requirements of this section,

the company, and every director, manager, managing agent, secretary
or other officer of the company, and every receiver, who knowingly
and wilfully authorizes or permits the default, shall be liable to a fine
not exceeding two hundred kyats.
120. Rectification of register of mortgages
(1) The Court, on being satisfied that the omission to register a mortgage
or charge within the time required by section 109, or that the omission
or misstatement of any particular with respect to any such mortgage or
charge, or the omission to give intimation to the Registrar of the
payment or satisfaction of a debt for which a charge or mortgage was
created, was accidental or due to inadvertence or to some other
sufficient cause, or is not of a nature to prejudice the position of
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creditors or share-holders of the company, or that on other grounds it
is just and equitable to grant relief, may, on the application of the
company or any person interested and on such terms and conditions as
seem to the Court just and expedient, order that the time for
registration be extended, or, as the case may be, that the omission or
misstatement be rectified, and may make such order as to the costs of
the application as it thinks fit.
(2) Where the Court extends the time for the registration of a mortgage or
charge, the order shall not prejudice any rights acquired in respect of
the property concerned prior to the time when the mortgage or charge
is actually registered.
121. Registration of satisfaction of mortgages and charges
(1) It shall be the duty of the company to give intimation to the Registrar
of the payment or satisfaction of any charge or mortgage created by
the company and requiring registration under section 109 within
twenty-one days from the date of the payment or satisfaction thereof.
(2) The Registrar shall on receipt of such intimation cause a notice to be

sent to the mortgagee calling upon him to show cause, within a time
(not exceeding fourteen days) to be fixed by such notice, why the
payment or satisfaction of the charge or mortgage should not be
recorded.
(3) The Registrar shall, if no cause is shown, order that a memorandum of

satisfaction be entered on the register and shall if required furnish the
company with a copy thereof.
(4) Where cause is shown, the Registrar shall record a note to that effect in
the register, and shall inform the company that he has done so.
122. Penalties
(1) If any company makes default in filing with the Registrar for
registration the particulars –
(a) of any mortgage or charge created by the company; or
(b) of the payment or satisfaction of a debt in respect of which a
mortgage or charge has been registered under section 109 or
section 109A; or
(c) of the issues of debentures of a series,
requiring registration with the Registrar under the foregoing provisions

of this Act, then, unless the registration has been effected on the
application of some other person, the company, and every officer of
the company or other person who is knowingly a party to the default,
shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats
for every day during which the default continues.
(2) Subject as aforesaid, if any company makes default in complying with

any of the requirements of this Act as to the registration with the
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Registrar of any mortgage or charge created by the company, the
company, and every officer of the company who knowingly and
wilfully authorizes or permits the default, shall, without prejudice to
any other liability, be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one
thousand kyats.
(3) If any person knowingly and wilfully authorizes or permits the

delivery of any debenture or certificate of debenture stock requiring
registration with the Registrar under the foregoing provisions of this
Act without a copy of the certificate of registration being endorsed
upon it, he shall, without prejudice to any other liability, be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand kyats.
123. Company’s register of mortgages
(1) Every company shall keep a register of mortgages and enter therein all
mortgages and charges specifically affecting property of the company
and all floating charges on the undertaking or on any property of the
company, giving in each case a short description of the property
mortgaged or charged, the amount of the mortgage or charge and
(except in the case of securities to bearer) the names of the mortgagees
or persons entitled thereto.
(2) If any director, manager or other officer of the company knowingly

and wilfully authorizes or permits the omission of any entry required
to be made in pursuance of this section, he shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding five hundred kyats.
124. Right to inspect copies of instruments creating mortgages and charges

and company’s register of mortgages
(1) The copies kept at the registered office of the company in pursuance of
section 117 of instruments creating any mortgage or charge requiring
registration under this Act with the Registrar, and the register of
mortgages kept in pursuance of section 123, shall be open at all
reasonable times to the inspection of any creditor or member of the
company without fee, and the register of mortgages shall also be open
to the inspection of any other person on payment of such fee, not
exceeding fifteen kyats for each inspection, as the company may
prescribe.
(2) If inspection of the said copies or register is refused, the company shall
be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats, and a further fine not
exceeding twenty kyats for every day during which the refusal
continues, and every officer of the company who knowingly authorizes
or permits the refusal shall incur the like penalty, and in addition to the
above penalty, the Court may by order compel an immediate
inspection of the copies or register.
125. Right to inspect the register of debenture-holders and to have copies

of trust-deed
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(1) Every register of holders of debentures of a company shall, except
when closed in accordance with the articles during such period or
periods (not exceeding in the whole thirty days in any year) as may be
specified in the articles, be open to the inspection of the registered
holder of any such debentures, and of any holder of shares in the
company, but subject to such reasonable restrictions as the company
may in general meeting impose, so that at least two hours in each day
are appointed for inspection, and every such holder may require a copy
of the register or any part thereof on payment of six kyats for every
one hundred words or fractional part thereof required to be copied.
(2) A copy of any trust-deed for securing any issue of debentures shall be
forwarded to every holder of any such debentures at his request on
payment, in the case of a printed trust-deed, of the sum of fifteen kyats
or such less sum as may be prescribed by the company, or, where the
trust-deed has not been printed, on payment of six kyats for every one
hundred words or fractional part thereof required to be copied.
(3) If inspection is refused, or a copy is refused or not forwarded, the

company shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats, and to a
further fine not exceeding twenty kyats for every day during which the
refusal continues, and every officer of the company who knowingly
authorizes or permits the refusal shall incur the like penalty, and the
Court may by order compel an immediate inspection of the register.
125A. Transitory provisions as respects Indian companies
The separation of Myanmar and India shall not, as respects a company

which was under the provisions of this Act as in force before the
separation of Myanmar and India a company within the meaning of this
Act, render valid any mortgage or charge which, by virtue of this Part of
this Act, as in force immediately before the said date, was void against the
liquidator and creditors of the company.
Debentures and Floating Charges
126. Perpetual debentures
A condition contained in any debentures or in any deed for securing any

debentures, whether issued or executed before or after the passing of this
Act, shall not be invalid by reason only that thereby the debentures are
made irredeemable or redeemable only on the happening of a contingency,
however remote or on the expiration of a period however long.
127. Power to re-issue redeemed debentures in certain cases
(1) Where either before or after the commencement of this Act a company
has redeemed any debentures previously issued, the company, unless
the articles or the conditions of issue expressly otherwise provide, or
unless the debentures have been redeemed in pursuance of any
obligation on the company so to do (not being an obligation
enforceable only by the person to whom the redeemed debentures were
88
issued or his assigns), shall have power, and shall be deemed always to
have had power, to keep the debentures alive for the purposes of re-
issue, and where a company has purported to exercise such a power
the company shall have power, and shall be deemed always to have
had power, to re-issue the debentures either by re-issuing the same
debentures or by issuing other debentures in their place, and upon such
re-issue the person entitled to the debentures shall have, and shall be
deemed always to have had, the same rights and priorities as if the
debentures had not previously been issued.
(2) Where with the object of keeping debentures alive for the purpose of
re-issue they have, either before or after the commencement of this
Act, been transferred to a nominee of the company, a transfer from that
nominee shall be deemed to be a re-issue for the purposes of this
section.
(3) Where a company has, either before or after the commencement of this
Act, deposited any of its debentures to secure advances from time to
time on current account or otherwise, the debentures shall not be
deemed to have been redeemed by reason only of the account of the
company having ceased to be in debit whilst the debentures remained
so deposited.
(4) The re-issue of a debenture or the issue of another debenture in its

place under the power by this section given to, or deemed to have been
possessed by, a company, whether the re-issue or issue was made
before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be treated as the
issue of a new debenture for the purposes of stamp-duty, but it shall
not be so treated for the purposes of any provision limiting the amount
or number of debentures to be issued:
Provided that any person lending money on the security of a debenture

re-issued under this section which appears to be duly stamped may
give the debenture in evidence in any proceedings for enforcing his
security without payment of the stamp-duty or any penalty in respect
thereof, unless he had notice or, but for his negligence, might have
discovered that the debenture was not duly stamped, but in any such
case the company shall be liable to pay the proper stamp-duty and
penalty.
(5) Nothing in this section shall prejudice –

(a) * * * *
(b) any power to issue debentures in the place of any debentures paid
off or otherwise satisfied or extinguished, reserved to a company
by its debentures or the securities for the same.
128. Specific performance of contract to subscribe for debentures
A contract with a company to take up and pay for any debentures of the
company may be enforced by a decree for specific performance.
89
129. Payments of certain debts out of assets subject to floating charge in
priority to claim under the charge
(1) Where either a receiver is appointed on behalf of the holders of any

debentures of a company secured by a floating charge, or possession is
taken by or on behalf of those debenture-holders of any property
comprised in or subject to the charge, then, if the company is not at the
time in course of being wound up, the debts which in every winding up
are under the provisions of Part V relating to preferential payments to
be paid in priority to all other debts, shall be paid forthwith out of any
assets coming to the hands of the receiver or other person taking
possession as aforesaid in priority to any claim for principal or interest
in respect of the debentures.
(2) The periods of time mentioned in the said provisions of Part V shall be
reckoned from the date of the appointment of the receiver or of
possession being taken as aforesaid, as the case may be.
(3) Any payments made under this section shall be recouped, as far as may
be, out of the assets of the company available for payment of general
creditors.
Statements, Books and Accounts
130. Books to be kept by company and penalty for not keeping proper
books
(1) Every company shall cause to be maintained proper books of account

in Myanmar or English with respect to –
(a) all sums of money received and expended by the company and the
matters in respect of which the receipt and expenditure takes place;
(b) all sales and purchases of goods by the company;
(c) the assets and liabilities of the company.
(2) The books of account shall be kept at the registered office of the
company or at such other place as the directors think fit, and shall be
open to inspection by the directors during business hours.
(3) In the case of a company managed by a managing agent the managing

agent, or where the managing agent is a firm or company, the partner
or director of such firm or company, and in any other case the director
or directors, who have knowingly by their act or omission been the
cause of any default by the company in complying with the
requirements of this section, shall in respect of such offence be liable
to a fine not exceeding one thousand kyats.
131. Annual balance-sheet
(1) The directors of every company shall at some date not later than
eighteen months after the incorporation of the company, and
subsequently once at least in every calendar year, lay before the
company in general meeting a balance-sheet and profit and loss
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account, or in the case of a company not trading for profit an income
and expenditure account for the period, in the case of the first account
since the incorporation of the company, and in any other case since the
preceding account, made up to a date not earlier than the date of the
meeting by more than nine months, or in the case of a company
carrying on business or having interests outside the Union of Myanmar
by more than twelve months:
Provided that the Registrar may for any special reason extend the
period by a period not exceeding three months.
(2) The balance-sheet and the profit and loss account, or income and
expenditure account, shall be audited by the auditor of the company as
hereinafter provided, and the auditor’s report shall be attached thereto,
or there shall be inserted at the foot thereof a reference to the report,
and the report shall be read before the company in general meeting and
shall be open to inspection by any member of the company.
(3) Every company other than a private company shall send a copy of such
balance-sheet and profit and loss account, or income and expenditure
account, so audited, together with a copy of the auditors’ report, to the
registered address of every member of the company at least fourteen
days before the meeting at which it is to be laid before the members of
the company, and shall deposit a copy at the registered office of the
company for the inspection of the members of the company during a
period of at least fourteen days before that meeting.
131A. Directors’ report
(1) The directors shall make out and attach to every balance-sheet a report
with respect to the state of the company’s affairs, the amount, if any,
which they recommend should be paid by way of dividend, and the
amount, if any, which they propose to carry to the Reserve Fund,
General Reserve or Reserve Account shown specifically on the
balance-sheet, or to a Reserve Fund, General Reserve or Reserve
Account to be shown specifically in a subsequent balance-sheet.
(2) The report referred to in sub-section (1) may be signed by the

chairman of the directors on behalf of the directors if authorized in that
behalf by the directors.
(3) The provisions of sub-section (3) of section 130 shall apply to any
person being a director who is knowingly and wilfully guilty of a
default in complying with this section.
132. Contents of balance-sheet
(1) The balance-sheet shall contain a summary of the property and assets
and of the capital and liabilities of the company, giving such
particulars as will disclose the general nature of those liabilities and
assets and how the value of the fixed assets has been arrived at.
91
(2) The balance-sheet shall be in the form marked F in the Third Schedule,
or as near thereto as circumstances admit.
(3) The profit and loss account shall include particulars showing the total
of the amount paid, whether as fees, percentages or otherwise, to the
managing agent, if any, and the directors, respectively, as
remuneration for their services, and, where a special resolution passed
by the members of the company so requires, to the manager, and the
total of the amount written off for depreciation. If any director of the
company is by virtue of the nomination, whether direct or indirect, of
the company, a director of any other company, any remuneration or
other emoluments received by him for his own use, whether as a
director of, or otherwise in connection with the management of, that
other company, shall be shown in a note at the foot of the account or in
a statement attached thereto.
132A. Balance-sheet to include particulars as to subsidiary companies
(1) Where a company, in this Act referred to as the holding company,

holds shares, either directly or through a nominee, in a subsidiary
company or in two or more subsidiary companies, there shall be
annexed to the balance-sheet of the holding company the last audited
balance-sheet, profit and loss account and auditors’ report of the
subsidiary company or companies, and a statement signed by the
persons by whom, in pursuance of section 133, the balance-sheet of
the holding company is signed, stating how the profits and losses of
the subsidiary company, or, where there are two or more subsidiary
companies, the aggregate profits and losses of those companies, have
been dealt with in or for the purposes of the accounts of the holding
company, and in particular how and to what extent –
(a) provision has been made for the losses of a subsidiary company
either in the accounts of that company or of the holding company
or of both, and
(b) losses of a subsidiary company have been taken into account by
the directors of the holding company in arriving at the profits and
losses of the company as disclosed in its accounts:
Provided that it shall not be necessary to specify in any such statement

the actual amount of the profits or losses of any subsidiary company or
the actual amount of any part of any such profits or losses which has
been dealt with in any particular manner:
Provided further that for the purposes of this section an investment

company, that is to say, a company whose principal business is the
acquisition and holding of shares, stocks, debentures or other
securities, shall not be deemed to be a holding company by reason
only that part of its assets consists in 51 per cent. or more of the shares
of another company.
(2) If, in the case of a subsidiary company, the auditors’ report on the
balance-sheet of the company does not state without qualification that
the auditors have obtained all the information and explanations they
92
have required and that the balance-sheet is properly drawn up so as to
exhibit a true and correct view of the state of the company’s affairs
according to the best of their information and the explanations given to
them and as shown by the books of the company, the statement, which
is to be annexed as aforesaid to the balance-sheet of the holding
company, shall contain particulars of the manner in which the report is
qualified.
(3) For the purposes of this section the profits or losses of a subsidiary
company mean the profits or losses shown in any accounts of the
subsidiary company made up to a date within the period to which the
accounts of the holding company relate, or, if there are no such
accounts of the subsidiary company available at the time when the
accounts of the holding company are made up, the profits or losses
shown in the last previous accounts of the subsidiary company which
became available within that period.
(4) If for any reason the directors of the holding company are unable to
obtain such information as is necessary for the preparation of the
statement aforesaid, the directors who sign the balance-sheet shall so
report in writing and their report shall be annexed to the balance-sheet
in lieu of the statement.
(5) The holding company may by a resolution authorize representatives

named in the resolution to inspect the books of account kept in
accordance with section 130 by any subsidiary company, and on such
resolution being passed those books of account shall be open to
inspection by those representatives at any time during business hours.
(6) The rights conferred by section 138 upon members of a company may
be exercised in respect of any subsidiary company by members of the
holding company as if they were members of that subsidiary company.
133. Authentication of balance-sheet
(1) Save as provided by sub-section (2), the balance-sheet and profit and
loss account, or income and expenditure account, shall –
(i) in the case of a banking company, be signed by the manager or
managing agent (if any) and, where there are more than three
directors of the company, by at least three of those directors and,
where there are not more than three directors, by all the directors;
(ii) in the case of any other company, be signed by two directors or,
when there are less than two directors, by the sole director and by
the manager or managing agent (if any) of the company.
(2) When the total number of directors of the company for the time being
in the Union of Myanmar is less than the number of directors whose
signatures are required by sub-section (1), then the balance-sheet and
profit and loss account, or income and expenditure account, shall be
signed by all the directors for the time being in the Union of Myanmar
or, if there is only one director for the time being in the Union of
Myanmar, by such director, but in such a case there shall be subjoined
93
to the balance-sheet and profit and loss account, or income and
expenditure account, a statement signed by such directors or director
explaining the reason for non-compliance with the provisions of sub-
section (1).
(3) If any default is made in laying before the company or in issuing a

balance-sheet and profit and loss account, or income and expenditure
account, as required by section 131, or if any balance-sheet and profit
and loss account, or income and expenditure account, is issued,
circulated or published which does not comply with the requirements
laid down by and under section 131, section 132, section 132A and
this section, the company and every officer of the company who is
knowingly and wilfully a party to the default shall be punishable with
fine which may extend to five hundred kyats.
134. Copy of balance-sheet to be forwarded to the Registrar
(1) After the balance-sheet and profit and loss account have been laid
before the company at the general meeting, a copy of the balance-
sheet, signed by the manager or secretary of the company, shall be
filed with the Registrar at the same time as the copy of the annual list
of members and summary prepared in accordance with the
requirements of section 32.
(2) If the general meeting before which a balance-sheet is laid does not
adopt the balance-sheet, a statement of that fact and of the reasons
therefor shall be annexed to the balance-sheet and to the copy thereof
required to be filed with the Registrar.
(3) This section shall not apply to a private company.

section, the company and every officer of the company who
knowingly and wilfully authorizes or permits the default shall be liable
to the like penalty as is provided by section 32 for a default in
complying with the provisions of that section.
135. Right of member of company to copies of the balance-sheet and the

auditor’s report
Save as otherwise provided in this Act, any member of a company shall be

entitled to be furnished with copies of the balance-sheet and the profit and
loss account, or the income and expenditure account, and the auditor’s
report at a charge not exceeding six kyats for every hundred words or
fractional part thereof.
Statement to be published by Banking and certain other Companies
136. Certain companies to publish statement in schedule
(1) Every company being a limited banking company or an insurance

company or a deposit, provident or benefit society shall, before it
94
commences business, and also on the first Monday in February and the
first Monday in August in every year during which it carries on
business, make a statement in the form marked G in the Third
Schedule, or as near thereto as circumstances will admit.
(2) A copy of the statement, together with a copy of the last audited
balance-sheet laid before the members of the company, shall be
displayed and, until the display of the next following statement, kept
displayed in a conspicuous place in the registered office of the
company, and in every branch office or place where the business of the
company is carried on.
(3) Every member and every creditor of the company shall be entitled to a
copy of the statement on payment of a sum not exceeding eight kyats.

day during which the default continues; and every officer of the
(5) This section shall not apply to a life assurance company or provident
insurance society to which the provisions of the Life Assurance
Companies Act or of the Provident Insurance Societies Act, as the case
may be, as to the annual statements to be made by such company or
society, apply with or without modifications, if the company or society
complies with those provisions.
Investigation by the Registrar
137. Power of Registrar to call for information or explanation
(1) Where the Registrar, on perusal of any document which a company is

required to submit to him under the provisions of this Act, is of
opinion that any information or explanation is necessary in order that
such document may afford full particulars of the matter to which it
purports to relate, he may, by a written order, call on the company
submitting the document to furnish in writing such information or
explanation within such time as he may specify in his order.
(2) On the receipt of an order under sub-section (1), it shall be the duty of
all persons who are or have been officers of the company to furnish
such information or explanation to the best of their power.
(3) If any such person refuses or neglects to furnish any such information
or explanation, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats in
respect of each offence, and the Court may on the application of the
Registrar and upon notice to the company make an order on the
company for production of such documents as in its opinion may
reasonably be required by the Registrar for his investigation and allow
the Registrar inspection thereof on such terms and conditions as it
thinks fit.
95
(4) On receipt of such information or explanation the Registrar may annex
the same to the original document submitted to him; and any
additional document so annexed by the Registrar shall be subject to the
like provisions as to inspection and the taking of copies as the original
document is subject.
(5) If such information or explanation is not furnished within the specified

time, or if after perusal of such information or explanation the
Registrar is of opinion that the document in question discloses an
unsatisfactory state of affairs, or that it does not disclose a full and fair
statement of the matters to which it purports to relate, the Registrar
shall report in writing the circumstances of the case to the President of
the Union.
(6) If it is represented to the Registrar in materials placed before him by

any contributory or creditor that the business of a company is carried
on in fraud of its creditors or in fraud of persons dealing with the
company or for a fraudulent purpose, he may after giving the company
an opportunity of being heard by written order call on the company for
information or explanation on matters specified in the order within
such time as he may specify in the order, and the provisions of sub-
sections (2), (3) and (5) of this section shall apply to such order. If
upon investigation the Registrar is satisfied that any representation on
which he has taken action under this sub-section is frivolous or
vexatious, he shall disclose the identity of the informant to the
company.
(7) The provisions of this section shall apply mutatis mutandis to

documents which a liquidator is required to file under this Act.
Inspection and Audit
138. Investigation of affairs of company by inspectors
The President of the Union may appoint one or more competent inspectors
to investigate the affairs of any company and to report thereon in such
manneras the President of the Union may direct –
(i) in the case of a banking company having a share capital, on the
application of members holding not less than one-fifth of the shares
issued;
(ii) in the case of any other company having a share capital, on the
application of members holding not less than one-tenth of the shares
issued;
(iii)in the case of a company not having a share capital, on the application
of not less than one-fifth in number of the persons on the company’s
register of members;
(iv) in the case of any company, on a report by the Registrar under section
137, sub-section (5).
138A. The President of the Union may, at any time, in the interest of the public,
direct the investigation of the affairs of a company, foreign company or
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company carrying on international trade by one or more competent
inspectors appointed in this behalf.
139. Application for inspection to be supported by evidence
An application by members of a company under section 138 shall be

supported by such evidence as the President of the Union may require for
the purpose of showing that the applicants have good reason for, and are
not actuated by malicious motives in requiring, the investigation; and the
President of the Union may, before appointing an inspector, require the
applicants to give security for payment of the costs of the inquiry.
140. Inspection of books and examination of officers
(1) It shall be the duty of all persons who are or have been officers of the
company to produce to the inspectors all books and documents in their
custody or power relating to the company.
(2) An inspector may examine on oath any such person in relation to its
business, and may administer an oath accordingly.
(3) If any person refuses to produce any book or document which under
this section it is his duty to produce, or to answer any question relating
to the affairs of the company, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
fifty kyats in respect of each offence.
141. Results of examination how dealt with
(1) On the conclusion of the investigation the inspectors shall report their
opinion to the President of the Union, and a copy of the report shall be
forwarded by the President of the Union to the Registrar and another
copy to the registered office of the company, and a further copy shall,
at the request of the applicants for the investigation, be delivered to
them.
(2) The report shall be written or printed, as the President of the Union
directs.
(3) All expenses of, and incidental to, the investigation shall be defrayed
by the applicants unless the President of the Union directs the same to
be paid by the company, which the President of the Union is hereby
authorized to do:
Provided that the expenses of and incidental to an investigation held in

pursuance of clause (iv) of section 138 shall be paid out of the assets
of the company and shall be recoverable as an arrear of land-revenue.
(4) The Registrar shall keep the copy of the report sent to him with the
records of the company in his custody.
141A. Institution of prosecutions
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(1) If from any report made under section 138 it appears to the President
of the Union that any person has been guilty of any offence in relation
to the company for which he is criminally liable, the President of the
Union shall refer the matter to the Attorney-General or the Public
Prosecutor.
(2) If the officer to whom the matter is referred considers that the case is
one in which a prosecution ought to be instituted, he shall cause
proceedings to be instituted, and it shall be the duty of all officers and
agents of the company, past and present (other than the accused in the
proceedings), to give to him all assistance in connection with the
prosecution which they are reasonably able to give.
(3) For the purposes of sub-section (2), the expression “agents” in relation
to a company shall be deemed to include the bankers and legal
advisers of the company and any persons employed by the company as
auditors, whether those persons are or are not officers of the company.
(4) Any director, manager or other officer of the company convicted as the
result of a prosecution initiated under this section shall not without the
leave of the Court be a director of or in any way, whether directly or
indirectly, be concerned in or take part in the management of a
company for a period of five years from the date of such conviction,
142. Power of company to appoint inspectors
(1) A company may by a special resolution appoint inspectors to

investigate its affairs.
(2) Inspectors so appointed shall have the same powers and duties as
inspectors appointed by the President of the Union, except that, instead
of reporting to the President of the Union, they shall report in such
manner and to such persons as the company in general meeting may
direct.
(3) All persons who are or have been officers of the company shall incur
the like penalties in case of refusal to produce any book or document
required to be produced to inspectors so appointed, or to answer any
question, as they would have incurred if the inspectors had been
appointed by the President of the Union.
143. Report of inspectors to be evidence
A copy of the report of any inspectors appointed under this Act,

authenticated by the seal of the company whose affairs they have
investigated, shall be admissible in any legal proceeding as evidence of the
opinion of the inspectors in relation to any matter contained in the report.
144. Qualifications and appointment of auditors
(1) No person shall be appointed or act as an auditor of any company,

other than a private company not being the subsidiary company of a
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public company, unless he holds a certificate from the President of the
Union entitling him to act as an auditor of companies:
Provided that a firm whereof all the partners practising in the Union of
Myanmar hold such certificates may be appointed by its firm-name to
be auditor of a company, and may act in its firm-name.
(2) The President of the Union may, by notification in the Gazette and
after previous publication, make rules providing for the grant, renewal
or cancellation of such certificates and prescribing conditions and
restrictions for such grant, renewal or cancellation:
Provided that nothing contained in such rules shall preclude any

person from being granted a certificate merely by reason that he does
not practise as a public accountant.
(2A) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing

power, such rules may –
(a) provide for the maintenance of a register of Accountants entitled to
apply for such certificates;
(b) prescribe the qualifications for enrolment on the register and the
fees therefor;
(c) provide for the examination of candidates for enrolment, and
prescribe the fees to be paid by examinees;
(d) prescribe the circumstances in which the name of any person may
be removed from or restored to the register;
(e) provide for the establishment, constitution and procedure of an
Accountancy Board, consisting of persons representing the
interests principally affected or having special knowledge of
accountancy, to advise him on all matters of administration relating
to accountancy, and to assist him in maintaining the standards of
qualification and conduct of persons enrolled on the register; and
(f) provide for the establishment, constitution and procedure of local
accountancy boards at such centres as the President of the Union
may select, to advise him and the Accountancy Board on any
matter that may be referred to them.
(2B) The holder of a certificate granted under this section shall be entitled to
be appointed and act as an auditor of companies throughout the Union
of Myanmar.
(3) Every company shall at each annual general meeting appoint an

auditor or auditors to hold office until the next annual general meeting.
(4) If an appointment of an auditor is not made at an annual general

meeting, the President of the Union may, on the application of any
member of the company, appoint an auditor of the company for the
current year, and fix the remuneration to be paid to him by the
company for his services.
(5) The following persons, that is to say –

(i) a director or officer of the company, and
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(ii) a partner of such director or officer, and
(iii)in the case of a company, other than a private company not being
the subsidiary company of a public company any person in the
employment of such director or officer, and
(iv) any person indebted to the company,
shall not be appointed auditors of the company, and if any person after
being appointed auditor becomes indebted to the company his
appointment shall thereupon be terminated.
(6) A person, other than a retiring auditor, shall not be capable of being
appointed auditor at an annual general meeting unless notice of an
intention to nominate that person to the office of auditor has been
given by a member of the company to the company not less than
fourteen days before such annual general meeting, and the company
shall send a copy of any such notice to the retiring auditor, and shall
give notice thereof to its members, either by advertisement or in any
other mode allowed by the articles, not less than seven days before the
annual general meeting:
Provided that, if after notice of the intention to nominate an auditor has

been given to the company, an annual general meeting is called for a
date fourteen days or less after the notice has been given, the
requirements of this section as to time in respect of such a notice shall
be deemed to have been satisfied, and the notice to be sent or given by
the company may, instead of being sent or given within the time
required by this section, be sent or given at the same time as the notice
of the annual general meeting.
(7) The first auditors of the company may be appointed by the directors
before the statutory meeting, and if so appointed shall hold office until
the first annual general meeting unless previously removed by a
resolution of the members of the company in general meeting, in
which case such members at that meeting may appoint auditors.
(8) The directors may fill any casual vacancy in the office of auditor, but
while any such vacancy continues the surviving or continuing auditor
or auditors (if any) may act.
(9) The remuneration of the auditors of a company shall be fixed by the

company in general meeting, except that the remuneration of any
auditors appointed before the statutory meeting, or to fill any casual
vacancy, may be fixed by the directors.
145. Powers and duties of auditors
(1) Every auditor of a company shall have a right of access at all times to
the books and accounts and vouchers of the company, and shall be
entitled to require from the directors and officers of the company such
information and explanation as may be necessary for the performance
of the duties of the auditors.
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(2) The auditors shall make a report to the members of the company on
the accounts examined by them, and on every balance-sheet and profit
and loss account laid before the company in general meeting during
their tenure of office, and the report shall state: –
(a) whether or not they have obtained all the information and
explanations they have required; and
(b) whether or not in their opinion the balance-sheet and the profit and
loss account referred to in the report are drawn up in conformity
with the law; and
(c) whether or not such balance-sheet exhibits a true and correct view
of the state of the company’s affairs according to the best of their
information and the explanations given to them, and as shown by
the books of the company; and
(d) whether in their opinion books of account have been kept by the
company as required by section 130.
(2A) Where any of the matters referred to in clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d) of
sub-section (2) is answered in the negative or with a qualification, the
report shall state the reason for such answer.
(3) In the case of a banking company, if the company has branch banks
beyond the limits of the Union of Myanmar, it shall be sufficient if the
auditor is allowed access to such copies of and extracts from the books
and accounts of any such branch as have been transmitted to the head
office of the company in the Union of Myanmar.
(4) The auditors of a company shall be entitled to receive notice of and to

attend any general meeting of the company at which any accounts
which have been examined or reported on by them are to be laid
before the company and may make any statement or explanation they
desire with respect to the accounts.
(5) If any auditors’ report is made which does not comply with the
requirements of this section, every auditor who is knowingly and
wilfully a party to the default shall be punishable with fine which may
extend to one hundred kyats.
145A. Application of sections 131, 144 and 145 to company in which

Government holds shares
(1) In the case of a company in which Government holds any share the
following provisions shall apply notwithstanding anything contained
in sections 131, 144 and 145.
Explanation – “Government” includes State Government.
(2) The auditor of a company in which Government holds any share shall
be appointed or re-appointed by the President of the Union on the
advice of the Auditor-General.
(3) The Auditor-General shall have power-

(a) to direct the manner in which the company’s accounts be audited
by the auditor appointed in pursuance of sub-section (2) and to
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give such auditor instructions in regard to any matter relating to the
performance of his functions as such;
(b) to conduct a supplementary or test audit of the company’s accounts
by such person or persons as he may authorise in this behalf; and
for the purposes of such audit, to require information or additional
information to be furnished to any person or persons so authorised,
on such matters, by such person or persons, and in such form, as
the Auditor-General may, by general or special order, direct;
(c) to require the company to produce before him such records or
documents in its possession or under its control for the purposes of
audit or supplementary or test audit of the company’s account and
at such time as may be specified by him.
(4) Any order requiring any information, records or documents to be

furnished or produced by a company may also be addressed to any
person who is, or has at any time been, an officer or employee of the
company, and all the provisions of this section, so far as may be, shall
apply in relation to such person as they apply in relation to the
company.
(5) The auditor aforesaid shall submit a copy of his audit report to the
Auditor-General who shall have the right to comment upon, or
supplement, the audit report in such manner as he may think fit.
145B. Delegation
Anything which under section 145A is required to be done by the Auditor-

General may be done by any person authorised by him, either generally or
specially.
145C. Penalty
If a company in which Government holds any share fails to comply with

an order made under section 145A, the company and every officer or
employee thereof who is in default shall be punishable with imprisonment
which may extend to two years or with fine which may extend to ten
thousand kyats, or with both.
146. Rights of preference shareholders, etc., as to receipt and inspection of

reports, etc.
(1) Holders of preference shares and debentures of a company shall have

the same right to receive and inspect the balance-sheets and profit and
loss accounts of the company and the reports of the auditors and other
reports as is possessed by the holders of ordinary shares in the
company.
(2) This section shall not apply to a private company, nor to a company
registered before the commencement of this Act:
Provided that in the case of any public company whether registered

before or after the commencement of this Act the trustees for holders
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of debentures shall have the right conferred by sub-section (1) on
holders of preference shares and debentures of a company.
Carrying on Business with less than the Legal Minimum of Members
147. Liability for carrying on business with fewer than seven or, in the case
of a private company, two members
If at any time the number of members of a company is reduced, in the case

of a private company, below two, or in the case of any other company,
below seven, and it carries on business for more than six months while the
number is so reduced, every person who is a member of the company
during the time that it so carries on business after those six months and is
cognisant of the fact that it is carrying on business with fewer than two
members or seven members, as the case may be, shall be severally liable
for the payment of the whole debts of the company contracted during that
time, and may be sued for the same without joinder in the suit of any other
member.
Service and Authentication of Documents
148. Service of documents on company
A document may be served on a company by leaving it at, or sending it by

post to, the registered office of the company.
149. Service of documents on Registrar
A document may be served on the Registrar by sending it to him by post,

or delivering it to him, or by leaving it for him at his office.
150. Authentication of documents
A document or proceeding requiring authentication by a company may be

signed by a director, secretary or other authorized officer of the company,
and need not be under its common seal.
Tables, Forms and Rules as to Prescribed Matters
151. Application and alteration of tables and forms, and power to make
rules as to prescribed matters
(1) The forms in the Third Schedule or forms as near thereto as

circumstances admit shall be used in all matters to which those forms
refer.
(2) The President of the Union may alter any of the Tables and forms in
the First Schedule, so that he does not increase the amount of fees
payable to the Registrar in the said Schedule mentioned, and may alter
or add to the forms in the Third Schedule.
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(3) Any such Table or form, when altered, shall be published in the
Gazette, and on such publication shall have effect as if enacted in this
Act, but no alteration made by the President of the Union in Table A in
the First Schedule shall affect any company registered before the
alteration, or repeal, as respects that company, any portion of that
Table.
(4) In addition to the powers hereinbefore conferred by this section, the

President of the Union may make rules providing for all or any matters
which by this Act are to be prescribed by his authority.
(5) Every such rule shall be published in the Gazette, and on such
publication shall have effect as if enacted in this Act.
Arbitration and Compromise
152. Power for companies to refer matters to arbitration
(1) A company may by written agreement refer to arbitration, in

accordance with the Arbitration Act, an existing or future difference
between itself and any other company or person.
(2) Companies, parties to the arbitration, may delegate to the arbitrator

power to settle any terms or to determine any matter capable of being
lawfully settled or determined by the companies themselves, or by
their directors or other managing body.
(3) The provisions of the Arbitration Act shall apply to all arbitrations
between companies and persons in pursuance of this Act.
153. Power to compromise with creditors and members
(1) Where a compromise or arrangement is proposed between a company

and its creditors or any class of them, or between the company and its
members or any class of them, the Court may, on the application in a
summary way of the company or of any creditor or member of the
company or, in the case of a company being wound up, of the
liquidator, order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors or of
the members of the company or class of members, as the case may be,
to be called, held and conducted in such manner as the Court directs.
(2) If a majority in number representing three-fourths in value of the

creditors or class of creditors, or members or class of members, as the
case may be, present either in person or by proxy at the meeting, agree
to any compromise or arrangement, the compromise or arrangement
shall, if sanctioned by the Court, be binding on all the creditors or the
class of creditors, or on all the members or class of members, as the
case may be, and also on the company, or, in the case of a company in
the course of being wound up, on the liquidator and contributories of
the company.
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(3) An order made under sub-section (2) shall have no effect until a
certified copy of the order has been filed with the Registrar, and a copy
of every such order shall be annexed to every copy of the
memorandum of the company issued after the order has been made, or
in the case of a company not having a memorandum, of every copy so
issued of the instrument constituting or defining the constitution of the
company.
(4) If a company makes default in complying with sub-section (3) the

company and every officer of the company who is knowingly and
wilfully in default shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten kyats for
each copy in respect of which default is made.
(5) The Court may, at any time after an application has been made to it
under this section, stay the commencement or continuation of any suit
or proceeding against a company on such terms as it thinks fit and
proper until the application is finally disposed of.
(6) In this section the expression “company” means any company liable to
be wound up under this Act, and for the purposes of this section
unsecured creditors who may have filed suits or obtained decrees shall
be deemed to be of the same class as other unsecured creditors.
(7) An appeal shall lie from any order made by the Court exercising
original jurisdiction under this section to the authority authorized to
hear appeals from the decisions of the Court.
153A. Provisions for facilitating arrangements and compromises
(1) Where an application is made to the Court under section 153 for the
sanctioning of a compromise or arrangement proposed between a
company and any such persons as are mentioned in that section, and it
is shown to the Court that the compromise or arrangement has been
proposed for the purposes of or in connection with a scheme for the
reconstruction of any company or companies or the amalgamation of
any two or more companies, and that under the scheme the whole or
any part of the undertaking or the property of any company concerned
in the scheme (in this section referred to as a “transferor company”) is
to be transferred to another company (in this section referred to as
“the transferee company”), the Court may, either by the order
sanctioning the compromise or arrangement or by any subsequent
order, make provision for all or any of the following matters: –
(a) the transfer to the transferee company of the whole or any part of
the undertaking and of the property or liabilities of any transferor
company;
(b) the allotting or appropriation by the transferee company of any
shares, debentures, policies, or other like interests in that company
which under the compromise or arrangement are to be allotted or
appropriated by that company to or for any person;
(c) the continuation by or against the transferee company of any legal
proceedings pending by or against any transferor company;
(d) the dissolution, without winding up, of any transferor company;
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(e) the provision to be made for any persons who, within such time
and in such manner as the Court directs, dissent from the
compromise or arrangement;
(f) such incidental, consequential and supplemental matters as are
necessary to secure that the reconstruction or amalgamation shall
be fully and effectively carried out.
(2) Where an order under this section provides for the transfer of property
or liabilities, that property shall, by virtue of the order, be transferred
to and vest in, and those liabilities shall, by virtue of the order, be
transferred to and become the liabilities of, the transferee company,
and in the case of any property, if the order so directs, freed from any
charge which is by virtue of the compromise or arrangement to cease
to have effect.
(3) Where an order is made under this section, every company in relation
to which the order is made shall cause a certified copy thereof to be
delivered to the Registrar for registration within fourteen days after the
completion of the order, and if default is made in complying with this
subsection, the company and every officer of the company who is
knowingly and wilfully in default shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding fifty kyats.
(4) In this section the expression “property” includes property, rights and
powers of every description, and the expression “liabilities” includes
duties.
(5) Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 153, the

expression “company” in this section does not include any company
other than a company within the meaning of this Act.
153B. Power to acquire shares of shareholders dissenting from schemes or

contract approved by majority
(1) Where a scheme or contract involving the transfer of shares or any

class of shares in a company (in this section referred to as “the
transferor company”) to another company, whether a company within
the meaning of this Act or not (in this section referred to as the
“transferee company”), has within four months after the making of the
offer in that behalf by the transferee company been approved by the
holders of not less than three-fourths in value of the shares affected,
the transferee company may, at any time within two months after the
expiration of the said four months, give notice in the prescribed
manner to any dissenting shareholder that it desires to acquire his
shares, and where such a notice is given the transferee company shall,
unless on an application made by the dissenting shareholder within one
month from the date on which the notice was given the Court thinks fit
to order otherwise, be entitled and bound to acquire those shares on the
terms on which under the scheme or contract the shares of the
approving shareholders are to be transferred to the transferee
company:
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Provided that, where any such scheme or contract has been so
approved at any time before the 15th January, 1937, the Court may by
order, on an application made to it by the transferee company within
two months after the said date, authorize notice to be given under this
section at any time within fourteen days after the making of the order,
and this section shall apply accordingly, except that the terms on
which the shares of the dissenting shareholder are to be acquired shall
be such terms as the Court may by the order direct instead of the terms
provided by the scheme or contract.
(2) Where a notice has been given by the transferee company under this
section and the Court has not, on an application made by the dissenting
shareholder, ordered to the contrary, the transferee company shall, on
the expiration of one month from the date on which the notice has
been given or, if an application to the Court by the dissenting
shareholder is then pending, after that application has been disposed
of, transmit a copy of the notice to the transferor company and pay or
transfer to the transferor company the amount or other consideration
representing the price payable by the transferee company for the shares
which by virtue of this section that company is entitled to acquire, and
the transferor company shall thereupon register the transferee company
as the holder of those shares.
(3) Any sums received by the transferor company under this section shall
be paid into a separate bank account, and any such sums and any other
consideration so received shall be held by that company on trust for
the several persons entitled to the shares in respect of which the said
sums or other consideration were respectively received.
(4) In this section the expression “dissenting shareholder” includes a

shareholder who has not assented to the scheme or contract and any
shareholder who has failed or refused to transfer his shares to the
transferee company in accordance with the scheme or contract.
Conversion of Private Company into Public Company
154. Conversion of private company into public company
(1) If a company, being a private company, alters its articles in such

manner that they no longer include the provisions which, under the
provisions of clause (13) of sub-section (1) of section 2, are required to
be included in the articles of a company in order to constitute it a
private company, the company shall, as on the date of the alteration,
cease to be a private company and shall, within a period of fourteen
days after the said date, file with the Registrar a prospectus or a
statement in lieu of prospectus in the form and containing the
particulars set out in the form marked II in the Second Schedule.
(2) If default is made in complying with sub-section (1) of this section, the
company and every officer of the company who is knowingly and
wilfully in default shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred
kyats.
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(3) Where the articles of a company include the provisions aforesaid but
default is made in complying with any of those provisions, the
company shall cease to be entitled to the privileges and exemptions
conferred on private companies under the provisions contained in this
Act, and thereupon the provisions of this Act shall apply to the
company as if it were not a private company:
Provided that the Court, on being satisfied that the failure to comply
with the conditions was accidental or due to inadvertence or to some
other sufficient cause, or that on other grounds it is just and equitable
to grant relief, may, on the application of the company or any other
person interested and on such terms and conditions as seem to the
Court just and expedient, order that the company be relieved from such
consequences as aforesaid.
PART V
WINDING UP
Preliminary
155. Mode of winding up
(1) The winding up of a company may be either –

(i) by the Court; or
(ii) voluntary; or
(iii)subject to the supervision of the Court.
(2) The provisions of this Act with respect to winding up apply, unless the
contrary appears, to the winding up of a company in any of these
modes.
Contributories
156. Liability as contributories of present and past members
(1) In the event of a company being wound up, every present and past
member shall, subject to the provisions of this section, be liable to
contribute to the assets of the company to an amount sufficient for
payment of its debts and liabilities and the costs, charges and expenses
of the winding up, and for the adjustment of the rights of the
contributories among themselves, with the qualifications following
(that is to say): –
(i) a past member shall not be liable to contribute if he has ceased to
be a member for one year or upwards before the commencement of
the winding up;
(ii) a past member shall not be liable to contribute in respect of any
debt, or liability of the company contracted after he ceased to be a
member;
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(iii)a past member shall not be liable to contribute unless it appears to
the Court that the existing members are unable to satisfy the
contributions required to be made by them in pursuance of this
Act;
(iv) in the case of a company limited by shares, no contribution shall
be, required from any member exceeding the amount (if any)
unpaid on the shares in respect to which he is liable as a present or
past member;
(v) in the case of a company limited by guarantee, no contribution
shall be required from any member exceeding the amount
undertaken to be contributed by him to the assets of the company
in the event of its being wound up;
(vi) nothing in this Act shall invalidate any provision contained in any
policy of insurance or other contract whereby the liability of
individual members on the policy or contract is restricted, or
whereby the funds of the company are alone made liable in respect
of the policy or contract;
(vii) a sum due to any member of a company in his character of a
member, by way of dividends, profits or otherwise, shall not be
deemed to be a debt of the company payable to that member in a
case of competition between himself and any other creditor not a
member of the company; but any such sum maybe taken into
account for the purpose of the final adjustments of the rights of the
contributories among themselves.
(2) In the winding up of a company limited by guarantee which has a

share capital, every member of the company shall be liable, in addition
to the amount undertaken to be contributed by him to the assets of the
company in the event of its being wound up, to contribute to the extent
of any sums unpaid on any shares held by him.
157. Liability of directors whose liability is unlimited
In the winding up of a limited company any director, whether past or

present, whose liability is, in pursuance of this Act, unlimited, shall, in
addition to his liability (if any) to contribute as an ordinary member, be
liable to make a further contribution as if he were at the commencement of
the winding up a member of an unlimited company:
Provided that-
(i) a past director shall not be liable to make such further contribution if
he has ceased to hold office for a year or upwards before the
commencement of the winding up;
(ii) a past director shall not be liable to make such further contribution in
respect of any debt or liability of the company contracted after he
ceased to hold office;
(iii)subject to the articles a director shall not be liable to make such further
contribution unless the Court deems it necessary to require that
contribution in order to satisfy the debts and liabilities of the company,
and the costs, charges and expenses of the winding up.
158. Meaning of “contributory”

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The term “contributory” means every person liable to contribute to the
assets of a company in the event of its being wound up, and, in all
proceedings for determining and in all proceedings prior to the final
determination of the persons who are to be deemed contributories,
includes any person alleged to be a contributory.
159. Nature of liability of contributory
(1) The liability of a contributory shall create a debt payable at the time
specified in the calls made on him by the liquidator.
(2) No claim founded on the liability of a contributory shall be cognizable

by any Court of Small Causes.
160. Contributories in case of death of member
(1) If a contributory dies either before or after he has been placed on the
list of contributories, his legal representatives and his heirs shall be
liable in a due course of administration to contribute to the assets of
the company in discharge of his liability and shall be contributories
accordingly.
(2) If the legal representatives or heirs make default in paying any money
ordered to be paid by them, proceedings may be taken for
administering the property of the deceased contributory, whether
moveable or immoveable, or both and of compelling payment thereout
of the money due.
(3) For the purposes of this section the surviving co-partners of a

contributory who is a member of a Hindu joint family governed by the
Mitakshara School of Hindu Law shall be deemed to be his legal
representatives and heirs.
161. Contributories in case of insolvency of member
If a contributory is adjudged insolvent either before or after he has been

placed on the list of contributories, then –
(1) his assignees shall represent him for all the purposes of the winding
up, and shall be contributories accordingly, and may be called on to
admit to proof against the estate of the insolvent, or otherwise to allow
to be paid out of his assets in due course of law, any money due from
the insolvent in respect of his liability to contribute to the assets of the
company; and
(2) there may be proved against the estate of the insolvent the estimated
value of his liability to future calls as well as calls already made.
Winding up by Court
162. Circumstances in which company may be wound up by Court

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A company may be wound up by the Court –
(i) if the company has by special resolution resolved that the company be
wound up by the Court;
(ii) if default is made in filing the statutory report or in holding the
statutory meeting;
(iii) if the company does not commence its business within a year from its
incorporation, or suspends its business for a whole year;
(iv) if the number of members is reduced, in the case of a private
company, below two; or, in the case of any other company, below
seven;
(v) if the company is unable to pay its debts;
(va) if its licence is withdrawn in accordance with the provisions of
section 55 of the Union Bank of Myanmar Act, 1952;
(vi) if the Court is of opinion that it is just and equitable that the company
should be wound up.
163. Company when deemed unable to pay its debts
(1) A company shall be deemed to be unable to pay its debts –

(i) if a creditor, by assignment or otherwise, to whom the company is
indebted in a sum exceeding five hundred kyats then due, has
served on the company, by causing the same to be delivered by
registered post or otherwise at its registered office, a demand under
his hand requiring the company to pay the sum so due and the
company has for three weeks thereafter neglected to pay the sum,
or to secure or compound for it to the reasonable satisfaction of the
creditor; or
(ii) if execution or other process issued on a decree or order of any
Court in favour of a creditor of the company is returned unsatisfied
in whole or in part; or
(iii)if it is proved to the satisfaction of the Court that the company is
unable to pay its debts and, in determining whether a company is
unable to pay its debts, the Court shall take into account the
contingent and prospective liabilities of the company.
(2) The demand referred to in clause (i) of sub-section (1) shall be deemed
to have been duly given under the hand of the creditor if it is signed by
an agent or legal adviser duly authorized on his behalf, or in the case
of a firm if it is signed by such agent or by a legal adviser or any one
member of the firm on behalf of the firm.
164. Winding up maybe referred to District Court
Where the High Court makes an order for winding up a company under
this Act, it may, if it thinks fit, direct all subsequent proceedings to be had
in a District Court; and thereupon such District Court shall, for the
purpose of winding up the company, be deemed to be “the Court” within
the meaning of this Act, and shall have, for the purposes of such winding
up, all the jurisdiction and powers of the High Court.
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165. Transfer of winding up from one District Court to another
If during the progress of a winding up in a District Court it is made to

appear to the High Court that the same could be more conveniently
prosecuted in any other District Court having jurisdiction to wind up
companies, the High Court may transfer the same to such other Court, and
thereupon the winding up shall proceed in such other District Court.
166. Provisions as to applications for winding up
An application to the Court for the winding up of a company shall be by

petition presented, subject to the provisions of this section, either by the
company, or by any creditor or creditors (including any contingent or
prospective creditor or creditors), contributory or contributories, or by all
or any of those parties, together or separately, or by the Registrar:
Provided that –
(a) a contributory shall not be entitled to present a petition for winding up

a company unless
(i) either the number of members is reduced, in the case of a private
company, below two, or, in the case of any other company, below
seven, or
(ii) the shares in respect of which he is a contributory or some of them
either were originally allotted to him or have been held by him,
and registered in his name, for at least six months during the
eighteen months before the commencement of the winding up, or
have devolved on him through the death of a former holder;
(aa)the Registrar shall not be entitled to present a petition for winding up a

company –
(i) except on the ground that from the financial condition of the
company as disclosed in its balance-sheet or from the report of an
inspector appointed under section 138 it appears that the company
is unable to pay its debts, and
(ii) unless the previous sanction of the President of the Union has been
obtained to the presentation of the petition:
Provided that no such sanction shall be given unless the company has
first been afforded an opportunity of being heard;
(b) a petition for winding up a company on the ground of default in filing

the statutory report or in holding the statutory meeting shall not be
presented by any person except a shareholder, nor before the
expiration of fourteen days after the last day on which the meeting
ought to have been held;
(c) the Court shall not give a hearing to a petition for winding up a
company by a contingent or prospective creditor until such security for
costs has been given as the Court thinks reasonable and until a prima
facie case for winding up has been established to the satisfaction of the
Court.
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167. Effect of winding up order
An order for winding up a company shall operate in favour of all the

creditors and of all the contributories of the company as if made on the
joint petition of a creditor and of a contributory.
168. Commencement of winding up by Court
A winding up of a company by the Court shall be deemed to commence at

the time of the presentation of the petition for the winding up.
169. Court may grant injunction
The Court may, at any time after the presentation of the petition for
winding up a company under this Act, and before making an order for
winding up the company, upon the application of the company or of any
creditor or contributory of the company, restrain further proceedings in
any suit or proceeding against the company, upon such terms as the Court
thinks fit.
170. Powers of Court on hearing petition
(1) On hearing the petition the Court may dismiss it with or without costs,
or adjourn the hearing conditionally or unconditionally, or make any
interim order or any other order that it deems just, but the Court shall
not refuse to make a winding up order on the ground only that the
assets of the company have been mortgaged to an amount equal to or
in excess of those assets, or that the company has no assets.
(2) Where the petition is presented on the ground of default in filing the
statutory report or in holding the statutory meeting, the Court may
order the costs to be paid by any persons who, in the opinion of the
Court, are responsible for the default.
(3) Where the Court makes an order for the winding up of a company it
shall, except where a liquidator is appointed simultaneously, forthwith
cause intimation thereof to be sent to the official receiver.
When a winding up order has been made or a provisional liquidator has

been appointed no suit or other legal proceeding shall be proceeded with
or commenced against the company except by leave of the Court, and
subject to such terms as the Court may impose.
171A. Vacancy in the office of liquidator
(1) For the purposes of this Act, so far as it relates to the winding up of
companies by the Court, the term “official receiver” means the official
receiver attached to the Court, or, if there is no such official receiver,
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then such person as the President of the Union may, by notification in
the Gazette, appoint for the purpose.
(2) On the making of a winding up order, the official receiver shall

become the official liquidator of the company and shall continue to act
as such until his further continuance is terminated by an order of the
Court.
(3) The official receiver shall as such official liquidator forthwith take into
his custody and control all the books, documents and the assets of the
company.
(4) The official receiver shall be entitled to such remuneration as the

Court shall fix.
172. Copy of winding up order to be filed with Registrar
(1) On the making of a winding up order it shall be the duty of the

petitioner in the winding up proceedings and of the company to file
with the Registrar a copy of the order within a month from the date of
the making of the order.
(2) On the filing of a copy of a winding up order, the Registrar shall make
a minute thereof in his books relating to the company, and shall notify
in the Gazette that such an order has been made.
(3) Such order shall be deemed to be notice of discharge to the servants of

the company, except when the business of the company is continued.
173. Power of Court to stay winding up
The Court may at any time after an order for winding up, on the
application of any creditor or contributory, and on proof to the satisfaction
of the Court that all proceedings in relation to the winding up ought to be
stayed, make an order staying the proceedings, either altogether or for a
limited time, on such terms and conditions as the Court thinks fit.
174. Court may have regard to wishes of creditors or contributories
The Court may, as to all matters relating to a winding up, have regard to
the wishes of the creditors or contributories as proved to it by any
sufficient evidence.
Official Liquidators
175. Appointment of official liquidator
(1) For the purpose of conducting the proceedings in winding up a

company and performing such duties in reference thereto as the Court
may impose, the Court may appoint a person or persons other than the
official receiver to be called an official liquidator or official
liquidators.
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(2) The Court may make such an appointment provisionally at any time
after the presentation of a petition and before the making of an order
for winding up, but shall before making any such appointment give
notice to the company, unless for reasons to be recorded it thinks fit to
dispense with notice.
(3) If more persons than one are appointed to the office of official
liquidator, the Court shall declare whether any act by this Act required
or authorized to be done by the official liquidator is to be done by all
or any one or more of such persons.
(4) The Court may determine whether any, and what, security is to be
given by any official liquidator on his appointment.
(5) The acts of an official liquidator shall be valid notwithstanding any

defect that may afterwards be discovered in his appointment: Provided
that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to give validity to acts
done by an official liquidator after his appointment has been shown to
be invalid.
(6) A receiver shall not be appointed of assets in the hands of an official

liquidator.
176. Resignations, removals, filling up vacancies and compensation
(1) Any official liquidator may resign or be removed by the Court on due
cause shown.
(2) Any vacancy in the office of an official liquidator appointed by the

Court shall be filled up by the Court and until the vacancy is so filled
up the official receiver shall be and act as the official liquidator.
(3) There shall be paid to the official liquidator such salary or

remuneration, by way of percentage or otherwise, as the Court may
direct; and, if more liquidators than one are appointed, such
remuneration shall be distributed amongst them in such proportions as
the Court directs.
177. Official liquidator
The official liquidator shall be described by the style of the official

liquidator of the particular company in respect of which he is appointed,
and not by his individual name.
177A. Statement of affairs to be made to the liquidator
(1) Where the Court has made a winding up order or appointed an official
liquidator provisionally, there shall, unless the Court thinks fit to order
otherwise and so orders, be made out and submitted to the official
liquidator a statement as to the affairs of the company verified by an
affidavit and containing the following particulars, namely: –
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(a) the assets of the company, stating separately the cash balance in
hand and at the bank, if any;
(b) the debts and liabilities;
(c) the names, residences and occupations of the creditors, stating
separately the amount of secured debts and unsecured debts, and in
the case of secured debts particulars of the securities, their value
and the dates when they were given;
(d) the debts due to the company and the names, residences and
occupations of the persons from whom they are due and the
amount likely to be realised therefrom.
(2) The statement shall be submitted and verified by one or more of the
persons who are at the relevant date the directors and by the person
who is at that date the secretary, manager or other chief officer of the
company, or by such of the persons hereinafter in the sub-section
mentioned as the official liquidator, subject to the direction of the
Court, may require to submit and verify the statement, that is to say,
persons –
(a) who are or have been directors or officers of the company;
(b) who have taken part in the formation of the company at any time
within one year before the relevant date;
(c) who are in the employment of the company or have been in the
employment of the company within the said year, and are in the
opinion of the official liquidator capable of giving the information
required;
(d) who are or have been within the said year officers of or in the
employment of a company which is, or within the said year was, an
officer of the company to which the statement relates.
(3) The statement shall be submitted within twenty-one days from the
relevant date, or within such extended time as the official liquidator or
the Court may for special reasons appoint.
(4) Any person making or concurring in making the statement and

affidavit required by this section shall be allowed, and shall be paid by
the official liquidator or provisional liquidator, as the case may be, out
of the assets of the company, such costs and expenses incurred in and
about the preparation and making of the statement and affidavit as the
official liquidator may consider reasonable, subject to an appeal to the
Court.
(5) If any person, without reasonable excuse, knowingly and wilfully

makes default in complying with the requirements of this section, he
shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred kyats for every day
during which the default continues.
(6) Any person stating himself in writing to be a creditor or contributory

of the company shall be entitled by himself or by his agent at all
reasonable times, on payment of the prescribed fee, to inspect the
statement submitted in pursuance of this section, and to a copy thereof
or extract therefrom.
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(7) Any person untruthfully so stating himself to be a creditor or
contributory shall be guilty of an offence under section 182 of the
Penal Code and shall, on the application of the liquidator or of the
official receiver, be punishable accordingly.
(8) In this section the expression “the relevant date” means, in a case
where a provisional liquidator is appointed, the date of his
appointment, and, in a case where no such appointment is made, the
date of the winding up order.
177B. Statement by liquidator
(1) In a case where a winding up order is made, the official liquidator

shall, as soon as practicable after receipt of the statement to be
submitted under section 177A, and not later than four, or with the
leave of the Court, six months from the date of the order, or in a case
where the Court orders that no statement shall be submitted, as soon as
practicable after the date of the order, submit a preliminary report to
the Court –
(a) as to the amount of capital issued, subscribed, and paid up, and the
estimated amount of assets and liabilities, giving separately under
the heading of assets particulars of –
(i) cash and negotiable securities;
(ii) debts due from contributories;
(iii)debts due to and securities, if any, available to the company;
(iv) moveable and immoveable properties belonging to the
company;
(v) unpaid calls; and
(b) if the company has failed, as to the causes of the failure; and
(c) whether in his opinion further inquiry is desirable as to any matter
relating to the promotion, formation, or failure of the company, or
the conduct of the business thereof.
(2) The official liquidator may also, if he thinks fit, make a further report,
or further reports, stating the manner in which the company was
formed and whether in his opinion any fraud has been committed by
any person in its promotion or formation, or by any director or other
officer of the company in relation to the company since the formation
thereof, and any other matter which in his opinion it is desirable to
bring to the notice of the Court.
178. Custody of company’s property
(1) The official liquidator, whether appointed provisionally or not, shall

take into his custody, or under his control, all the property, effects and
actionable claims to which the company is or appears to be entitled.
(2) All the property and effects of the company shall be deemed to be in
the custody of the Court as from the date of the order for the winding
up of the company.
178A. Committee of inspection in compulsory winding up

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(1) The official liquidator shall within a month from the date of the order
for the winding up of a company convene a meeting of the creditors of
the company (as ascertained from the books and documents of the
company) for the purpose of determining whether or not a committee
of inspection shall be appointed to act with the liquidator, and who are
to be members of the committee, if appointed.
(2) The official liquidator shall within a week from the date of the
creditors’ meeting convene a meeting of the contributories to consider
the decision of the creditors and to accept the same with or without
modifications.
(3) If the contributories do not accept the decision of the creditors in its
entirety, it shall be the duty of the official liquidator to apply to the
Court for directions as to whether there shall be a committee of
inspection and, if so, what shall be the composition of the committee,
and who shall be members thereof.
(4) A committee of inspection appointed under this section shall consist of

not more than twelve members being creditors and contributories of
the company, or persons holding general or special powers-of-attorney
from creditors or contributories, in such proportions as may be agreed
on by the meetings of creditors and contributories, or as, in case of
difference, may be determined by the Court.
(5) The committee of inspection shall have the right to inspect the
accounts of the official liquidator at all reasonable times.
(6) The committee shall meet at such times as they may from time to time
appoint, and, failing such appointment, at least once a month, and the
liquidator or any member of the committee may also call a meeting of
the committee as and when he thinks necessary.
(7) The committee may act by a majority of their members present at a

meeting, but shall not act unless a majority of the committee is present.
(8) A member of the committee may resign by notice in writing signed by

him and delivered to the liquidator.
(9) If a member of the committee becomes bankrupt, or compounds or

arranges with his creditors, or is absent from five consecutive meetings
of the committee without the leave of those members who together
with himself represent the creditors or contributories, as the case may
be, his office shall thereupon become vacant.
(10) A member of the committee may be removed by an ordinary

resolution at a meeting of creditors if he represents creditors, or of
contributories if he represents contributories, of which seven days’
notice has been given, stating the object of the meeting.
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(11) On a vacancy occurring in the committee the liquidator shall forthwith
summon a meeting of creditors or of contributories, as the case may
require, to fill the vacancy, and the meeting may, by resolution, re-
appoint the same or appoint another creditor or contributory to fill the
vacancy.
(12) The continuing members of the committee, if not less than two, may
act notwithstanding any vacancy in the committee.
179. Powers of official liquidator
The official liquidator shall have power, with the sanction of the Court, to
do the following things: –
(a) to institute or defend any suit or prosecution, or other legal proceeding,

civil or criminal, in the name and on behalf of the company;
(b) to carry on the business of the company so far as may be necessary for
the beneficial winding up of the same;
(c) to sell the immoveable and moveable property of the company by
public auction or private contract, with power to transfer the whole
thereof to any person or company, or to sell the same in parcels;
(d) to do all acts and to execute, in the name and on behalf of the
company, all deeds, receipts, and other documents, and for that
purpose to use, when necessary, the company’s seal;
(e) to prove, frank and claim in the insolvency of any contributory for any
balance against his estate, and to receive dividends in the insolvency,
in respect of that balance, as a separate debt due from the insolvent,
and rateably with the other separate creditors;
(f) to draw, accept, make and indorse any bill of exchange, hundi or
promissory note in the name and on behalf of the company, with the
same effect with respect to the liability of the company as if the bill,
hundi, or note had been drawn, accepted, made or indorsed by or on
behalf of the company in the course of its business;
(g) to raise, on the security of the assets of the company, any money
requisite;
(h) to take out, in his official name, letters of administration to any
deceased contributory, and to do in his official name any other act
necessary for obtaining payment of any money due from a
contributory or his estate which cannot be conveniently done in the
name of the company; and in all such cases the money due shall, for
the purpose of enabling the liquidator to take out the letters of
administration or recover the money, be deemed to be due to the
liquidator himself: Provided that nothing herein empowered shall be
deemed to affect the rights, duties and privileges of the Administrator-
General;
(i) to do all such other things as may be necessary for winding up the
affairs of the company and distributing its assets.
180. Discretion of official liquidator
The Court may provide by any order that the official liquidator may
exercise any of the above powers without the sanction or intervention of
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the Court, and, where an official liquidator is provisionally appointed, may
limit and restrict his powers by the order appointing him.
181. Provision for legal assistance to official liquidator
The official liquidator may, with the sanction of the Court, appoint a
legal practitioner entitled to appear before the Court to assist him in the
performance of his duties: Provided that, where the official liquidator is a
legal practitioner, he shall not appoint his partner unless the latter
consents to act without remuneration.
182. Liquidator to keep books containing proceedings of meetings and to

submit account of his receipts to Court
(1) The official liquidator of a company which is being wound up by the

Court shall keep, in manner prescribed, proper books in which he shall
cause to be made entries or minutes of proceedings at meetings, and of
such other matters as may be prescribed, and any creditor or
contributory may, subject to the control of the Court, personally or by
his agent inspect any such books.
(2) Every official liquidator shall, at such times as may be prescribed but
not less than twice in each year during his tenure of office, present to
the Court an account of his receipts and payments as such liquidator.
(3) The account shall be in the prescribed form, shall be made in

duplicate, and shall be verified by a declaration in the prescribed form.
(4) The Court shall cause the account to be audited in such manner as it
thinks fit, and for the purpose of the audit the liquidator shall furnish
the Court with such vouchers and information as the Court may
require, and the Court may at any time require the production of and
inspect any books or accounts kept by the liquidator.
(5) When the account has been audited, one copy thereof shall be filed and
kept by the Court, and the other copy shall be delivered to the
Registrar for filing, and each copy shall be open to the inspection of
any creditor, or of any person interested.
183. Exercise and control of liquidator’s powers
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the official liquidator of a

company which is being wound up by the Court shall, in the
administration of the assets of the company and in the distribution
thereof among its creditors, have regard to any directions that may be
given by resolution of the creditors or contributories at any general
meeting or by the committee of inspection, and any directions given by
the creditors or contributories at any general meeting shall in case of
conflict be deemed to override any directions given by the committee
of inspection.
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(2) The official liquidator may summon general meetings of the creditors
or contributories for the purpose of ascertaining their wishes, and it
shall be his duty to summon meetings at such times as the creditors or
contributories, by resolution, may direct, or whenever requested in
writing to do so by one-tenth in value of the creditors or contributories,
as the case may be.
(3) The official liquidator may apply to the Court in manner prescribed for
directions in relation to any particular matter arising in the winding up.
(4) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the official liquidator shall use
his own discretion in the administration of the assets of the company
and in the distribution thereof among the creditors.
(5) If any person is aggrieved by any act or decision of the official

liquidator, that person may apply to the Court, and the Court may
confirm, reverse or modify the act or decision complained of, and
make such order as it thinks just in the circumstances.
Ordinary Powers of Court
184. Settlement of list of contributories and application of assets
(1) As soon as may be after making a winding up order, the Court shall
settle a list of contributories, with power to rectify the register of
members in all cases where rectification is required in pursuance of
this Act, and shall cause the assets of the company to be collected and
applied in discharge of its liabilities.
(2) In settling the list of contributories, the Court shall distinguish between
persons who are contributories in their own right and persons who are
contributories as being representatives of or liable for the debts of
others.
185. Power to require delivery of property
The Court may, at any time after making a winding up order, require any
contributory for the time being settled on the list of contributories and any
trustee, receiver, banker, agent, or officer of the company to pay, deliver,
surrender or transfer forthwith, or within such time as the Court directs, to
the official liquidator any money, property or documents in his hands to
which the company is prima facie entitled.
186. Power to order payment f debts by contributory
(1) The Court may, at any time after making a winding up order, make an
order on any contributory for the time being settled on the list of
contributories to pay, in manner directed by the order, any money due
from him or from the estate of the person whom he represents to the
company exclusive of any money payable by him or the estate by
virtue of any call in pursuance of this Act.
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(2) The Court in making such an order may, in the case of an unlimited
company, allow to the contributory by way of set-off any money due
to him or to the estate which he represents from the company on any
independent dealing or contract with the company, but not any money
due to him as a member of the company in respect of any dividend or
profit; and may, in the case of a limited company, make to any director
whose liability is unlimited or to his estate the like allowance:
Provided that, in the case of any company whether limited or

unlimited, when all the creditors are paid in full, any money due on
any account whatever to a contributory from the company may be
allowed to him by way of set-off against any subsequent call.
187. Power of Court to make calls
(1) The Court may, at any time after making a winding up order, and
either before or after it has ascertained the sufficiency of the assets of
the company, make calls on and order payment thereof by all or any of
the contributories for the time being settled on the list of the
contributories to the extent of their liability, for payment of any money
which the Court considers necessary to satisfy the debts and liabilities
of the company, and the costs, charges and expenses of winding up,
and for the adjustment of the rights of the contributories among
themselves.
(2) In making the call the Court may take into consideration the
probability that some of the contributories may partly or wholly fail to
pay the call.
188. Power to order payment into bank
The Court may order any contributory, purchaser or other person from
whom money is due to the company to pay the same into the account of
the official liquidator in any scheduled bank instead of to the official
liquidator, and any such order may be enforced in the same manner as if it
had directed payment to the official liquidator.
189. Regulation of account with Court
All moneys, bills, hundis, notes and other securities paid and delivered
into the bank where the liquidator of the company may have his account,
in the event of a company being wound up by the Court, shall be subject in
all respects to the orders of the Court.
190. Order on contributory conclusive evidence
(1) An order made by the Court on a contributory shall (subject to any

right of appeal) be conclusive evidence that the money, if any, thereby
appearing to be due or ordered to be paid is due.
(2) All other pertinent matters stated in the order shall be taken to be truly
stated as against all persons and in all proceedings whatsoever.
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191. Power to exclude creditors not proving in time
The Court may fix a time or times within which creditors are to prove their
debts or claims, or to be excluded from the benefit of any distribution
made before those debts are proved.
192. Adjustment of rights of contributories
The Court shall adjust the rights of the contributories among themselves,
and distribute any surplus among the persons entitled thereto.
193. Power to order costs
The Court may, in the event of the assets being insufficient to satisfy the
liabilities, make an order as to the payment out of the assets of the costs,
charges and expenses incurred in the winding up in such order of priority
as the Court thinks just.
194. Dissolution of company
(1) When the affairs of a company have been completely wound up, the
Court shall make an order that the company be dissolved from the date
of the order, and the company shall be dissolved accordingly.
(2) The order shall be reported within fifteen days of the making thereof
by the official liquidator to the Registrar, who shall make in his books
a minute of the dissolution of the company.
(3) If the official liquidator makes default in complying with the

requirements of this section, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
fifty kyats for every day during which he is in default.
Extraordinary Powers of Court
195. Power to summon persons suspected of having property of company
(1) The Court may, after it has made a winding up order, summon before
it any officer of the company or person known or suspected to have in
his possession any property of the company, or supposed to be
indebted to the company, or any person whom the Court deems
capable of giving information concerning the trade, dealings, affairs or
property of the company.
(2) The Court may examine him on oath concerning the same, either by
word of mouth or on written interrogatories, and may reduce his
answers to writing and require him to sign them.
(3) The Court may require him to produce any documents in his custody
or power relating to the company; but, where he claims any lien on
documents produced by him, the production shall be without prejudice
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to that lien, and the Court shall have jurisdiction in the winding up to
determine all questions relating to that lien.
(4) If an person so summoned, after being tendered a reasonable sum for

his expenses, refuses to come before the Court at the time appointed,
not having a lawful impediment (made known to the Court at the time
of its sitting, and allowed by it), the Court may cause him to be
apprehended and brought before the Court for examination.
196. Power to order public examination of promoters, directors, etc,
(1) When an order has been made for winding up a company by the Court,
and the official liquidator has applied to the Court stating that in his
opinion a fraud has been committed by any person in the promotion or
formation of the company or by any director or other officer of the
company, in relation to the company since its formation, the Court
may, after consideration of the application, direct that any person who
has taken any part in the promotion or formation of the company, or
has been a director, manager or other officer of the company, shall
attend before the Court on a day appointed by the Court for that
purpose, and be publicly examined as to the promotion or formation or
the conduct of the business of the company, or as to his conduct and
dealings as director, manager or other officer thereof.
(2) The official liquidator shall take part in the examination, and for that
purpose may, if specially authorized by the Court in that behalf,
employ such legal assistance as may be sanctioned by the Court.
(3) Any creditor or contributory may also take part in the examination
either personally or by any person entitled to appear before the Court.
(4) The Court may put such questions to the person examined as the Court
thinks fit.
(5) The person examined shall be examined on oath, and shall answer all
such questions as the Court may put or allow to be put to him.
(6) A person ordered to be examined under this section may at his own
cost employ any person entitled to appear before the Court, who shall
be at liberty to put to him such questions as the Court may deem just
for the purpose of enabling him to explain or qualify any answers
given by him: Provided that if he is, in the opinion of the Court,
exculpated from any charges made or suggested against him, the Court
may allow him such costs as in its discretion it may think fit.
(7) Notes of the examination shall be taken down in writing, and shall be
read over to or by, and signed by, the person examined, and may
thereafter be used in evidence against him in civil proceedings, and
shall be open to the inspection of any creditor or contributory at all
reasonable times.
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(8) The Court may, if it thinks fit, adjourn the examination from time to
time.
(9) An examination under this section may, if the Court so directs, and
subject to any rules in this behalf, be held before any District Judge or
before any officer of the High Court, being an official referee, master,
registrar or deputy registrar, and the powers of the Court under this
section as to the conduct of the examination, but not as to costs, may
be exercised by the person before whom the examination is held.
197. Power to arrest absconding contributory
The Court, at any time either before or after making a winding up order,
on proof of probable cause for believing that a contributory is about to quit
the Union of Myanmar or otherwise to abscond, or to remove or conceal
any of his property for the purpose of evading payment of calls or of
avoiding examination respecting the affairs of the company, may cause the
contributory to be arrested and his books and papers and moveable
property to be seized, and him and them to be safely kept until such time
as the Court may order.
198. Saving of other proceedings
Any powers by this Act conferred on the Court shall be in addition to, and
not in restriction of, any existing powers of instituting proceedings against
any contributory or debtor of the company, or the estate of any
contributory or debtor, for the recovery of any call or other sums.
Enforcement of and Appeal from Order
199. Power to enforce orders
All orders made by a Court under this Act may be enforced in the manner
in which decrees of such Court made in any suit pending therein may be
enforced.
200. Order made in any Court to be enforced by other Courts
Any order made by a Court for or in the course of the winding up of a

company shall be enforced in any place in the Union of Myanmar, other
than that in which such Court is situate, by the Court that would have had
jurisdiction in respect of such company if the registered office of the
company had been situate at such other place, and in the same manner in
all respects as if such order had been made by the Court that is hereby
required to enforce the same.
201. Mode of dealing with orders to be enforced by other Courts
Where any order made by one Court is to be enforced by another Court, a

certified copy of the order so made shall be produced to the proper officer
of the Court required to enforce the same, and the production of such
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certified copy shall be sufficient evidence of such order having been
made; and thereupon the last-mentioned Court shall take the requisite
steps in the matter for enforcing the order, in the same manner as if it were
the order of the Court enforcing the same.
202. Appeals from orders
Re-hearings of and appeals from any order or decision made or given in

the matter of the winding up of a company by the Court may be had in the
same manner and subject to the same conditions in and subject to which
appeals may be had from any order or decision of the same Court in cases
within its ordinary jurisdiction.
Voluntary Winding up
203. Circumstances in which company may be wound up voluntarily
A company may be wound up voluntarily –
(1) when the period (if any) fixed for the duration of the company by the
articles expires, or the event (if any) occurs on the occurrence of which
the articles provide that the company is to be dissolved, and the
company in general meeting has passed a resolution requiring the
company to be wound up voluntarily;
(2) if the company resolves by special resolution that the company be

wound up voluntarily;
(3) if the company resolves by extraordinary resolution to the effect that it

cannot by reason of its liabilities continue its business, and that it is
advisable to wind up;
and the expression “resolution for voluntarily winding up” when used
hereafter in this Part means a resolution passed under clause (1), clause (2)
or clause (3) of this section.
204. Commencement of voluntary winding up
A voluntary winding up shall be deemed to commence at the time of the

passing of the resolution for voluntarily winding up.
205. Effect of voluntary winding up on status of company
When a company is wound up voluntarily, the company shall, from the

commencement of the winding up, cease to carry on its business, except so
far as may be required for the beneficial winding up thereof:
Provided that the corporate state and corporate powers of the company
shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in its articles, continue
until it is dissolved.
206. Notice of resolution to wind up voluntarily

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(1) Notice of any special resolution or extraordinary resolution for
winding up a company voluntarily shall be given by the company
within ten days of the passing of the same by advertisement in the
Gazette and also in some newspaper (if any) circulating in the district
where the registered office of the company is situate.

day during which the default continues; and every officer of the
shall be liable to a like penalty.
207. Declaration of solvency
(1) Where it is proposed to wind up a company voluntarily, the directors

of the company or, in the case of a company having more than two
directors, the majority of the directors may, at a meeting of the
directors held before the date on which the notices of the meeting at
which the resolution for the winding up of the company is to be
proposed are sent out, make a declaration verified by an affidavit to
the effect that they have made a full inquiry into the affairs of the
company, and that, having so done, they have formed the opinion that
the company will be able to pay its debts in full within a period, not
exceeding three years, from the commencement of the winding up.
(2) Such declaration shall be supported by a report of the company’s

auditors on the company’s affairs, and shall have no effect for the
purposes of this Act unless it is delivered to the Registrar for
registration before the date mentioned in sub-section (1) of this
section.
(3) A winding up in the case of which a declaration has been made and
delivered in accordance with this section is in this Act referred to as a
“members’ voluntary winding up”, and a winding up in the case of
which a declaration has not been made and delivered as aforesaid is in
this Act referred to as a “creditors’ voluntary winding up”.
Members’ Voluntary Winding up
208. Provisions applicable to a members’ voluntary winding up
The provisions contained in sections 208A to 208E, both inclusive,

shall apply in relation to a members’ voluntary winding up.
208A. Power of company to appoint and fix remuneration of liquidators
(1) The company in general meeting shall appoint

one or more liquidators for the purpose of
winding up the affairs and distributing the
assets of the company, and may fix the
remuneration to be paid to him or them.
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(2) On the appointment of a liquidator all the
powers of the directors shall cease, except so
far as the company in general meeting, or
the liquidator, sanctions the continuance
thereof.
208B. Power to fill vacancy in office of liquidator
(1) If a vacancy occurs by death, resignation or

otherwise in the office of liquidator appointed
by the company, the company in general
meeting may, subject to any arrangement with
its creditors, fill the vacancy.
(2) For that purpose a general meeting may be

convened by any contributory or, if there were
more liquidators than one, by the continuing
liquidators.
(3) The meeting shall be held in manner provided

by this Act or by the articles, or in such manner
as may, on application by any contributory or by
the continuing liquidators, be determined by the
Court.
208C. Power of liquidator to accept shares, etc., as consideration for

sale of property of company
(1) Where a company is proposed to be, or is in

course of being, wound up altogether
voluntarily, and the whole or part of its business
or property is proposed to be transferred or sold
to another company, whether a company within
the meaning of this Act or not (in this section
called “the transferee company”), the liquidator
of the first-mentioned company (in this section
called “the transferor company”) may, with the
sanction of a special resolution of that company
conferring either a general authority on the
liquidator or an authority in respect of any
particular arrangement, receive, in
compensation or part compensation for the
transfer or sale, shares, policies, or other like
interests in the transferee company, for
distribution among the members of the
transferor company, or may enter into any other
arrangement whereby the members of the
transferor company may, in lieu of receiving
cash, shares, policies, or other like interests or in
addition thereto, participate in the profits of or
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receive any other benefit from the transferee
company.
(2) Any sale or arrangement in pursuance of this

section shall be binding on the members of the
transferor company.
(3) If any member of the transferor company who

did not vote in favour of the special resolution
expresses his dissent therefrom in writing
addressed to the liquidator and left at the
registered office of the company within seven
days after the passing of the special resolution,
he may require the liquidator either to abstain
from carrying the resolution into effect or to
purchase his interest at a price to be determined
by agreement or by arbitration in manner
hereafter provided.
(4) If the liquidator elects to purchase the member’s

interest, the purchase money must be paid
before the company is dissolved, and be raised
by the liquidator in such manner as may be
determined by special resolution.
(5) A special resolution shall not be invalid for the

purposes of this section by reason that it is
passed before or concurrently with a resolution
for voluntary winding up or for appointing
liquidators, but if an order is made within a year
for winding up the company by or subject to the
supervision of the Court, the special resolution
shall not be valid unless sanctioned by the
Court.
(6) The provisions of the Arbitration Act, other than

those restricting the application of the Act in
respect of the subject-matter of the arbitration,
shall apply to all arbitrations in pursuance of
this section.
208D. Duty of liquidator to call general meeting at end of each year
(1) In the event of the winding up continuing for more than

one year, the liquidator shall summon a general
meeting of the company at the end of the first year
from the commencement of the winding up and of
each succeeding year, or as soon thereafter as may
be convenient within ninety days of the close of the
year, and shall lay before the meeting an account of
his acts and dealings and of the conduct of the
winding up during the preceding year and a
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statement in the prescribed form containing the
prescribed particulars with respect to the position of
the liquidation.
(2) If the liquidator fails to comply with this section, he

shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred
kyats.
208E. Final meeting and dissolution
(1) As soon as the affairs of the company are fully wound

up, the liquidator shall make up an account of the
winding up, showing how the winding up has been
conducted and the property of the company has
been disposed of, and thereupon shall call a general
meeting of the company for the purpose of laying
before it the account and giving any explanation
thereof.
(2) The meeting shall be called by advertisement specifying

the time, place and object thereof, and published
one month at least before the meeting in the manner
specified in sub-section (1) of section 206 for
publication of a notice under that sub-section.
(3) Within one week after the meeting, the liquidator shall
send to the Registrar a copy of the account, and
shall make a return to him of the holding of the
meeting and of its date, and if the copy is not sent or
the return is not made in accordance with this sub-
section the liquidator shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding fifty kyats for every day during which the
default continues:
Provided that, if a quorum is not present at the

meeting, the liquidator shall, in lieu of the said
return, make a return that the meeting was duly
summoned and that no quorum was present thereat,
and upon such a return being made the provisions of
this sub-section as to the making of the return shall
be deemed to have been complied with.
(4) The Registrar on receiving the account and either of

the returns mentioned in sub-section (3) shall
forthwith register them, and on the expiration of
three months from the registration of the return the
company shall be deemed to be dissolved:
Provided that the Court may, on the application of

the liquidator or of any other person who appears to
the Court to be interested, make an order deferring
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the date at which the dissolution of the company is
to take effect for such time as the Court thinks fit.
(5) It shall be the duty of the person on whose

application an order of the Court under this section
is made, within twenty-one days after the making of
the order, to deliver to the Registrar a certified copy
of the order for registration, and if that person fails
so to do he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
fifty kyats for every day during which the default
continues.
Creditors’ Voluntary Winding up
209. Provisions applicable to a creditors’ voluntary winding up
The provisions contained in sections 209A to 209H, both inclusive, shall

apply in relation to a creditors’ voluntary winding up.
209A. Meeting of creditors
(1) The company shall cause a meeting of the creditors of the company to
be summoned for the day, or the day next following the day, on which
there is to be held the meeting at which the resolution for voluntary
winding up is to be proposed, and shall cause the notices of the said
meeting of creditors to be sent by post to the creditors simultaneously
with the sending of the notices of the said meeting of the company.
(2) The company shall cause notice of the meeting of the creditors to be
advertised in the manner specified in sub-section (1) of section 206 for
the publication of a notice under that sub-section.
(3) The directors of the company shall –

(a) cause a full statement of the position of the company’s affairs
together with a list of the creditors of the company and the
estimated amount of their claims to be laid before the meeting of
creditors to be held as aforesaid; and
(b) appoint one of their number to preside at the said meeting.
(4) It shall be the duty of the director appointed to preside at the meeting
of creditors to attend the meeting and preside thereat.
(5) If the meeting of the company at which the resolution for voluntary
winding up is to be proposed is adjourned and the resolution is passed
at an adjourned meeting, any resolution passed at the meeting of the
creditors, held in pursuance of sub-section (1) of this section, shall
have effect as if it had been passed immediately after the passing of
the resolution for winding up the company.
(6) If default is made –

(a) by the company in complying with sub-sections (1) and (2);
(b) by the directors of the company in complying with sub-section (3);
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(c) by any director of the company in complying with sub-section (4);
the company, directors or director, as the case may be, shall be liable
to a fine not exceeding one thousand kyats, and, in the case of default
by the company, every officer of the company who is in default shall
be liable to the like penalty.
209B. Appointment of liquidator
The creditors and the company at their respective meetings mentioned in

section 209A may nominate a person to be liquidator for the purpose of
winding up the affairs and distributing the assets of the company, and if
the creditors and the company nominate different persons, the person
nominated by the creditors shall be liquidator, and if no person is
nominated by the creditors the person, if any, nominated by the company
shall be liquidator:
Provided that, in the case of different persons being nominated, any

director, member or creditor of the company may, within seven days after
the date on which the nomination was made by the creditors, apply to the
Court for an order either directing that the person nominated as liquidator
by the company shall be liquidator instead of or jointly with the person
nominated by the creditors, or appointing some other person to be
liquidator instead of the person appointed by the creditors.
209C. Appointment of committee of inspection
The creditors at the meeting to be held in pursuance of section 209A or at

any subsequent meeting may, if they think fit, appoint a committee of
inspection consisting of not more than five persons, and if such a
committee is appointed the company may, either at the meeting at which
the resolution for voluntary winding up is passed or at any time
subsequently in general meeting, appoint such number of persons as they
think fit to act as members of the committee not exceeding five in number:
Provided that the creditors may, if they think fit, resolve that all or any of
the persons so appointed by the company ought not to be members of the
committee of inspection, and, if the creditors so resolve, the persons
mentioned in the resolution shall not, unless the Court otherwise directs,
be qualified to act as members of the committee, and on any application to
the Court under this provision the Court may, if it thinks fit, appoint other
persons to act as such members in place of the persons mentioned in the
resolution.
209D. Fixing of liquidators’ remuneration and cesser of directors’ powers
(1) The committee of inspection, or if there is no such committee, the

creditors, may fix the remuneration to be paid to the liquidator or
liquidators, and where the remuneration is not so fixed, it shall be
determined by the Court.
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(2) On the appointment of a liquidator, all the powers of the directors shall
cease, except so far as the committee of inspection, or if there is no
such committee, the creditors, sanction the continuance thereof.
209E. Power to fill vacancy in office of liquidator
If a vacancy occurs by death, resignation or otherwise in the office of a

liquidator, other than a liquidator appointed by or by the direction of the
Court, the creditors may fill the vacancy.
209F. Application of section 208C to a creditors’ voluntary winding up
The provisions of section 208C shall apply in the case of a creditors’

voluntary winding up as in the case of a members’ voluntary winding up,
with the modification that the powers of the liquidator under the said
section shall not be exercised except with the sanction either of the Court
or of the committee of inspection.
209G. Duty of liquidator to call meetings of company and of creditors at end

of each year
(1) In the event of the winding up continuing for more than one year, the
liquidator shall summon a general meeting of the company and a
meeting of creditors at the end of the first year from the
commencement of the winding up, and of each succeeding year, or as
soon thereafter as may be convenient, and shall lay before the
meetings an account of his acts and dealings and of the conduct of the
winding up during the preceding year and a statement in the prescribed
form containing the prescribed particulars with respect to the position
of the winding up.
(2) If the liquidator fails to comply with this section, he shall be liable to a
fine not exceeding one hundred kyats.
209H. Final meeting and dissolution
(1) As soon as the affairs of the company are fully wound up, the
liquidator shall make up an account of the winding up, showing how
the winding up has been conducted and the property of the company
has been disposed of, and thereupon shall call a general meeting of the
company and a meeting of the creditors for the purpose of laying the
account before the meetings and giving any explanation thereof.
(2) Each such meeting shall be called by advertisement specifying the

time, place and object thereof, and published one month at least before
the meeting in the manner specified in sub-section (1) of section 206
for the publication of a notice under that sub-section.
(3) Within one week after the date of the meetings, or, if the meetings are
not held on the same date, after the date of the later meeting, the
liquidator shall send to the Registrar a copy of the account, and shall
make a return to him of the holding of the meetings and of their dates,
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and if the copy is not sent or the return is not made in accordance with
this sub-section the liquidator shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
fifty kyats for every day during which the default continues:
Provided that, if a quorum (which for the purposes of this section shall
be two persons) is not present at either such meeting, the liquidator
shall, in lieu of such return, make a return that the meeting was duly
summoned and that no quorum was present thereat, and upon such a
return being made the provisions of this sub-section as to the making
of the return shall, in respect of that meeting, be deemed to have been
complied with.
(4) The Registrar on receiving the account and in respect of each such
meeting either of the returns mentioned in subsection (3) shall
forthwith register them, and on the expiration of three months from the
registration thereof the company shall be deemed to be dissolved:
Provided that, the Court may, on the application of the liquidator or of

any other person who appears to the Court to be interested, make an
order deferring the date at which the dissolution of the company is to
take effect for such time as the Court thinks fit.
(5) It shall be the duty of the person on whose application an order of the
Court under this section is made, within ten days after the making of
the order, to deliver to the Registrar a certified copy of the order for
registration, and if that person fails to do so he shall be liable to a fine
not exceeding fifty kyats for every day during which the default
continues.
Members’ or Creditors’ Voluntary Winding up
210. Provisions applicable to every voluntary winding up
The provisions contained in sections 211 to 218, both inclusive, shall

apply to every voluntary winding up, whether a members’ or a creditors’
winding up.
211. Distribution of property of company
Subject to the provisions of this Act as to preferential payments, the

property of a company shall, on its winding up, be applied in satisfaction
of its liabilities pari passu and, subject to such application, shall, unless
the articles otherwise provide, be distributed among the members
according to their rights and interests in the company.
212. Powers and duties of liquidator in voluntary winding up
(1) The liquidator may –

(a) in the case of a members’ voluntary winding up, with the
sanction of an extraordinary resolution of the company, and in
the case of a creditors’ voluntary winding up, with the sanction
of either the Court or the committee of inspection, exercise any
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of the powers given by clauses (d), (e), (f) and (h) of section
179 to a liquidator in a winding up. The exercise by the
liquidator of the powers given by this clause shall be subject to
the control of the Court and any creditor or contributory may
apply to the Court with respect to any exercise or proposed
exercise of any of these powers;
(b) without the sanction referred to in clause (a), exercise any of
the other powers by this Act given to the liquidator in a
winding up by the Court;
(c) exercise the power of the Court under this Act of settling a list
of contributories, and the list of contributories shall be prima
facie evidence of the liability of the persons named therein to
be contributories;
(d) exercise the power of the Court of making calls;
(e) summon general meetings of the company for the purpose of
obtaining the sanction of the company by special or
extraordinary resolution or for any other purpose he may think
fit.
(2) The liquidator shall pay the debts of the company and shall adjust the
rights of the contributories among themselves.
(3) When several liquidators are appointed, any power given by this Act
may be exercised by such one or more of them as may be determined
at the time of their appointment, or, in default of such determination,
by any number not less than two.
213. Power of Court to appoint and remove liquidator in voluntary

winding up
(1) If from any cause whatever there is no liquidator acting, the Court may
appoint a liquidator.
(2) The Court may, on cause shown, remove a liquidator and appoint
another liquidator.
214. Notice by liquidator of his appointment
(1) The liquidator shall, within twenty-one days after his appointment,
deliver to the Registrar for registration a notice of his appointment in
the form prescribed.
(2) If the liquidator fails to comply with the requirements of this section,
he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every day
215. Arrangement when binding on creditors
(1) Any arrangement entered into between a company about to be, or in

the course of being, wound up and its creditors shall, subject to the
right of appeal under this section, be binding on the company if
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sanctioned by an extraordinary resolution, and on the creditors if
acceded to by three-fourths in number and value of the creditors.
(2) Any creditor or contributory may, within three weeks from the
completion of the arrangement, appeal to the Court against it, and the
Court may thereupon, as it thinks just, amend, vary or confirm the
arrangement.
216. Power to apply to Court to have questions determined or powers

exercised
(1) The liquidator or any contributory or creditor may apply to the Court
to determine any question arising in the winding up of a company, or
to exercise, as respects the enforcing of calls, staying of proceedings or
any other matter, all or any of the powers which the Court might
exercise if the company were being wound up by the Court.
(2) The liquidator or any creditor or contributory may apply for an order
setting aside any attachment, distress or execution put into force
against the estate or effects of the company after the commencement
of the winding up.
Such application shall be made –

(a) if the attachment, distress or execution is levied or put into force
by the High Court, to the High Court, and
(b) if the attachment, distress or execution is levied or put into force in
any other Court, to the Court having jurisdiction to wind up the
company.
(3) The Court, if satisfied that the determination of the question or the
required exercise of power or the order applied for will be just and
beneficial, may accede wholly or partially to the application on such
terms and conditions as it thinks fit, or may make such other order on
the application as it thinks just.
217. Cost of voluntary winding up
All costs, charges and expenses properly incurred in the winding up,
including the remuneration of the liquidator, shall, subject to the rights of
secured creditors, if any, be payable out of the assets of the company in
priority to all other claims.
218. Saving for rights of creditors and contributories
The winding up of a company shall not bar the right of any creditor or
contributory to have it wound up by the Court, but in the case of an
application by a contributory the Court must be satisfied that the rights of
the contributories will be prejudiced by a voluntary winding up.
219. * * * *
220. Power of Court to adopt proceedings of voluntary winding up

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Where a company is being wound up voluntarily, and an order is made for
winding up by the Court, the Court may, if it thinks fit, by the same or any
subsequent order, provide for the adoption of all or any of the proceedings
in the voluntary winding up.
Winding up subject to Supervision of Court
221. Power to order winding up subject to supervision
When a company has by special or extraordinary resolution resolved to

wind up voluntarily, the Court may make an order that the voluntary
winding up shall continue, but subject to such supervision of the Court,
and with such liberty for creditors, contributories or others to apply to the
Court, and generally on such terms and conditions as the Court thinks just.
222. Effect of petition for winding up subject to supervision
A petition for the continuance of a voluntary winding up subject to the

supervision of the Court shall, for the purpose of giving jurisdiction to the
Court over suits, be deemed to be a petition for winding up by the Court.
223. Court may have regard to wishes of creditors and contributories
The Court may, in deciding between a winding up by the Court and a

winding up subject to supervision, in the appointment of liquidators, and
in all other matters relating to the winding up subject to supervision, have
regard to the wishes of the creditors or contributories as proved to it by
any sufficient evidence.
224. Power for Court to appoint or remove liquidators
(1) Where an order is made for a winding up subject to supervision, the

Court may by the same or any subsequent order appoint any additional
liquidator.
(2) A liquidator appointed by the Court under this section shall have the
same powers, be subject to the same obligations, and in all respects
stand in the same position as if he had been appointed by the company.
(3) The Court may remove any liquidator so appointed by the Court or any
liquidator continued under the supervision order, and fill any vacancy
occasioned by the removal or by death or resignation.
225. Effect of supervision order
(1) Where an order is made for a winding up subject to supervision, the

liquidator may, subject to any restrictions imposed by the Court,
exercise all his powers without the sanction or intervention of the
Court, in the same manner as if the company were being wound up
altogether voluntarily.
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(2) Except as provided in sub-section (1), and save for the purposes of
section 196, any order made by the Court for a winding up subject to
the supervision of the Court shall for all purposes, including the
staying of suit and other proceedings, be deemed to be an order of the
Court for winding up the company by the Court, and shall confer full
authority on the Court to make calls, or to enforce calls made by the
liquidators, and to exercise all other powers which it might have
exercised if an order had been made for winding up the company
altogether by the Court.
(3) In the construction of the provisions whereby the Court is empowered

to direct any act or thing to be done to or in favour of the official
liquidator, the expression “official liquidator” shall be deemed to mean
the liquidator conducting the winding up subject to the supervision of
the Court.
226. Appointment in certain cases of voluntary liquidators to office of

official liquidator
Where an order has been made for the winding up of a company subject to
supervision, and an order is afterwards made for winding up by the Court,
the Court may, by the last-mentioned order or by any subsequent order,
appoint the voluntary liquidators or any of them, either provisionally or
permanently, and either with or without the addition of any other person,
to be official liquidator in the winding up by the Court.
Supplemental Provisions
227. Avoidance of transfers, etc., after commencement of winding up
(1) In the case of voluntary winding up every transfer of shares, except

transfers made to or with the sanction of the liquidator, and every
alteration in the status of the members of the company, made after the
commencement of the winding up, shall be void.
(2) In the case of a winding up by or subject to the supervision of the

Court, every disposition of the property (including actionable claims)
of the company, and every transfer of shares, or alteration in the status
of its members, made after the commencement of the winding up,
shall. unless the Court otherwise orders, be void.
228. Debts of all descriptions to be proved
In every winding up (subject in the case of insolvent companies to the

application in accordance with the provisions of this Act of the law of
insolvency) all debts payable on a contingency, and all claims against the
company, present or future, certain or contingent, shall be admissible to
proof against the company, a just estimate being made, so far as possible,
of the value of such debts or claims as may be subject to any contingency
or for some other reason do not bear a certain value.
229. Application of insolvency rules in winding up of insolvent companies

138
In the winding up of an insolvent company the same rules shall prevail
and be observed with regard to the respective rights of secured and
unsecured creditors and to debts provable and to the valuation of annuities
and future and contingent liabilities as are in force for the time being
under the law of insolvency with respect to the estates of persons adjudged
insolvent; and all persons who in any such case would be entitled to prove
for and receive dividends out of the assets of the company may come in
under the winding up, and make such claims against the company as they
respectively are entitled to by virtue of this section.
230. Preferential payments
(1) In a winding up there shall be paid in priority to all other debts –

(a) all revenue, taxes, cesses and rates, whether payable to the
Government or to a local authority, due from the company at the
date hereinafter mentioned and having become due and payable
within the twelve months next before that date;
(b) all wages or salary of any clerk or servant in respect of service
rendered to the company within the two months next before the
said date, not exceeding one thousand kyats for each clerk or
servant;
(c) all wages of any labourer or workman, not exceeding five hundred
kyats for each, whether payable for time or piecework, in respect
of services rendered to the company within the two months next
before the said date;
(d) compensation payable under the Workmen's Compensation Act in
respect of the death or disablement of any officer or employee of
the company;
(e) all sums due to any employee from a provident fund, a pension
fund, a gratuity fund or any other fund for the welfare of the
employees maintained by the company; and
(f) the expenses of any investigation held in pursuance of clause (iv) of
section 138 of this Act.
(2) The foregoing debts shall –

(a) rank equally among themselves and be paid in full, unless the
assets are insufficient to meet them, in which case they shall abate
in equal proportion; and
(b) so far as the assets of the company available for payment of

general creditors are insufficient to meet them, have priority over
the claims of holders of debentures under any floating charge
created by the company, and be paid accordingly out of any
property comprised in or subject to that charge.
(3) Subject to the retention of such sums as may be necessary for the costs
and expenses of the winding up, the foregoing debts shall be
discharged forthwith so far as the assets are sufficient to meet them.
(4) In the event of a landlord or other person distraining or having

distrained on any goods or effects of the company within three months
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next before the date of a winding up order, the debts to which priority
is given by this section shall be a first charge on the goods or effects so
distrained on, or the proceeds of the sale thereof:
Provided that in respect of any money paid under any such charge the
landlord or other person shall have the same rights of priority as the
person to whom the payment is made.
(5) The date hereinbefore in this section referred to is –

(a) in the case of a company ordered to be wound up compulsorily
which had not previously commenced to be wound up voluntarily,
the date of the winding up order; and
(b) in any other case, the date of the commencement of the winding up.
230A. Disclaimer of property
(1) Where any part of the property of a company which is being wound up
consists of land of any tenure burdened with onerous covenants, of
shares or stock in companies, of unprofitable contracts, or of any other
property that is unsaleable, or not readily saleable, by reason of its
binding the possessor thereof to the performance of any onerous act, or
to the payment of any sum of money, the liquidator of the company,
notwithstanding that he had endeavoured to sell or has taken
possession of the property, or exercised any act of ownership in
relation thereto, may, with the leave of the Court and subject to the
provisions of this section, by writing signed by him, at any time within
twelve months after the commencement of the winding up or such
extended period as may be allowed by the Court, disclaim the
property:
Provided that, where any such property has not come to the knowledge
of the liquidator within one month after the commencement of the
winding up, the power under this section of disclaiming the property
may be exercised at any time within twelve months after he has
become aware thereof or such extended period as may be allowed by
the Court.
(2) The disclaimer shall operate to determine, as from the date of

disclaimer, the rights, interests, and liabilities of the company, and the
property of the company, in or in respect of the property disclaimed,
but shall not, except so far as is necessary for the purpose of releasing
the company and the property of the company from liability, affect the
rights or liabilities of any other person.
(3) The Court, before or on granting leave to disclaim, may require such
notices to be given to persons interested, and impose such terms as a
condition of granting leave, and make such other order in the matter as
the Court thinks just.
(4) The liquidator shall not be entitled to disclaim any property under this
section in any case where an application in writing has been made to
him by any persons interested in the property requiring him to decide
140
whether he will or will not disclaim, and the liquidator has not, within
a period of twenty-eight days after the receipt of the application or
such further period as may be allowed by the Court, given notice to the
applicant that he intends to apply to the Court for leave to disclaim,
and in the case of a contract, if the liquidator, after such an application
as aforesaid, does not within the said period or further period disclaim
the contract, the company shall be deemed to have adopted it.
(5) The Court may, on the application of any person who is, as against the
liquidator, entitled to the benefit or subject to the burden of a contract
made with the company, make an order rescinding the contract on such
terms as to payment by or to either party of damages for the non-
performance of the contract, or otherwise as the Court thinks just, and
any damages payable under the order to any such person may be
proved by him as a debt in the winding up.
(6) The Court may, on an application by any person who either claims any
interest in any disclaimed property or is under any liability not
discharged by this Act in respect of any disclaimed property, and on
hearing any such persons as it thinks fit, make an order for the vesting
of the property in or the delivery of the property to any persons
entitled thereto, or to whom it may seem just that the property should
be delivered by way of compensation for such liability as aforesaid, or
a trustee for him, and on such terms as the Court thinks just, and on
any such vesting order being made the property comprised therein
shall vest accordingly in the person therein named in that behalf
without any conveyance or assignment for the purpose:
Provided that, where the property disclaimed is of a leasehold nature,

the Court shall not make a vesting order in favour of any person
claiming under the company whether as under-lessee or as mortgagee
except upon the terms of making that person –
(a) subject to the same liabilities and obligations as those to which the
company was subject under the lease in respect of the property at
the commencement of the winding up; or
(b) if the Court thinks fit, subject only to the same liabilities and
obligations as if the lease had been assigned to that person at that
date;
and in either event (if the case so requires) as if the lease had
comprised only the property comprised in the vesting order, and any
mortgagee or under-lessee declining to accept a vesting order upon
such terms shall be excluded from all interest in and security upon the
property, and, if there is no person claiming under the company who is
willing to accept an order upon such terms, the Court shall have power
to vest the estate and interest of the company in the property in any
person liable, either personally or in a representative character, and
either alone or jointly with the company, to perform the lessee’s
covenants in the lease, freed and discharged from all estates,
incumbrances and interests created therein by the company.
(7) Any person injured by the operation of a disclaimer under this section
shall be deemed to be a creditor of the company to the amount of the
141
injury, and may accordingly prove the amount as a debt in the winding
up.
231. Fraudulent preference
(1) Any transfer, delivery of goods, payment, execution or other act

relating to property which would, if made or done by or against an
individual, be deemed in his insolvency a fraudulent preference, shall,
if made or done by or against a company, be deemed, in the event of
its being wound up, a fraudulent preference of its creditors, and be
invalid accordingly.
(2) For the purposes of this section the presentation of a petition for
winding up in the case of a winding up by or subject to the supervision
of the Court, and a resolution for winding up in the case of a voluntary
winding up, shall be deemed to correspond with the act of insolvency
in the case of an individual.
(3) Any transfer or assignment by a company of all its property to trustees

for the benefit of all its creditors shall be void.
232. Avoidance of certain attachments, executions, etc.
(1) Where any company is being wound up by or subject to the

supervision of the Court, any attachment, distress or execution put in
force without leave of the Court against the estate or effects, or any
sale held without leave of the Court of any of the properties, of the
company after the commencement of the winding up shall be void.
(2) Nothing in this section applies to proceedings by the Government.
233. Effect of floating charge
Where a company is being wound up, a floating charge on the undertaking

or property of the company created within three months of the
commencement of the winding up shall, unless it is proved that the
company immediately after the creation of the charge was solvent, be
invalid except to the amount of any cash paid to the company at the time
of, or subsequently to the creation of, and in consideration for, the charge,
together with interest on that amount at the rate of five per cent. per
annum.
234. General scheme of liquidation may be sanctioned
(1) The liquidator may, with the sanction of the Court when the company
is being wound up by the Court or subject to the supervision of the
Court, and with the sanction of an extraordinary resolution of the
company in the case of a voluntary winding up, do the following
things or any of them: –
(i) pay any classes of creditors in full;
(ii) make any compromise or arrangement with creditors or persons
claiming to be creditors or having or alleging themselves to have
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any claim, present or future, whereby the company may be
rendered liable;
(iii)compromise all calls and liabilities to calls, debts and liabilities
capable of resulting in debts, and all claims, present or future,
certain or contingent, subsisting or supposed to subsist, between
the company and a contributory, or alleged contributory or other
debtor or person apprehending liability to the company, and all
questions in any way relating to or affecting the assets or the
winding up of the company, on such terms as may be agreed, and
take any security for the discharge of any such call, debt, liability
or claim, and give a complete discharge in respect thereof.
(2) The exercise by the liquidator of the powers of this section shall be
subject to the control of the Court, and any creditor or contributory
may apply to the Court with respect to any exercise or proposed
exercise of any of these powers.
235. Power of Court to assess damages against delinquent directors, etc.
(1) Where, in the course of winding up a company, it appears that any

person who has taken part in the formation or promotion of the
company, or any past or present director, manager or liquidator, or any
officer of the company has misapplied or retained or become liable or
accountable for any money or property of the company, or been guilty
of any misfeasance or breach of trust in relation to the company, the
Court may, on the application of the liquidator or of any creditor or
contributory, made within three years from the date of the first
appointment of a liquidator in the winding up, or of the misapplication,
retainer, misfeasance or breach of trust, as the case may be, whichever
is longer, examine into the conduct of the promoter, director, manager,
liquidator or officer, and compel him to repay or restore the money or
property or any part thereof respectively with interest at such rate as
the Court thinks just, or to contribute such sum to the assets of the
company by way of compensation in respect of the misapplication,
retainer, misfeasance or breach of trust as the Court thinks just.
(2) This section shall apply notwithstanding that the offence is one for
which the offender may be criminally responsible.
236. Penalty for falsification of books
If any director, manager, officer or contributory of any company being

wound up destroys, mutilates, alters or falsities or fraudulently secretes
any books, papers or securities, or makes, or is privy to the making of, any
false or fraudulent entry in any register, book of account or document
belonging to the company with intent to defraud or deceive any person, he
shall be liable to imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven
years, and shall also be liable to fine.
237. Prosecution of delinquent directors
143
(1) If it appears to the Court in the course of a winding up by, or subject to
the supervision of, the Court that any past or present director, manager
or other officer, or any member, of the company has been guilty of any
offence in relation to the company for which he is criminally liable,
the Court may, either on the application of any person interested in the
winding up or of its own motion, direct the liquidator either himself to
prosecute the offender or to refer the matter to the Registrar.
(2) If it appears to the liquidator in the course of a voluntary winding up

that any past or present director, manager or other officer, or any
member, of the company has been guilty of any offence in relation to
the company for which he is criminally liable, he shall forthwith report
the matter to the Registrar and shall furnish to him such information
and give to him such access to and facilities for inspecting and taking
copies of any documents, being information or documents in the
possession or under the control of the liquidator relating to the matter
in question, as he may require.
(3) Where any report is made under sub-section (2) to the Registrar, he
may, if he thinks fit, refer the matter to the President of the Union for
further inquiry, and the President of the Union shall thereupon
investigate the matter and may, if he thinks it expedient, apply to the
Court for an order conferring on any person designated by the
President of the Union for the purpose with respect to the company
concerned all such powers of investigating the affairs of the company
as are provided by this Act in the case of a winding up by the Court.
(4) If on any report to the Registrar under sub-section (2) it appears to him
that the case is not one in which proceedings ought to be taken by him,
he shall inform the liquidator accordingly, and thereupon, subject to
the previous sanction of the Court, the liquidator may himself take
proceedings against the offender.
(5) If it appears to the Court in the course of a voluntary winding up that

any past or present director, manager or other officer, or any member,
of the company has been guilty as aforesaid, and that no report with
respect to the matter has been made by the liquidator to the Registrar,
the Court may, on the application of any person interested in the
winding up or of its own motion, direct the liquidator to make such a
report, and on a report being made accordingly the provisions of this
section shall have effect as though the report has been made in
pursuance of the provisions of sub-section (2).
(6) If, where any matter is reported or referred to the Registrar under this
section, he considers that the case is one in which a prosecution ought
to be instituted, he shall place the papers before the Attorney-General
or the Public Prosecutor and if advised to do so institute proceedings,
and it shall be the duty of the liquidator and of every officer and agent
of the company past and present (other than the defendant in the
proceedings) to give him all assistance in connection with the
prosecution which he is reasonably able to give:
144
Provided that no prosecution shall be undertaken without first giving
the accused person an opportunity of making a statement in writing to
the Registrar and of being heard thereon.
For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “agent” in relation

to a company shall be deemed to include any banker or legal adviser of
the company and any person employed by the company as auditor,
whether that person is or is not an officer of the company.
(7) If any person fails or neglects to give assistance in manner required by

sub-section (6), the Court may, on the application of the Registrar,
direct that person to comply with the requirements of the said sub-
section, and where any such application is made with respect to a
liquidator, the Court may, unless it appears that the failure or neglect
to comply was due to the liquidator not having in his hands sufficient
assets of the company to enable him so to do, direct that the costs of
the application shall be borne by the liquidator personally.
238. Penalty for false evidence
It any person, upon any examination upon oath authorized under this Act,
or in any affidavit, deposition or solemn affirmation, in or about the
winding up of any company under this Act, or otherwise in or about any
matter arising under this Act, intentionally gives false evidence, he shall
be liable to imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years, and
also be liable to fine.
238A. Penal provisions
(1) If any person, being a past or present director, managing agent,

manager or other officer of a company which at the time of the
commission of the alleged offence is being wound up, whether by or
under the supervision of the Court or voluntarily, or is subsequently
ordered to be wound up by the Court or subsequently passes a
resolution for voluntary winding up –
(a) does not to the best of his knowledge and belief fully and truly
discover to the liquidator all the property, real and personal, of the
company, and how and to whom and for what consideration and
when the company disposed of any part thereof, except such part
as has been disposed of in the ordinary way of the business of the
company; or
(b) does not deliver up to the liquidator, or as he directs, all such part
of the real and personal property of the company as is in his
custody or under his control, and which lie is required by law to
deliver up; or
(c) does not deliver up to the liquidator, or as he directs, all books and
papers in his custody or under his control belonging to the
company and which he is required by law to deliver up; or
(d) within twelve months next before the commencement of the
winding up or at any time thereafter conceals any part of the
property of the company to the value of one hundred kyats or
upwards or conceals any debt due to or from the company; or
145
(e) within twelve months next before the commencement of the
winding up or at any time thereafter fraudulently removes any part
of the property of the company to the value of one hundred kyats
or upwards; or
(f) makes any material omission in any statement relating to the
affairs of the company; or
(g) knowing or believing that a false debt has been proved by any
person under the winding up, fails for the period of a month to
inform the liquidator thereof; or
(h) after the commencement of the winding up prevents the production
of any book or paper affecting or relating to the property or affairs
of the company; or
(i) within twelve months next before the commencement of the
winding up or at any time thereafter, conceals, destroys, mutilates
or falsities, or is privy to the concealment, destruction, mutilation,
or falsification of, any book or paper affecting or relating to the
property or affairs of the company; or
(j) within twelve months next before the commencement of the
winding up or at any time thereafter, makes or is privy to the
making of any false entry in any book or paper affecting or relating
to the property or affairs of the company; or
(k) within twelve months next before the commencement of the
winding up or at any time thereafter, fraudulently parts with, alters
or makes any omission in, or is privy to the fraudulent parting
with, altering or making any omission in, any document affecting
or relating to the property or affairs of the company; or
(l) after the commencement of the winding up or at any meeting of the
creditors of the company within twelve months next before the
commencement of the winding up, attempts to account for any part
of the property of the company by fictitious losses or expenses; or
(m) has within twelve months next before the commencement of the
winding up or at any time thereafter, by any false representation or
other fraud, obtained any property for or on behalf of the company
on credit which the company does not subsequently pay for; or
(n) within twelve months next before the commencement of the
winding up or at any time thereafter, under the false pretence that
the company is carrying on its business, obtains on credit, for or on
behalf of the company, any property which the company does not
subsequently pay for; or
(o) within twelve months next before the commencement of the
winding up or at any time thereafter, pawns, pledges or disposes of
any property of the company which has been obtained on credit
and has not been paid for, unless such pawning, pledging or
disposing is in the ordinary way of the business of the company; or
(p) is guilty of any false representation or other fraud for the purpose
of obtaining the consent of the creditors of the company or any of
them to an agreement with reference to the affairs of the company
or to the winding up;
he shall be punishable, in the case of the offences mentioned

respectively in clauses (m), (n) and (o) of this sub-section, with
imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years, and, in the case of
146
any other offence, with imprisonment for a term not exceeding two
years:
Provided that it shall be a good defence to a charge under any of

clauses (b), (c), (d), (f), (n) and (o) if the accused proves that he had no
intent to defraud, and to a charge under any of clauses (a), (h), (i) and
(j) if he proves that he had no intent to conceal the state of affairs of
the company or to defeat the law.
(2) Where any person pawns, pledges or disposes of any property in

circumstances which amount to an offence under clause (o) of sub-
section (1), every person who takes in pawn or pledge or otherwise
receives the property knowing it to be pawned, pledged or disposed of
in such circumstances as aforesaid shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years.
239. Meetings to ascertain wishes of creditors or contributories
(1) Where by this Act the Court is authorized in relation to winding up to

have regard to the wishes of creditors or contributories, as proved to it
by any sufficient evidence, the Court may, if it thinks fit for the
purpose of ascertaining those wishes, direct meetings of the creditors
or contributories to be called, held and conducted in such manner as
the Court directs, and may appoint a person to act as chairman of any
such meeting and to report the result thereof to the Court.
(2) In the case of creditors, regard shall be had to the value of each
creditor’s debt.
(3) In the case of contributories regard shall be had to the number of votes
conferred on each contributory by the articles.
240. Documents of company to be evidence
Where any company is being wound up, all documents of the company
and of the liquidators shall, as between the contributories of the company,
be prima facie evidence of the truth of all matters purporting to be therein
recorded.
241. Inspection of documents
After an order for a winding up by or subject to the supervision of the

Court, the Court may make such order for inspection by creditors and
contributories of the company of its documents as the Court thinks just,
and any documents in the possession of the company may be inspected by
creditors or contributories accordingly, but not further or otherwise.
242. Disposal of documents of company
(1) When a company has been wound up and is about to be dissolved, the
documents of the company and of the liquidators may be disposed of
as follows (that is to say): –
147
(a) in the case of a winding up by or subject to the supervision of the
Court, in such way as the Court directs;
(b) in the case of a voluntary winding up, in such way as the company
by extraordinary resolution directs.
(2) After three years from the dissolution of the company, no

responsibility shall rest on the company or the liquidators, or any
person to whom the custody of the documents has been committed, by
reason of the same not being forthcoming to any person claiming to be
interested therein.
243. Power of Court to declare dissolution of company void
(1) Where a company has been dissolved, the Court may at any time
within two years of the date of the dissolution, on an application being
made for the purpose by the liquidator of the company or by any other
person who appears to the Court to be interested, make an order, upon
such terms as the Court thinks fit, declaring the dissolution to have
been void, and thereupon such proceedings may be taken as might
have been taken if the company had not been dissolved.
(2) It shall be the duty of the person on whose application the order was
made, within twenty-one days after the making of the order, to file
with the Registrar a certified copy of the order, and if that person fails
so to do he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every
244. Information as to pending liquidations
(1) Where a company is being wound up, if the winding up is not

concluded within one year after its commencement, the liquidator
shall, once in each year and at intervals of not more than twelve
months, until the winding up is concluded, file in Court or with the
Registrar, as the case may be, a statement in the prescribed form and
containing the prescribed particulars with respect to the proceedings in
and position of the liquidation.
(2) Any person stating himself in writing to be a creditor or contributory

of the company shall be entitled, by himself or by his agent, at all
reasonable times, on payment of the prescribed fee, to inspect the
statement, and to receive a copy thereof or extract therefrom; but any
person untruthfully so stating himself to be a creditor or contributory
shall be deemed to be guilty of an offence under section 182 of the
Penal Code, and shall be punishable accordingly on the application of
the liquidator.
(3) If a liquidator fails to comply with the requirements of this section, he

shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats for each day
148
(4) When the statement is filed in Court a copy shall simultaneously be
filed with the Registrar and shall be kept by him along with the other
records of the company.
244A. Payments of liquidator into bank
(1) Every liquidator of a company which is being wound up by the Court

shall, in such manner and at such times as may be prescribed, pay the
money received by him into a scheduled bank:
Provided that if the Court is satisfied that for the purpose of carrying
on the business of the company or of obtaining advances or for any
other reason it is for the advantage of the creditors or contributories
that the liquidator should have an account with any other bank, the
Court may authorize the liquidator to make his payments into or out of
such other bank as the Court may select and thereupon those payments
shall be made in the prescribed manner.
(2) If any such liquidator at any time retains for more than ten days a sum
exceeding five hundred kyats, or such other amount as the Court may
in any particular case authorize him to retain, then, unless he explains
the retention to the satisfaction of the Court, he shall pay interest on
the amount so retained in excess at the rate of twenty per cent. per
annum and shall be liable to disallowance of all or such part of his
remuneration as the Court may think just and to be removed from his
office by the Court, and shall be liable to pay any expenses occasioned
by reason of his default.
(3) A liquidator of a company which is being wound up shall open a

special banking account and pay all sums received by him as liquidator
into such account.
245. Court or person before whom affidavit may be sworn
(1) Any affidavit required to be sworn under the provisions or for the
purposes of this Part may be sworn in the Union of Myanmar, or
elsewhere, before any Court, Judge or person lawfully authorized to
take and receive affidavits, or in any place outside the Union of
Myanmar before any Consul, Vice-Consul or Ambassador of His
Britannic Majesty or the Union of Myanmar.
(2) All Courts, Judges, Justices, Commissioners, and persons acting

judicially in the Union of Myanmar shall take judicial notice of the
seal or stamp or signature (as the case may be) of any such Court,
Judge, person, Consul or Vice-Consul or Ambassador attached,
appended or subscribed to any such affidavit or to any other document
to be used for the purposes of this Part.
Rules
246. Power of High Court to make rules
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(1) The High Court may, from time to time, make rules consistent with
this Act and with the Code of Civil Procedure concerning the mode of
proceedings to be had for winding up a company in such Court and in
the Courts subordinate thereto, and for voluntary winding up (both
members’ and creditors’), for the holding of meetings of creditors and
members in connection with proceedings under section 153 of this
Act, and for giving effect to the provisions hereinbefore contained as
to the reduction of the capital and the sub-divisions of the shares of a
company, and generally for all applications to be made to the Court
under the provisions of this Act, and shall make rules providing for all
matters relating to the winding up of companies which, by this Act, are
to be prescribed.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, the High
Court may by such rules enable or require all or any of the powers and
duties conferred and imposed on the Court by this Act, in respect of
the matters following, to be exercised or performed by the official
liquidator and subject to the control of the Court, that is to say, the
powers and duties of the Court in respect of –
(a) holding and conducting meetings to ascertain the wishes of
creditors and contributories;
(b) settling lists of contributories and rectifying the register of
members where required, and collecting and applying the assets;
(c) requiring delivery of property or documents to the liquidator;
(d) making calls;
(e) fixing a time within which debts and claims must be proved:
Provided that the official liquidator shall not, without the special leave
of the Court, rectify the register of members, and shall not make any
call without the special leave of the Court.
Removal of defunct Companies from Register
247. Registrar may strike defunct company off register
(1) Where the Registrar has reasonable cause to believe that a company is
not carrying on business or in operation, he shall send to the company
by post a letter inquiring whether the company is carrying on business
or in operation.
(2) If the Registrar does not within one month of sending the letter receive
any answer thereto, he shall within fourteen days after the expiration
of the month send to the company by post a registered letter referring
to the first letter, and stating that no answer thereto has been received
and that, if an answer is not received to the second letter within one
month from the date thereof, a notice will be published in the Gazette
with a view to striking the name of the company off the register.
(3) If the Registrar either receives an answer from the company to the
effect that it is not carrying on business or in operation, or does not
within one month after sending the second letter receive any answer,
he may publish in the Gazette, and send to the company by post a
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notice that, at the expiration of three months from the date of that
notice, the name of the company mentioned therein will, unless cause
is shown to the contrary, be struck off the register and the company
will be dissolved.
(4) If, in any case where a company is being wound up, the Registrar has
reasonable cause to believe either that no liquidator is acting or that the
affairs of the company are fully wound up, and the returns required to
be made by the liquidator have not been made for a period of six
consecutive months after notice by the Registrar demanding the
returns has been sent by post to the company, or to the liquidator at his
last known place of business, the Registrar may publish in the Gazette
and send to the company a like notice as is provided in the last
preceding sub-section.
(5) At the expiration of the time mentioned in the notice the Registrar
may, unless cause to the contrary is previously shown by the company,
strike its name off the register, and shall publish notice thereof in the
Gazette, and, on the publication in the Gazette of this notice, the
company shall be dissolved: Provided that the liability (if any) of
every director and member of the company shall continue and may be
enforced as if the company had not been dissolved.
(6) If a company or any member or creditor thereof feels aggrieved by the

company having been struck off the register, the Court, on the
application of the company or member or creditor, may, if satisfied
that the company was at the time of the striking off carrying on
business or in operation, or otherwise that it is just that the company be
restored to the register, order the name of the company to be restored
to the register, and thereupon the company shall be deemed to have
continued in existence as if its name had not been struck off; and the
Court may by the order give such directions and make such provisions
as seem just for placing the company and all other persons in the same
position, as nearly as may be, as if the name of the company had not
been struck off.
(7) A letter or notice under this section may be addressed to the company
at its registered office, or, if no office has been registered, to the care
of some director, manager or other officer of the company, or, if there
is no director, manager or other officer of the company whose name
and address are known to the Registrar, may be sent to each of the
persons who subscribed the memorandum, addressed to him at the
address mentioned in the memorandum.
247A. (1) Every foreign company or a company carrying on international trade

shall surrender the permit granted to it under section 27A to such
authority as the President of the Union may direct, and shall also
notify such surrender to the Registrar within one month after the
commencement of the winding up.
(2) If a foreign company or company carrying on international trade

makes default in complying with the requirements of this section, the
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company, and every officer or agent of the company shall, on
conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every day
PART VI
REGISTRATION OFFICE AND FEES
248. Registration offices
(1) For the purposes of the registration of companies under this Act, there
shall be offices at such places as the President of the Union thinks fit,
and no company shall be registered except at an office within the
Union of Myanmar.
(2) The President of the Union may appoint such Registrars and assistant
Registrars as he thinks necessary for the registration of companies
under this Act, and may make regulations with respect to their duties.
(3) The salaries of the persons appointed under this section shall be fixed
by the President of the Union.
(4) The President of the Union may direct a seal or seals to be prepared for
the authentication of documents required for or connected with the
registration of companies.
(5) Any person may inspect the documents kept by the Registrar on
payment of such fees as may be appointed by the President of the
Union, not exceeding fifteen kyats for each inspection; and any person
may require a certificate of the incorporation of any company, or a
copy or extract of any other document or any part of any other
document, to be certified by the Registrar on payment for the
certificate, certified copy or extract, of such fees as the President of the
Union may appoint, not exceeding forty five kyats for a certificate of
incorporation, and not exceeding six kyats for every hundred words or
fractional part thereof required to be copied.
(6) Whenever any act is by this Act directed to be done to or by the

Registrar it shall, until the President of the Union otherwise directs, be
done to or by the existing Registrar of joint-stock companies, or in his
absence to or by such person as the President of the Union may for the
time being authorize; but, in the event of the President of the Union
altering the constitution of the existing registry offices or any of them,
any such act shall be done to or by such officer and at such place with
reference to the local situation of the registered offices of the
companies to be registered as the President of the Union may appoint.
249. Fees
(1) There shall be paid to the Registrar in respect of the several matters
mentioned in Table B in the First Schedule the several fees therein
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specified, or such smaller fees as the President of the Union may
direct.
(2) All fees paid to the Registrar in pursuance of this Act shall be
accounted for to the Government.
249A. Enforcing submission of returns and documents to Registrar
(1) If a company, having made default in complying with any provision of

this Act which requires it to file with, deliver or send to the Registrar
any return, account or other document, or to give notice to him of any
matter, fails to make good the default within fourteen days after the
service of a notice on the company requiring it to do so, the Court
may, on an application made to the Court by any member or creditor
of the company or by the Registrar, make an order directing the
company and any officer thereof to make good the default within such
time as may be specified in the order.
(2) Any such order may provide that all costs of and incidental to the
application shall be borne by the company or by any officers of the
company responsible for the default.
(3) Nothing in this section shall be taken to prejudice the operation of any
enactment imposing penalties on a company or its officers in respect
of any such default as aforesaid.
PART VII
APPLICATION OF ACT TO COMPANIES FORMED AND

REGISTERED UNDER FORMER COMPANIES ACTS
250. Application of Act to companies formed under former Companies

Acts
In the application of this Act to existing companies, it shall apply in the

same manner in the case of a limited company, other than a company
limited by guarantee, as if the company had been formed and registered
under this Act as a company limited by shares; in the case of a company
limited by guarantee, as if the company had been formed and registered
under this Act as a company limited by guarantee; and, in the case of a
company, other than a limited company, as if the company had been
formed and registered under this Act as an unlimited company:
Provided that-
(1) nothing in Table A in the First Schedule shall apply to a company
formed and registered under Act XIX of 1857 and Act VII of 1860, or
either of them, or under the Indian Companies Act, 1866, or the Indian
Companies Act, 1882;
(2) reference, express or implied, to the date of registration shall be
construed as a reference to the date at which the company was
registered under Act No. XIX of 1857 and Act No. VII of 1860 or
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either of them, or under the Indian Companies Act, 1866, or the Indian
Companies Act, 1882, as the case may be.
251. Application of Act to companies registered but not formed under

former Companies Acts
This Act shall apply to every company registered but not formed under
Act No. XIX of 1857 and Act No. VII of 1860, or either of them, or under
the Indian Companies Act, 1866, or the Indian Companies Act, 1882, in
the same manner as it is hereinafter in this Act declared to apply to
companies registered but not formed under this Act:
Provided that reference, express or implied, to the date of registration shall

be construed as a reference to the date at which the company was
registered under the said Acts or any of them.
252. Mode of transferring
A company registered under Act XIX of 1857 and Act VII of 1860, or
either them, may cause its shares to be transferred in the manner hitherto
in use, or in such other manner as the company may direct.
PART VIII
COMPANIES AUTHORIZED TO REGISTER UNDER THIS ACT
253. Companies capable of being registered
(1) With the exceptions and subject to the provisions mentioned and
contained in this section, –
(i) any company consisting of seven or more members, which was in
existence on the first day of May, eighteen hundred and eighty-
two, including any company registered under Act No. XIX of 1857
and Act No. VII of 1860, or either of them, and
(ii) any company formed after the date aforesaid, whether before or
after the commencement of this Act, in pursuance of any Act of
Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or
other law in force in the Union of Myanmar or of Letters Patent, or
being otherwise duly constituted according to law and consisting
of seven or more members,
may at any time register under this Act as an unlimited company or as

a company limited by shares, or as a company limited by guarantee;
and the registration shall not be invalid by reason that it has taken
place with a view to the company being wound up:
(2) Provided as follows:-

(a) a company having the liability of its members limited by Act of
by any law in force in the Union of Myanmar or by Letters Patent,
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and not being a joint-stock company as hereinafter defined, shall
not register in pursuance of this section;
(b) a company having the liability of its members limited by Act of
by any law in force in the Union of Myanmar or by Letters Patent
shall not register in pursuance of this section as an unlimited
company or as a company limited by guarantee;
(c) a company that is not a joint-stock company as hereinafter defined
shall not register in pursuance of this section as a company limited
by shares;
(d) a company shall not register in pursuance of this section without
the assent of a majority of such of its members as are present in
person or by proxy (in cases where proxies are allowed by the
articles) at a general meeting summoned for the purpose:
(e) where a company not having the liability of its members limited by
Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland or by any law in force in the Union of Myanmar or by
Letters Patent is about to register as a limited company, the
majority required to assent as aforesaid shall consist of not less
than three-fourths of the members present in person or by proxy at
the meeting;
(f) where a company is about to register as a company limited by
guarantee, the assent to its being so registered shall be
accompanied by a resolution declaring that each member
undertakes to contribute to the assets of the company, in the event
of its being wound up while he is a member or within one year
afterwards, for payment of the debts and liabilities of the company
contracted before he ceased to be a member, and of the costs and
expenses of winding up, and for the adjustment of the rights of the
contributories among themselves, such amount as may be required
not exceeding a specified amount.
(3) In computing any majority under this section when a poll is demanded
regard shall be had to the number of votes to which each member is
entitled according to the articles.
(4) A company registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1882, shall
not be registered in pursuance of this section.
254. Definition of “joint-stock company”
For the purposes of this Part as far as relates to registration of companies

as companies limited by shares, a joint-stock company means a company
having a permanent paid up or nominal share capital of fixed amount
divided into shares, also of fixed amount, or held and transferable as stock,
or divided and held partly in one way and partly in the other, and formed
on the principle of having for its members the holders of those shares or
that stock, and no other persons; and such a company, when registered
with limited liability under this Act, shall be deemed to be a company
limited by shares.
255. Requirements for registration by joint-stock companies

155
Before the registration in pursuance of this Part of a joint-stock company,
there shall be delivered to the Registrar the following documents (that is to
say): –
(1) a list showing the names, addresses and occupations of all persons
who on a day named in the list, not being more than six clear days
before the day of registration, were members of the company, with the
addition of the shares or stock held by them respectively,
distinguishing, in cases where the shares are numbered, each share by
its number;
(2) a copy of any Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Ireland, law, Royal Charter, Letters Patent, deed of
settlement, contract of co-partnery or other instrument constituting or
regulating the company; and
(3) if the company is intended to be registered as a limited company, a

statement specifying the following particulars (that is to say): –
(a) the nominal share capital of the company and the number of shares
into which it is divided or the amount of stock of which it consists;
(b) the number of shares taken and the amount paid on each share;
(c) the name of the company, with the addition of the word “Limited”
as the last word thereof; and
(d) in the case of a company intended to be registered as a company
limited by guarantee, the resolution declaring the amount of the
guarantee.
256. Requirements for registration by other than joint-stock companies
Before the registration in pursuance of this Part of any company not being
a joint-stock company, there shall be delivered to the Registrar –
(1) a list showing the names, addresses and occupations of the directors of
the company; and
(2) a copy of any Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, law, Letters Patent, deed of settlement, contract of
co-partnery or other instrument constituting or regulating the
company; and
(3) in the case of a company intended to be registered as a company
limited by guarantee, a copy of the resolution declaring the amount of
the guarantee.
257. Authentication of statement of existing companies
The list of members and directors and any other particulars relating to the
company required to be delivered to the Registrar shall be duly verified by
the declaration of any two or more directors or other principal officers of
the company.
258. Registrar may require evidence as to nature of company
156
The Registrar may require such evidence as he thinks necessary for the
purpose of satisfying himself whether any company proposing to be
registered is or is not a joint-stock company as hereinbefore defined.
259. On registration of banking company with limited liability, notice to be

given to customers
(1) Where a banking company, which was in existence on the first day of
May eighteen hundred and eighty-two, proposes to register as a limited
company, it shall, at least thirty days before so registering, give notice
of its intention so to register to every person who has a banking
account with the company, either by delivery of the notice to him, or
by posting it to him at, or delivering it at, his last known address.
(2) If the company omits to give the notice required by this section, then
as between the company and the person for the time being interested in
the account in respect of which the notice ought to have been given,
and so far as respects the account down to the time at which notice is
given, but not further or otherwise, the certificate of registration with
limited liability shall have no operation.
260. Exemption of certain companies from payment of fees
No fees shall be charged in respect of the registration in pursuance of this

Part of a company if it is not registered as a limited company, or if before
its registration as a limited company the liability of the shareholders was
limited by some Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland or law in force in the Union of Myanmar or by Letters Patent.
261. Addition of “Limited” to name
When a company is registered in pursuance of this Part with limited

liability, the word “Limited” shall form and be registered as part of its
name.
262. Certificate of registration of existing companies
On compliance with the requirements of this Part with respect to

registration, and on payment of such fees, if any, as are payable under
Table B in the First Schedule, the Registrar shall certify under his hand
that the company applying for registration is incorporated as a company
under this Act, and in the case of a limited company that it is limited, and
thereupon the company shall be incorporated and shall have perpetual
succession and a common seal.
263. Vesting of property on registration
All property, moveable and immoveable, including all interests and rights
in, to and out of property, moveable and immoveable, and including
obligations and actionable claims as may belong to or be vested in a
company at the date of its registration in pursuance of this Part, shall, on
157
registration, pass to and vest in the company as incorporated under this
Act for all the estate and interest of the company therein.
264. Saving of existing liabilities
The registration of a company in pursuance of this Part shall not affect the
rights or liabilities of the company in respect of any debt or obligation
incurred or any contract entered into, by, to, with, or on behalf of, the
company before registration.
265. Continuation of existing suits
All suits and other legal proceedings which at the time of the registration
of a company in pursuance of this Part are pending by or against the
company, or the public officer or any member thereof, may be continued
in the same manner as if the registration had not taken place; nevertheless
execution shall not issue against the effects of any individual member of
the company on any decree or order obtained in any such suit or
proceeding; but, in the event of the property and effects of the company
being insufficient to satisfy the decree or order, an order may be obtained
for winding up the company.
266. Effect of registration under Act
When a company is registered in pursuance of this Part –
(i) all provisions contained in any Act of Parliament of the United

Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, law in force in the Union of
Myanmar, deed of settlement, contract of co-partnery, Letters Patent,
or other instrument constituting or regulating the company, including,
in the case of a company registered as a company limited by
guarantee, the resolution declaring the amount of the guarantee, shall
be deemed to be conditions and regulations of the company, in the
same manner and with the same incidence as if so much thereof as
would, if the company had been formed under this Act, have been
required to be inserted in the memorandum, were contained in a
registered memorandum, and the residue thereof were contained in
registered articles;
(ii) all the provisions of this Act shall apply to the company and the
members, contributories and creditors thereof, in the same manner in
all respects as if it had been formed under this Act, subject as follows
(that is to say): –
(a) the regulations in Table A in the First Schedule shall not apply
unless adopted by special resolution;
(b) the provisions of this Act relating to the numbering of shares shall
not apply to any joint-stock company whose shares are not
numbered;
(c) subject to the provisions of this section, the company shall not
have power to alter any provision contained in any Act of
law in force in the Union of Myanmar relating to the company;
158
(d) subject to the provisions of this section, the company shall not
have power, without the sanction of the President of the Union, to
alter any provision contained in any Letters Patent relating to the
company;
(e) the company shall not have power to alter any provision contained
in a Royal Charter or Letters Patent with respect to the objects of
the company;
(f) in the event of the company being wound up, every person shall be
a contributory, in respect of the debts and liabilities of the
company contracted before registration, who is liable to pay or
contribute to the payment of any debt or liability of the company
contracted before registration, or to pay or contribute to the
payment of any sum for the adjustment of the rights of the
members among themselves in respect of any such debt or liability,
or to pay or contribute to the payment of the cost and expenses of
winding up the company, so far as relates to such debts or
liabilities as aforesaid; and every contributory shall be liable to
contribute to the assets of the company, in the course of the
winding up, all sums due from him in respect of any such liability
as aforesaid; and in the event of the death or insolvency of any
contributory, the provisions of this Act with respect to the legal
representatives and heirs of deceased contributories, and with
reference to the assignees of insolvent contributories, shall apply;
(iii)the provisions of this Act with respect to –

(a) the registration of an unlimited company as limited;
(b) the powers of an unlimited company on registration as a limited
company to increase the nominal amount of its share capital and to
provide that a portion of its share capital shall not be capable of
being called up except in the event of winding up;
(c) the power of a limited company to determine that a portion of its
share capital shall not be capable of being called up except in the
event of winding up;
shall apply notwithstanding any provisions contained in any Act of
Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, law in
force in the Union of Myanmar, Royal Charter, deed of settlement,
contract of co-partnery, Letters Patent or other instrument constituting
or regulating the company;
(iv) nothing in this section shall authorize the company to alter any such
provisions contained in any deed of settlement, contract of co-
partnery, Letters Patent or other instrument constituting or regulating
the company, as would, if the company had originally been formed
under this Act, have been required to be contained in the memorandum
and are not authorized to be altered by this Act;
(v) nothing in this Act shall derogate from any lawful power of altering its
constitution or regulations which may, by virtue of any Act of
Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, law in
force in the Union of Myanmar, deed of settlement, contract of co-
partnery, Letters Patent or other instrument constituting or regulating
the company, be vested in the company.
159
267. Power to substitute memorandum and articles for deed of settlement
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a company registered in

pursuance of this Part may by special resolution alter the form of its
constitution by substituting a memorandum and articles for a deed of
settlement.
(2) The provisions of this Act with respect to confirmation by the Court
and registration of an alteration of the objects of a company shall, so
far as applicable, apply to an alteration under this section with the
following modifications: –
(a) there shall be substituted for the printed copy of the altered
memorandum required to be filed with the Registrar a printed copy
of the substituted memorandum and articles; and
(b) on the registration of the alteration being certified by the Registrar,
the substituted memorandum and articles shall apply to the
company in the same manner as if it were a company registered
under this Act with that memorandum and those articles, and the
company’s deed of settlement shall cease to apply to the company.
(3) An alteration under this section may be made either with or without
any alteration of the objects of the company under this Act.
(4) In this section the expression “deed of settlement” includes any

contract of co-partnery or other instrument constituting or regulating
the company, not being an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, a law in force in the Union of Myanmar, a
Royal Charter or Letters Patent.
268. Power of Court to stay or restrain proceedings
The provisions of this Act with respect to staying and restraining suits and
legal proceedings against a company at any time after the presentation of a
petition for winding up and before the making of a winding up order shall,
in the case of a company registered in pursuance of this Part, where the
application to stay or restrain is by a creditor, extend to suits and legal
proceedings against any contributory of the company.
Where an order has been made for winding up a company registered in

pursuance of this Part, no suit or other legal proceeding shall be
commenced or proceeded with against the company or any contributory of
the company in respect of any debt of the company, except by leave of the
Court and subject to such terms as the Court may impose.
PART IX
WINDING UP OF UNRERISTERED COMPANIES
160
270. Meaning of “unregistered company”
For the purposes of this Part, the expression “unregistered company” shall
not include a railway company incorporated by Act of Parliament of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or by a law in force in the
Union of Myanmar, nor a company registered under the Indian Companies
Act, 1866, or under any Act repealed thereby, or under the Indian
Companies Act, 1882, or under this Act, but save as aforesaid, shall
include any partnership, association or company consisting of more than
seven members.
271. Winding up of unregistered companies
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, any unregistered company may
be wound up under this Act, and all the provisions of this Act with
respect to winding up shall apply to an unregistered company, with the
following exceptions and additions: –
(i) the principal place of business of the company in the Union of
Myanmar shall be deemed to be the registered office of the
company;
(ii) no unregistered company shall be wound up under this Act
voluntarily or subject to supervision;
(iii)the circumstances in which an unregistered company may be
wound up are as follows (that is to say): –
(a) if the company is dissolved, or has ceased to carry on business
or is carrying on business only for the purpose of winding up
its affairs;
(b) if the company is unable to pay its debts;
(c) if the Court is of opinion that it is just and equitable that the
company should be wound up;
(iv) an unregistered company shall, for the purposes of this Act, be
deemed to be unable to pay its debts –
(a) if a creditor, by assignment or otherwise, to whom the
company is indebted in a sum exceeding five hundred kyats
then due, has served on the company, by leaving at its principal
place of business, or by delivering to the secretary, or some
director, manager or principal officer of the company, or by
otherwise serving in such manner as the Court may approve or
direct, a demand under his hand requiring the company to pay
the sum so due, and the company has for three weeks after the
service of the demand neglected to pay the sum, or to secure or
compound for it to the satisfaction of the creditor;
(b) if any suit or other legal proceeding has been instituted against
any member for any debt or demand due, or claimed to be due,
from the company or from him in his character of member, and
notice in writing of the institution of the suit or other legal
proceeding having been served on the company by leaving the
same at its principal place of business or by delivering it to the
secretary, or some director, manager or principal officer of the
company, or by otherwise serving the same in such manner as
the Court may approve or direct, the company has not within
ten days after service of the notice paid, secured or
161
compounded for the debt or demand, or procured the suit or
other legal proceeding to be stayed, or indemnified the
defendant to his reasonable satisfaction against the suit or other
legal proceeding, and against all costs, damages and expenses
to be incurred by him by reason of the same;
(c) if execution or other process issued on a decree or order
obtained in any Court in favour of a creditor against the
company, or any member thereof as such, or any person
authorized to be sued as nominal defendant on behalf of the
company, is returned unsatisfied; and
(d) if it is otherwise proved to the satisfaction of the Court that the
company is unable to pay its debts.
(2) Nothing in this Part shall affect the operation of any enactment which
provides for any partnership, association or company being wound up,
or being wound up as a company or as an unregistered company under
any enactment repealed by this Act, except that references in any such
first-mentioned enactment to any such repealed enactment shall be
read as references to the corresponding provision (if any) of this Act.
(3) Where a company incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar which

has been carrying on business in the Union of Myanmar ceases to
carry on business in the Union of Myanmar it may be wound up as an
unregistered company under this Part, notwithstanding that it has been
dissolved or otherwise ceased to exist as a company under or by virtue
of the laws of the country under which it was incorporated.
272. Contributories in winding up of unregistered companies
(1) In the event of an unregistered company being wound up, every person
shall be deemed to be a contributory who is liable to pay or contribute
to the payment of any debt or liability of the company, or to pay or
contribute to the payment of any sum for the adjustment of the rights
of the members among themselves, or to pay or contribute to the
payment of the costs and expenses of winding up the company, and
every contributory shall be liable to contribute to the assets of the
company all sums due from him in respect of any such liability as
aforesaid.
(2) In the event of any contributory dying or being adjudged insolvent, the
provisions of this Act with respect to the legal representatives and
heirs of deceased contributories, and to the assignees of insolvent
contributories, shall apply.
273. Power to stay or restrain proceedings
The provisions of this Act with respect to staying and restraining suits and
legal proceedings against a company at any time after the presentation of a
petition for winding up and before the making of a winding up order shall,
in the case of an unregistered company, where the application to stay or
restrain is by a creditor, extend to suits and legal proceedings against any
contributory of the company.
162
Where an order has been made for winding up an unregistered company,

no suit or other legal proceedings shall be proceeded with or commenced
against any contributory of the company in respect of any debt of the
company, except by leave of the Court, and subject to such terms as the
Court may impose.
275. Directions as to property in certain cases
If an unregistered company has no power to sue and be sued in a common

name, or if for any reason it appears expedient, the Court may, by the
winding up order or by any subsequent order, direct that all or any part of
the property, moveable or immoveable, including all interests and rights
in, to and out of property, moveable and immoveable, and including
obligations and actionable claims as may belong to the company or to
trustees on its behalf, is to vest in the official liquidator by his official
name, and thereupon the property or the part thereof specified in the order
shall vest accordingly; and the official liquidator may, after giving such
indemnity (if any) as the Court may direct, bring or defend in his official
name any suit or other legal proceeding relating to that property, or
necessary to be brought or defended for the purposes of effectually
winding up the company and recovering its property.
276. Provisions of this Part cumulative
The provisions of this Part with respect to unregistered companies shall be

in addition to, and not in restriction of, any provisions hereinbefore in this
Act contained with respect to winding up companies by the Court, and the
Court or official liquidator may exercise any powers or do any act in the
case of unregistered companies which might be exercised or done by it or
him in winding up companies formed and registered under this Act; but an
unregistered company shall not, except in the event of its being wound up,
be deemed to be a company under this Act, and then only to the extent
provided by this Part.
PART X
COMPANIES ESTABLISHED OUTSIDE THE UNION OF MYANMAR
277. * * * *
277A. Restriction on sale and offer for sale of shares
(1) It shall not be lawful for any person –

(a) to issue, circulate or distribute in the Union of Myanmar any
prospectus offering for subscription shares in or debentures of a
company incorporated or to be incorporated outside the Union of
Myanmar, whether the company has or has not established, or
163
when formed will or will not establish, a place of business in the
Union of Myanmar, unless –
(i) before the issue, circulation or distribution of the prospectus in
the Union of Myanmar a copy thereof, certified by the
chairman and two other directors of the company as having
been approved by resolution of the managing body, has been
delivered for registration to the Registrar;
(ii) the prospectus states on the face of it that the copy has been so
delivered;
(iii)the prospectus is dated; and
(iv) the prospectus otherwise complies with this Part; or
(b) to issue to any person in the Union of Myanmar a form of
application for shares in or debentures of such a company or
intended company as aforesaid, unless the form is issued with a
prospectus which complies with this Part:
Provided that this provision shall not apply if it is shown that the
form of application was issued in connection with a bona fide
invitation to a person to enter into an underwriting agreement with
respect to the shares or debentures.
(2) This section shall not apply to the issue to existing members or
debenture holders of a company of a prospectus or form of application
relating to shares in or debentures of the company, whether an
applicant for shares or debentures will or will not have the right to
renounce in favour of other persons, but, subject as aforesaid, this
section shall apply to a prospectus or form of application whether
issued on or with reference to the formation of a company or
subsequently.
(3) Where any document by which any shares in or debentures of a

company incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar are offered for
sale to the public would, if the company concerned had been a
company within the meaning of this Act, have been deemed by virtue
of section 98A to be a prospectus issued by the company, that
document shall be deemed to be, for the purposes of this section, a
prospectus issued by the company.
(4) An offer of shares or debentures for subscription or sale to any person

whose ordinary business or part of whose ordinary business it is to buy
or sell shares or debentures, whether as principal or agent, shall not be
deemed an offer to the public for the purposes of this section.
(5) Any person who is knowingly responsible for the issue, circulation or
distribution of any prospectus, or for the issue of a form of application
for shares or debentures, in contravention of the provisions of this
section shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five thousand kyats.
(6) In this section and in section 277B, the expressions “prospectus”,

“shares” and “debentures” have the same meanings as when used in
relation to a company incorporated under this Act.
277B. Requirements as to prospectus

164
(1) In order to comply with this Part a prospectus, in addition to
complying with the provisions of sub-clauses (ii) and (iii) of clause (a)
of sub-section (1) of section 277A, must –
(a) contain particulars with respect to the following matters: –
(i) the objects of the company;
(ii) the instrument constituting or defining the constitution of the
company;
(iii)the enactments or provisions having the force of an enactment,
by or under which the incorporation of the company was
effected;
(iv) an address in the Union of Myanmar where the said instrument,
enactments or provisions, or copies thereof, and if the same are
in a foreign language a translation thereof in the English
language certified in the prescribed manner, can be inspected;
(v) the date on which and the country in which the company was
incorporated;
(vi) whether the company has established a place of business in the
Union of Myanmar and, if so, the address of its principal office
in the Union of Myanmar:
Provided that the provisions of sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of
this clause shall not apply in the case of a prospectus issued
more than two years after the date at which the company is
entitled to commence business;
(b) subject to the provisions of this section, state the matters specified
in sub-section (1A) of section 93 and set out the reports specified
in that section:
Provided that-
(i) where any prospectus is published as a newspaper
advertisement, it shall be a sufficient compliance with the
requirement that the prospectus must specify the objects of the
company if the advertisement specifies the primary object with
which the company was formed, and
(ii) in section 93 of this Act a reference to the articles of the
company shall be deemed to be a reference to the constitution
of the company.
(2) Any condition requiring or binding any applicant for shares or

debentures to waive compliance with any requirement of this section,
or purporting to affect him with notice of any contract, document, or
matter not specifically referred to in the prospectus, shall be void.
(3) In the event of non-compliance with or contravention of any of the

requirements of this section, a director or other person responsible for
the prospectus shall not incur any liability by reason of the non-
compliance or contravention, if –
(a) as regards any matter not disclosed, he proves that he was not
cognizant thereof, or
(b) he proves that the non-compliance or contravention arose from an
honest mistake of fact on his part, or
(c) the non-compliance or contravention was in respect of matters
which, in the opinion of the Court dealing with the case, were
165
immaterial or were otherwise such as ought, in the opinion of that
Court, having regard to all the circumstances of the case,
reasonably to be excused:
Provided that in the event of failure to include in a prospectus a
statement with respect to the matters specified in clause (n) of sub-
section (1) of section 93, no director or other person shall incur any
liability in respect of the failure unless it be proved that he had
knowledge of the matters not disclosed.
(4) Nothing in this section shall limit or diminish any liability which any
person may incur under the general law or this Act, apart from this
section.
277C. Restriction on canvassing for sale of shares
(1) It shall not be lawful for any person to go from house to house offering
shares of a company incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar for
subscription or purchase to the public or any member of the public.
(2) In this section the expression “house” shall not include an office used
for business purposes.
(3) Any person acting in contravention of this section shall be liable to a

fine not exceeding one hundred kyats.
277D. Registration of charges
The provisions of sections 109 to 117, both inclusive, and 120 to 125A,
both inclusive, shall extend to charges on properties in the Union of
Myanmar which are created and to charges on property in the Union of
Myanmar which is acquired after the 15th January, 1937, by a company
incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar which has an established
place of business in the Union of Myanmar.
277E. Notice of appointment of receiver
The provisions of sections 118 and 119 shall mutatis mutandis apply to the
case of all companies incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar but
having an established place of business in the Union of Myanmar, and the
provisions of section 130 shall apply to such companies to the extent of
requiring them to keep at their principal place of business in the Union of
Myanmar the books of account required by that section with respect to
money received and expended, sales and purchases made, and assets and
liabilities in relation to its business in the Union of Myanmar.
277EA. The provisions of sections 9, 19, and 22 shall apply to all companies
incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar but having an established
place of business in the Union of Myanmar:
Provided that the Registrar shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary

contained in clause (c) of section 9 and clause (c) of section 19, retain and
register the memorandum and the articles (if any) if a copy thereof duly
166
certified by a director in that behalf setting out, inter alia, the name,
address, nationality and description of each subscriber and those of the
attesting witnesses to the memorandum and the articles (if any) is filed
with him.
277EB. (1) Every company incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar which has
an established place of business in the Union of Myanmar having no
memorandum shall file with the Registrar a copy of the charter,
statutes or other instruments constituting or defining the constitution of
the company, certified by a director, and, if the said document is not
written in the Myanmar language a translation thereof duly certified by
a director in that behalf shall be filed.
(2) Every company incorporated outside the Union of Myanmar but

having an established place of business in the Union of Myanmar
shall, in every year, file with the Registrar –
(i) in a case where by the law for the time being in force of the
country in which the company is incorporated such company is
required to file with the public authority an annual balance-sheet, a
copy of that balance-sheet together with a statement showing the
holding of its shares classified according to the nationality of the
holders of such shares, and if the balance-sheet does not contain all
the information provided for in the form marked H in the Third
Schedule, such supplementary statements as shall furnish such
information; or
(ii) in a case where no such provision is made by the law for the time
being in force of the country in which the company is incorporated
such a statement in the form of a balance-sheet, together with a
statement showing the holding of its shares classified according to
the nationality of the holders of such shares, as such company
would, if it were a company formed and registered under this Act,
be required to file in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
(3) If any company makes default in complying with the requirements of

this section, the company, and every officer or agent of the company
who is knowingly a party to the default shall, on conviction, be liable
to a fine not exceeding fifty kyats for every day during which the
default continues.
PART X-A
BANKING COMPANIES
277F. Definition of banking company
A “banking company” means a company which carries on as its principal

business the accepting of deposits of money on current account or
otherwise, subject to withdrawal by cheque, draft or order,
notwithstanding that it engages in addition in any one or more of the
following forms of business, namely: –
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(1) the borrowing, raising or taking up of money; the lending or advancing
of money either upon or without security; the drawing, making,
accepting, discounting, buying, selling, collecting and dealing in bills
of exchange, hundis, promissory notes, coupons, drafts, bills of lading,
railway receipts, warrants, debentures, certificates, scrips and other
instruments, and securities whether transferable or negotiable or not;
the granting and issuing of letters of credit, travellers cheques and
circular notes; the buying, selling and dealing in bullion and specie;
the buying and selling of foreign exchange including foreign bank
notes; the acquiring, holding, issuing on commission, underwriting and
dealing in stock, funds, shares, debentures, debenture stock, bonds,
obligations, securities and investments of all kinds; the purchasing and
selling of bonds, scrips or other forms of securities on behalf of
constituents or others; the negotiating of loans and advances; the
receiving of all kinds of bonds, scrips or valuables on deposit, or for
safe custody or otherwise; the collecting and transmitting of money
and securities;
(2) acting as agents for Governments or local authorities or for any other
person or persons; the carrying on of agency business of any
description other than the business of a managing agent, including the
power to act as attorneys and to give discharges and receipts;
(3) contracting for public and private loans and negotiating and issuing the
same;
(4) the promoting, effecting, insuring, guaranteeing, underwriting,
participating in managing and carrying out of any issue, public or
private, of State, municipal or other loans, or of shares, stock,
debentures, or debenture stock of any company, corporation or
association, and the lending of money for the purpose of any such
issue;
(5) carrying on and transacting every kind of guarantee and indemnity
business;
(6) promoting or financing or assisting in promoting or financing any
business undertaking or industry, either existing or new, and
developing or forming the same either through the instrumentality of
syndicates or otherwise;
(7) acquisition by purchase, lease, exchange, hire or otherwise of any
property immoveable or moveable and any rights or privileges which
the company may think necessary or convenient to acquire, or the
acquisition of which in the opinion of the company is likely to
facilitate the realization of any securities held by the company or to
prevent or diminish any apprehended loss or liability;
(8) managing, selling and realizing all property, moveable and
immoveable, which may come into the possession of the company in
satisfaction or part satisfaction of any of its claims;
(9) acquiring and holding and generally dealing with any property and,
any right, title or interest in any property, moveable or immoveable,
which may form part of the security for any loans or advance or which
may be connected with any such security;
(10) undertaking and executing trusts;
(11) undertaking the administration of estates as executor, trustee or
otherwise;
168
(12) taking or otherwise acquiring and holding shares in any other company
having objects similar to those of the company;
(13) establishing and supporting or aiding in the establishment and support
of associations, institutions, funds, trusts and conveniences calculated
to benefit employees or ex-employees of the company or the
dependents or connections of such persons; granting pensions and
allowances and making payments towards insurance; subscribing to or
guaranteeing moneys for charitable or benevolent objects or for any
exhibition or for any public, general or useful object;
(14) the acquisition, construction, maintenance and alteration of any
building or works necessary or convenient for the purposes of the
company;
(15) selling, improving, managing, developing, exchanging, leasing,
mortgaging, disposing of, or turning into account or otherwise dealing
with all or any part of the property and rights of the company;
(16) acquiring and undertaking the whole or any part of the business of any
person or company, when such business is of a nature enumerated or
described in this section;
(17) doing all such other things as are incidental or conducive to the
promotion or advancement of the business of the company.
277G. Limitation of activities of banking company
(1) No company formed after the 15th January, 1937, for the purpose of
carrying on business as a banking company, or which uses as part of
the name under which it proposes to carry on business the word
“bank”, “banker” or “banking”, shall be registered under this Act
unless the memorandum limits the objects of the company to the
carrying on of the business of accepting deposits of money on current
account or otherwise, subject to withdrawal by cheque, draft or
otherwise, along with some or all of the forms of business specified in
section 277F.
(2) No banking company, whether incorporated in or outside the Union of

Myanmar, shall after the expiry of two years from the said date carry
on any form of business other than those specified in section 277F:
Provided that the President of the Union may, by notification in the

Gazette, specify in addition to the businesses set forth in clauses (1) to
(17) of section 277F other forms of business which it may be lawful
under this section for a banking company to engage in.
277H. Banking company not to employ managing agent
No banking company shall after the expiry of two years from the 15th
January, 1937, employ or be managed by a managing agent other than a
banking company for the management of the company.
277I. Restriction on commencement of business by banking company
Notwithstanding anything contained in section 103, no banking company

incorporated under this Act after the 15th January, 1937, shall commence
169
business unless shares have been allotted to an amount sufficient to yield a
sum of at least fifty thousand kyats as working capital, and unless a
declaration duly verified by an affidavit signed by the directors and the
manager that such a sum has been received by way of paid-up capital has
been filed with the Registrar.
277J. Prohibition of charge on unpaid capital
No banking company shall create any charge upon any unpaid capital of
the company, and any such charge shall be invalid.
277K. Reserve Fund
(1) Every banking company shall, after the 15th January, 1937, maintain a
reserve fund.
(2) Every banking company shall out of the declared profits of each year,
and before any dividend is declared, transfer a sum equivalent to not
less than twenty per cent. of such profits to the reserve fund until the
amount of the said fund is equal to the paid-up capital.
(3) A banking company shall invest the amount standing to the credit of
its reserve fund in securities issued or guaranteed by the Union
Government, or keep it deposited in a special account to be opened by
the company for the purpose in a scheduled bank or in the Union Bank
of Myanmar]:
Provided that the provision of the sub-section shall not apply to a

banking company incorporated before the 15th January, 1937, till after
the expiry of two years from the said date.
(4) Nothing in this section shall apply to a scheduled bank.
277L. Penalties
If default is made in complying with the requirements of section 277G,

section 277H, section 277J, section 277K or section 277M, every director
or other officer of the company who is knowingly and wilfully a party to
the default shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats for
every day during which the default continues.
277M. Restriction on nature of subsidiary companies
A banking company shall not form or hold shares in any subsidiary

company, except a subsidiary company of its own formed for the purpose
of undertaking and executing trusts, undertaking the administration of
estates as executor, trustee or otherwise, and such other purposes set forth
in section 277F as are incidental to the business of accepting deposits of
money on current account or otherwise.
277N. Power of Court to stay proceedings
170
(1) The Court may, on the application of a banking company which is
temporarily unable to meet its obligations, make an order staying the
commencement or continuance of all actions and proceedings against
the company for a fixed period of time on such terms and conditions as
it shall think fit and proper, and may from time to time extend the
period.
(2) No such application shall be maintainable unless accompanied by a

report of the Registrar:
Provided, however, the Court may, for sufficient reasons, grant interim
relief even if the application is not accompanied by such report.
(3) The Registrar shall for the purposes of his report be entitled at the cost
of the company to investigate the financial condition of the company,
and for such purpose to have the books and documents of the company
examined by an accountant holding a certificate issued under section
144.
PART XI
SUPPLEMENTAL
Legal proceedings, offences, etc.
278. Cognizance of offences
(1) No Court inferior to that of a Magistrate of the first class shall try any
offence against this Act.
(2) * * * *
(3) Notwithstanding anything in the Code of Criminal Procedure, every

offence against this Act shall, for the purposes of the said Code, be
deemed to be non-cognizable.
279. Application of fines
The Court imposing any fine under this Act may direct that the whole or
any part thereof be applied in or towards payment of the costs of the
proceedings, or in or towards the rewarding of the person on whose
information the fine is recovered.
280. Power to require limited company to give security for costs
Where a limited company is plaintiff or petitioner in any suit or other legal

proceeding, any Court having jurisdiction in the matter may, if it appears
that there is reason to believe that the company will be unable to pay the
costs of the defendant if successful in his defence, require sufficient
security to be given for those costs, and may stay all proceedings until the
security is given.
171
281. Power of Court to grant relief in certain cases
(1) If, in any proceeding for negligence, default, breach of duty or breach
of trust against a person to whom this section applies, it appears to the
Court hearing the case that that person is or may be liable in respect of
the negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, but that he
has acted honestly and reasonably, and that having regard to all the
circumstances of the case, including those connected with his
appointment, he ought fairly to be excused for the negligence, default,
breach of duty or breach of trust, the Court may relieve him, either
wholly or partly, from his liability on such terms as the Court may
think fit.
(2) Where any person to whom this section applies has reason to
apprehend that any claim will or might be made against him in respect
of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, he may
apply to the Court for relief, and the Court on any such application
shall have the same power to relieve him as under this section it would
have had if it had been a Court before which proceedings against that
person for negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust had
been brought.
(3) The persons to whom this section applies are the following: –
(a) directors of a company;
(b) managers and managing agents of a company;
(c) officers of a company;
(d) persons employed by a company as auditors, whether they are or
are not officers of the company.
282. Penalty for false statement
Whoever in any return, report, certificate, balance-sheet or other

document, required by or for the purposes of any of the provisions of this
Act, wilfully makes a statement false in any material particular, knowing it
to be false, shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description for
a term which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.
282A. Penalty for wrongful withholding of property
Any director, managing agent, manager or other officer or employee of a

company who wrongfully obtains possession of any property of a
company, or having any such property in his possession wrongfully
withholds it or wilfully applies it to purposes other than those expressed or
directed in the articles and authorized by this Act, shall, on the complaint
of the company or any creditor or contributory thereof, be punishable with
fine not exceeding one thousand kyats, and may be ordered by the Court
trying the offence to deliver up or refund, within a time to be fixed by the
Court, any such property improperly obtained or wrongfully withheld or
wilfully misapplied, or in default to suffer imprisonment for a period not
exceeding two years.
282B. Penalty for misapplication of securities by employers

172
(1) All moneys or securities deposited with a company by its employees in
pursuance of their contracts of service with the company shall be kept
or deposited by the company in a special account to be opened by the
company for the purpose in a scheduled bank, and no portion thereof
shall be utilized by the company except for the purposes agreed to in
the contract of service.
(2) Where a provident fund has been constituted by a company for its
employees or any class of its employees, all moneys contributed to
such fund (whether by the company or by the employees) or accruing
by way of interest or otherwise to such fund after the 15 th January,
1937, shall be either deposited in a Post Office Savings Bank Account
or invested in securities mentioned or referred to in clauses (a) to (e) of
section 20 of the Trusts Act, and all moneys belonging to such fund at
the said date which are not so deposited or invested shall be so
deposited or invested in such securities by annual instalments not
exceeding ten in number and not less in amount in any year than one-
tenth of the whole amount of such moneys.
(3) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the rules of any fund to

which sub-section (2) applies or in any contract between a company
and its employees, no employee shall be entitled to receive, in respect
of such portion of the amount to his credit in such fund as is invested
in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (2), interest at a rate
exceeding the rate of interest yielded by such investment.
(4) An employee shall be entitled, on request made in this behalf to the

company, to see the bank’s receipt for any money or security such as is
referred to in sub-section (1) and sub-section (2).
(5) Any director, managing agent, manager or other officer of the

company who knowingly contravenes or permits or authorizes the
contravention of the provisions of this section shall be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred kyats.
283. Penalty for improper use of word “Limited”
If any person or persons trade or carry on business under any name or title
of which “Limited” is the last word, that person or those persons shall,
unless duly incorporated with limited liability, be liable to a fine not
exceeding fifty kyats for every day upon which that name or title has been
used.
284. Saving of pending proceedings for winding up
The provisions of this Act with respect to winding up shall not apply to
any company of which the winding up has commenced before the
commencement of this Act, but every such company shall be wound up in
the same manner and with the same incidents as if this Act had not been
passed, and, for the purposes of the winding up, the Indian Companies
Act, 1882, shall be deemed to remain in full force.
173
285. Saving of documents
Every instrument of transfer or other document made before the

commencement of this Act, in pursuance of any enactment hereby
repealed, shall be of the same force as if this Act had not been passed, and
for the purposes of that instrument or document the repealed enactment
shall be deemed to remain in full force.
286. Former registration offices, registers, and Registrars continued
(1) The offices existing at the commencement of this Act for registration
of joint-stock companies shall be continued as if they had been
established under this Act.
(2) Registers of companies kept in any such existing offices shall

respectively be deemed part of the registers of companies to be kept
under this Act.
(3) The existing Registrars, assistant Registrars and officers in those

offices shall, during the pleasure of the President of the Union, hold
the offices and receive the salaries hitherto held and received by them,
but subject to any regulations of the President of the Union with regard
to the execution of their duties.
287. Savings for Life Assurance Companies Act and Provident Insurance
Societies Act
Nothing in this Act shall affect the provisions of the Life Assurance
Companies Act or of the Provident Insurance Societies Act.
THE FIRST SCHEDULE
(See sections 2, 17, 18, 79, 266)
TABLE A
REGULATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF A COMPANY LIMITED BY

SHARES
Preliminary
1. In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires, expressions

defined in the Myanmar Companies Act, or any statutory modification
thereof in force at the date at which these regulations become binding on
the company, shall have the meanings so defined; and words importing the
singular shall include the plural, and vice versa, and words importing the
masculine gender shall include females and words importing persons shall
include bodies corporate.
Business
174
2. The directors shall have regard to the restrictions on the commencement of
business imposed by section 103 of the Myanmar Companies Act, if, and
so far as, those restrictions are binding upon the company.
Shares
3. Subject to the provisions, if any, in that behalf of the memorandum of

association of the company, and without prejudice to any special rights
previously conferred on the holders of existing shares in the company, any
share in the company may be issued with such preferred, deferred or other
special rights or such restrictions, whether in regard to dividend, voting,
return of share capital, or otherwise, as the company may from time to
time by special resolution determine, and any preference share may with
the sanction of a special resolution be issued on the terms that it is or at the
option of the company is liable to be redeemed.
4. If at any time the share capital is divided into different classes of shares,
the rights attached to any class (unless otherwise provided by the terms of
issue of the shares of that class) may, subject to the provisions of section
66A of the Myanmar Companies Act, be varied with the consent in
writing of the holders of three-fourths of the issued shares of that class, or
with the sanction of an extraordinary resolution passed at a separate
general meeting of the holders of the shares of the class. To every such
separate general meeting the provisions of these regulations relating to
general meetings shall mutatis mutandis apply, but so that the necessary
quorum shall be two persons at least holding or representing by proxy one-
third of the issued shares of the class.
5. No share shall be offered to the public for subscription except upon the
terms that the amount payable on application shall be at least five per cent.
of the nominal amount of the share; and the directors shall, as regards any
allotment of shares, duly comply with such of the provisions of sections
101 and 104 of the Myanmar Companies Act as may be applicable thereto.
6. Every person whose name is entered as a member in the register of

members shall, without payment, be entitled to a certificate under the
common seal of the company specifying the share or shares held by him
and the amount paid up thereon: Provided that, in respect of a share or
shares held jointly by several persons the company shall not be bound to
issue more than one certificate, and delivery of a certificate for a share to
one of several joint-holders shall be sufficient delivery to all.
7. If a share certificate is defaced, lost or destroyed, it may be renewed on

payment of such fee, if any, not exceeding fifty pyas, and on such terms, if
any, as to evidence and indemnity as the directors think fit.
8. Except to the extent allowed by section 54A of the Myanmar Companies

Act, no part of the funds of the company shall be employed in the
purchase of, or in loans upon the security of, the company’s shares.
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Lien
9. The company shall have a lien on every share (not being a fully-paid
share) for all moneys (whether presently payable or not) called or payable
at a fixed time in respect of that share, and the company shall also have a
lien on all shares (other than fully-paid shares) standing registered in the
name of a single person for all moneys presently payable by him or his
estate to the company; but the directors may at any time declare any share
to be wholly or in part exempt from the provisions of this clause. The
company’s lien, if any, on a share shall extend to all dividends payable
thereon.
10. The company may sell, in such manner as the directors think fit, any
shares on which the company has a lien, but no sale shall be made unless
some sum in respect of which the lien exists is presently payable, nor until
the expiration of fourteen days after a notice in writing, stating and
demanding payment of such part of the amount in respect of which the
lien exists as is presently payable, has been given to the registered holder
for the time being of the share, or the person entitled by reason of his
death or insolvency to the share.
11. The proceeds of the sale shall be applied in payment of such part of the
amount in respect of which the lien exists as is presently payable, and the
residue shall (subject to a like lien for sums not presently payable as
existed upon the shares prior to the sale) be paid to the person entitled to
the shares at the date of the sale. The purchaser shall be registered as the
holder of the shares, and he shall not be bound to see to the application of
the purchase-money, nor shall his title to the shares be affected by any
irregularity or invalidity in the proceedings in reference to the sale.
Calls on Shares
12. The directors may from time to time make calls upon the members in
respect of any moneys unpaid on their shares, provided that no call shall
exceed one-fourth of the nominal amount of the share, or be payable at
less than one month from the last call; and each member shall (subject to
receiving at least fourteen days’ notice specifying the time or times of
payments) pay to the company at the time or times so specified the amount
called on his shares.
13. The joint-holders of a share shall be jointly and severally liable to pay all
calls in respect thereof.
14. If a sum called in respect of a share is not paid before or on the day
appointed for payment thereof, the person from whom the sum is due shall
pay interest upon the sum at the rate of five per cent. per annum from the
day appointed for the payment thereof to the time of the actual payment,
but the directors shall be at liberty to waive payment of that interest
wholly or in part.
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15. The provisions of these regulations as to payment of interest shall apply in
the case of non-payment of any sum which, by the terms of issue of a
share, becomes payable at a fixed time, whether on account of the amount
of the share or by way of premium, as if the same had become payable by
virtue of a call duly made and notified.
16. The directors may make arrangements on the issue of shares for a
difference between the holders in the amount of calls to be paid and in the
times of payment.
17. The directors may, if they think fit, receive from any member willing to
advance the same all or any part of the moneys uncalled and unpaid upon
any shares held by him; and upon all or any of the moneys so advanced
may (until the same would, but for such advance, become presently
payable) pay interest at such rate (not exceeding, without the sanction of
the company in general meeting, six per cent.) as may be agreed upon
between the member paying the sum in advance and the directors.
Transfer and Transmission of Shares
18. The instrument of transfer of any share in the company shall be executed
both by the transferor and transferee, and the transferor shall be deemed to
remain holder of the share until the name of the transferee is entered in the
register of members in respect thereof.
19. Shares in the company shall be transferred in the following form, or in any
usual or common form which the directors shall approve: –
I, A B of , in consideration of the sum of kyats paid to

me by C D of (hereinafter called “the said transferee”), do hereby
transfer to the said transferee the share (or shares) numbered in the
undertaking called the Company, Limited, to hold unto the said
transferee, his executors, administrators and assigns, subject to the several
conditions on which I held the same at the time of the execution thereof,
and I, the said transferee, do hereby agree to take the said share (or shares)
subject to the conditions aforesaid.
As witness our hands the day of .
Witness to the signatures of, etc.
20. The directors may decline to register any transfer of shares, not being fully
paid shares, to a person of whom they do not approve, and may also
decline to register any transfer of shares on which the company has a lien.
The directors may also suspend the registration of transfers during the
fourteen days immediately preceding the ordinary general meeting in each
year. The directors may decline to recognize any instrument of transfer
unless –
(a) a fee not exceeding two kyats is paid to the company in respect
thereof; and
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(b) the instrument of transfer is accompanied by the certificate of the
shares to which it relates, and such other evidence as the directors may
reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the
transfer.
If the directors refuse to register a transfer of any shares, they shall within
two months after the date on which the transfer was lodged with the
company send to the transferee and the transferor notice of the refusal.
21. The executors or administrators of a deceased sole holder of a share shall

be the only persons recognized by the company as having any title to the
share. In the case of a share registered in the names of two or more
holders, the survivors or survivor, or the executors or administrators of the
deceased survivor, shall be the only persons recognized by the company as
having any title to the share.
22. Any person becoming entitled to a share in consequence of the death or

insolvency of a member shall, upon such evidence being produced as may
from time to time be required by the directors, have the right either to be
registered as a member in respect of the share or, instead of being
registered himself, to make such transfer of the share as the deceased or
insolvent person could have made; but the directors shall, in either case,
have the same right to decline or suspend registration as they would have
had in the case of a transfer of the share by the deceased or insolvent
person before the death or insolvency.
23. A person becoming entitled to a share by reason of the death or insolvency

of the holder shall be entitled to the same dividends and other advantages
to which he would be entitled if he were the registered holder of the share,
except that he shall not, before being registered as a member in respect of
the share, be entitled in respect of it to exercise any right conferred by
membership in relation to meetings of the company.
Forfeiture of Shares
24. If a member fails to pay any call or instalment of a call on the day
appointed for payment thereof, the directors may, at any time thereafter
during such time as any part of such call or instalment remains unpaid,
serve a notice on him requiring payment of so much of the call or
instalment as is unpaid, together with any interest which may have
accrued.
25. The notice shall name a further day (not earlier than the expiration of
fourteen days from the date of the notice) on or before which the payment
required by the notice is to be made, and shall state that, in the event of
non-payment at or before the time appointed, the shares in respect of
which the call was made will be liable to be forfeited.
26. If the requirements of any such notice as aforesaid are not complied with,
any share in respect of which the notice has been given may at any time
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thereafter, before the payment required by the notice has been made, be
forfeited by a resolution of the directors to that effect.
27. A forfeited share may be sold or otherwise disposed of on such terms and
in such manner as the directors think fit; and at any time before a sale or
disposition the forfeiture may be cancelled on such terms as the directors
think fit.
28. A person whose shares have been forfeited shall cease to be a member in
respect of the forfeited shares, but shall, notwithstanding, remain liable to
pay to the company all moneys which, at the date of forfeiture, were
presently payable by him to the company in respect of the shares, but his
liability shall cease if and when the company received payment in full of
the nominal amount of the shares.
29. A duly verified declaration in writing that the declarant is a director of the
company, and that a share in the company has been duly forfeited on a
date stated in the declaration, shall be conclusive evidence of the facts
therein stated as against all persons claiming to be entitled to the share,
and that declaration, and the receipt of the company for the consideration,
if any, given for the share on the sale or disposition thereof, shall
constitute a good title to the share, and the person to whom the share is
sold or disposed of shall be registered as the holder of the share and shall
not be bound to see to the application of the purchase-money (if any), nor
shall his title to the share be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the
proceedings in reference to the forfeiture, sale or disposal of the share.
30. The provisions of these regulations as to forfeiture shall apply in the case
of non-payment of any sum which, by the terms of issue of a share,
becomes payable at a fixed time, whether on account of the amount of the
share or by way of premium, as if the same had been payable by virtue of
a call duly made and notified.
Conversion of Shares into Stock
31. The directors may, with the sanction of the company previously given in
general meeting, convert any paid-up shares into stock, and may with the
like sanction re-convert any stock into paid-up shares of any
denomination.
32. The holders of stock may transfer the same, or any part thereof, in the
same manner, and subject to the same regulations, as and subject to which
the shares from which the stock arose might previously to conversion have
been transferred, or as near thereto as circumstances admit; but the
directors may from time to time fix the minimum amount of stock
transferable, and restrict or forbid the transfer of fractions of that
minimum, but the minimum shall not exceed the nominal amount of the
shares from which the stock arose.
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33. The holders of stock shall, according to the amount of the stock held by
them, have the same rights, privileges and advantages as regards
dividends, voting at meetings of the company, and other matters, as if they
held the shares from which the stock arose, but no such privilege or
advantage (except participation in the dividends and profits of the
company) shall be conferred by any such aliquot part of stock as would
not, if existing in shares, have conferred that privilege or advantage.
34. Such of the regulations of the company (other than those relating to share-
warrants), as are applicable to paid-up shares shall apply to stock, and the
words “share” and “shareholder” therein shall include “stock” and
“stockholder”.
Share-warrants
35. The company may issue share-warrants, and accordingly the directors may
in their discretion, with respect to any share which is fully paid up, on
application in writing signed by the person registered as holder of the
share, and authenticated by such evidence (if any) as the directors may
from time to time require as to the identity of the person signing the
request, and on receiving the certificate (if any) of the share, and the
amount of the stamp duty on the warrant and such fee as the directors may
from time to time require, issue under the company’s seal a warrant, duly
stamped, stating that the bearer of the warrant is entitled to the shares
therein specified, and may provide by coupons or otherwise for the
payment of dividends or other moneys on the shares included in the
warrant.
36. A share-warrant shall entitle the bearer to the shares included in it and the
shares shall be transferred by the delivery of the share-warrant, and the
provisions of the regulations of the company with respect to transfer and
transmission of shares shall not apply thereto.
37. The bearer of a share-warrant shall, on surrender of the warrant to the

company for cancellation, and on payment of such sum as the directors
may from time to time prescribe, be entitled to have his name entered as a
member in the register of members in respect of the shares included in the
warrant.
38. The bearer of a share-warrant may at any time deposit the warrant at the
office of the company, and so long as the warrant remains so deposited,
the depositor shall have the same right of signing a requisition for calling a
meeting of the company, and of attending and voting and exercising the
other privileges of a member at any meeting held after the expiration of
two clear days from the time of deposit, as if his name were inserted in the
register of members as the holder of the shares included in the deposited
warrant. Not more than one person shall be recognised as depositor of the
share-warrant. The company shall, on two days’ written notice, return the
deposited share-warrant to the depositor.
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39. Subject as herein otherwise expressly provided, no person shall, as bearer
of a share-warrant, sign a requisition for calling a meeting of the company,
or attend, or vote or exercise any other privilege of a member at a meeting
of the company, or be entitled to receive any notices from the company;
but the bearer of a share-warrant shall be entitled in all other respects to
the same privileges and advantages as if he were named in the register of
members as the holder of the shares included in the warrant, and he shall
be a member of the company.
40. The directors may from time to time make rules as to the terms on (if they
shall think fit) a new share-warrant or coupon may be issued by way of
renewal in case of defacement, loss or destruction.
Alteration of Capital
41. The directors may, with the sanction of the company in general meeting,
increase the share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such
amount, as the resolution shall prescribe.
42. Subject to any direction to the contrary that may be given by the resolution
sanctioning the increase of share capital, all new shares shall, before issue,
be offered to such persons as at the date of the offer are entitled to receive
notices from the company of general meetings in proportion, as nearly as
the circumstances admit, to the amount of the existing shares to which
they are entitled. The offer shall be made by notice specifying the number
of shares offered, and limiting a time within which the offer, if not
accepted, will be deemed to be declined, and after the expiration of that
time, or on the receipt of an intimation from the person to whom the offer
is made that he declines to accept the shares offered, the directors may
dispose of the same in such manner as they think most beneficial to the
company. The directors may likewise so dispose of any new shares which
(by reason of the ratio which the new shares bear to shares held by persons
entitled to an offer of new shares) cannot, in the opinion of the directors,
be conveniently offered under this article.
43. The new shares shall be subject to the same provisions with reference to
the payment of calls, lien, transfer, transmission, forfeiture and otherwise
as the shares in the original share capital.
44. The company may, by ordinary resolution, –
(a) consolidate and divide its share capital into shares of larger amount
than its existing shares;
(b) by sub-division of its existing shares or any of them, divide the whole
or any part of its share capital into shares of smaller amount than is
fixed by the memorandum of association, subject, nevertheless, to the
provisions of paragraph (d) of sub-section (1) of section 50 of the
Myanmar Companies Act;
(c) cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution,
have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person.
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44A. The company may, by special resolution, reduce its share capital in any
manner, and with and subject to any incident authorized and consent
required by law.
General Meetings
45. The statutory general meeting of the company shall be held within the
period required by section 77 of the Myanmar Companies Act.
46. A general meeting shall be held within eighteen months from the date of
its incorporation and thereafter once at least in every year at such time (not
being more then fifteen months after the holding of the last preceding
general meeting) and place as may be prescribed by the company in
general meeting, or, in default, at such time in the month following that in
which the anniversary of the company’s incorporation occurs, and at such
place as the directors shall appoint. In default of a general meeting being
so held, a general meeting shall be held in the month next following, and
may be called by any two members in the same manner, as nearly as
possible, as that in which meetings are to be called by the directors.
47. The above-mentioned general meetings shall be called ordinary meetings;

all other general meetings shall be called extraordinary.
48. The directors may, whenever they think fit, call an extraordinary general
meeting, and extraordinary general meetings shall also be called on such
requisition, or in default may be called by such requisitionists, as provided
by section 78 of the Myanmar Companies Act. If at any time there are not
within the Union of Myanmar sufficient directors capable of action to
form a quorum, any director or any two members of the company may call
an extraordinary general meeting in the same manner, as nearly as
possible, as that in which meeting may be called by the directors.
Proceedings at General Meeting
49. Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 81 of the Myanmar

Companies Act relating to special resolutions, fourteen days’ notice at the
least (exclusive of the day on which the notice is served or deemed to be
served, but inclusive of the day for which notice is given) specifying the
place the day and the hour of meeting and, in case of special business, the
general nature of that business, shall be given in manner hereinafter
mentioned, or in such other manner, if any, as may be prescribed by the
company in general meeting, to such persons as are, under the Myanmar
Companies Act or the regulations of the company, entitled to receive such
notices from the company; but the accidental omission to give notice to or
the non-receipt of notice by any member shall not invalidate the
proceedings at any general meeting.
50. All business shall be deemed special that is transacted at an extraordinary

meeting, and all that is transacted at an ordinary meeting with the
182
exception of sanctioning a dividend, the consideration of the accounts,
balance-sheets and the ordinary report of the directors and auditors, the
election of directors and other officers in the place of those retiring by
rotation, and the fixing of the remuneration of the auditors.
51. No business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum of

members is present at the time when the meeting proceeds to business;
save as herein otherwise provided, two members in the case of a private
company and five members in the case of any other company personally
present shall be a quorum.
52. If within half an hour from the time appointed for the meeting a quorum is
not present, the meeting, if called upon the requisition of members, shall
be dissolved; in any other case, it shall stand adjourned to the same day in
the next week at the same time and place, and, if at the adjourned meeting
a quorum is not present within half an hour from the time appointed for
the meeting, the members present shall be a quorum.
53. The chairman, if any, of the board of directors shall preside as chairman at
every general meeting of the company.
54. If there is no such chairman, or if at any meeting he is not present within

fifteen minutes after the time appointed for holding the meeting, or is
unwilling to act as chairman, the members present shall choose some one
of their number to be chairman.
55. The chairman may, with the consent of any meeting at which a quorum is
present (and shall if so directed by the meeting), adjourn the meeting from
time to time and from place to place, but no business shall be transacted at
any adjourned meeting other than the business left unfinished at the
meeting from which the adjournment took place. When a meeting is
adjourned for ten days or more, notice of the adjourned meeting shall be
given as in the case of an original meeting. Save as aforesaid, it shall not
be necessary to give any notice of an adjournment or of the business to be
transacted at an adjourned meeting.
56. At any general meeting a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be
decided on a show of hands, unless a poll is (before or on the declaration
of the result of the show of hands) demanded by at least three members,
and unless a poll is so demanded, a declaration by the chairman that a
resolution has, on a show of hands, been carried, or carried unanimously,
or by a particular majority, or lost, and an entry to that effect in the book
of the proceedings of the company, shall be conclusive evidence of the
fact, without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded in
favour of, or against, that resolution.
57. If a poll is duly demanded, it shall be taken in such manner as the

chairman directs, and the result of the poll shall be deemed to be the
resolution of the meeting at which the poll was demanded.
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58. In the case of an equality of votes, whether on a show of hands or on a
poll, the chairman of the meeting at which the show of hands takes place,
or at which the poll is demanded, shall be entitled to a second or casting
vote.
59. A poll demanded on the election of a chairman or on a question of

adjournment shall be taken forthwith. A poll demanded on any other
question shall be taken at such time as the chairman of the meeting directs.
Votes of Members
60. On a show of hands every member present in person shall have one vote.
On a poll every member shall have one vote in respect of each share or
each hundred kyats of stock held by him.
61. In the case of joint-holders, the vote of the senior who tenders a vote,
whether in person or by proxy, shall be accepted to the exclusion of the
votes of the other joint-holders; and for this purpose seniority shall be
determined by the order in which the names stand in the register of
members.
62. A member of unsound mind, or in respect of whom an order has been

made by any Court having jurisdiction in lunacy, may vote, whether on a
show of hands or on a poll, by his committee or other legal guardian, and
any such committee or guardian may, on a poll, vote by proxy.
63. No member shall be entitled to vote at any general meeting unless all calls
or other sums presently payable by him in respect of shares in the
company have been paid.
64. On a poll votes may be given either personally or by proxy: Provided that
no company shall vote by proxy as long as a resolution of its directors in
accordance with the provisions of section 80 of the Myanmar Companies
Act is in force.
65. The instrument appointing a proxy shall be in writing under the hand of
the appointor or of his attorney duly authorized in writing, or, if the
appointor is a corporation, either under the common seal, or under the
hand of an officer or attorney so authorized. No person shall act as a
proxy unless he is a member of the company.
66. The instrument appointing a proxy, and the power-of-attorney or other

authority (if any) under which it is signed, or a notarially certified copy of
that power or authority, shall be deposited at the registered office of the
company not less than seventy-two hours before the time for holding the
meeting at which the person named in the instrument proposes to vote, and
in default the instrument of proxy shall not be treated as valid.
67. An instrument appointing a proxy may be in the following form, or in any

other form which the directors shall approve:
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Company, Limited.
“I of in the district of , being a member of the

Company, Limited, hereby appoint of as my proxy to vote
for me and on my behalf at the (ordinary or extraordinary, as the case may
be,) general meeting of the company to be held on the day of
and at any adjournment thereof.”
Signed this day of
Directors
68. The number of the directors and the names of the first directors shall be
determined in writing by a majority of the subscribers of the memorandum
of association.
69. The remuneration of the directors shall from time to time be determined
by the company in general meeting.
70. The qualification of a director shall be the holding of at least one share in
the company, and it shall be his duty to comply with the provisions of
section 85 of the Myanmar Companies Act.
Powers and Duties of Directors
71. The business of the company shall be managed by the directors, who may
pay all expenses incurred in getting up and registering the company, and
may exercise all such powers of the company as are not, by the Myanmar
Companies Act or any statutory modification thereof for the time being in
force, or by these articles, required to be exercised by the company in
general meeting, subject nevertheless to any regulation of these articles, to
the provisions of the said Act, and to such regulations, being not
inconsistent with the aforesaid regulations or provisions, as may be
prescribed by the company in general meeting; but no regulation made by
the company in general meeting shall invalidate any prior act of the
directors which would have been valid if that regulation had not been
made.
72. The directors may from time to time appoint one or more of their body to
the office of managing director or manager for such term, and at such
remuneration (whether by way of salary, or commission, or participation
in profits, or partly in one way and partly in another), as they may think
fit, and a director so appointed shall not, while holding that office, be
subject to retirement by rotation, or taken into account in determining the
rotation of retirement of directors, but his appointment shall be subject to
determination ipso facto if he ceases from any cause to be a director, or if
the company in general meeting resolve that his tenure of the office of
managing director or manager be determined.
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73. The amount for the time being remaining undischarged of moneys
borrowed or raised by the directors for the purposes of the company
(otherwise than by the issue of share capital) shall not at any time exceed
the issued share capital of the company without the sanction of the
company in general meeting.
74. The directors shall duly comply with the provisions of the Myanmar
Companies Act or any statutory modification thereof for the time being in
force, and in particular with the provisions in regard to the registration of
the particulars of mortgages and charges affecting the property of the
company or created by it, and to keeping a register of the directors, and to
sending to the Registrar an annual list of members, and a summary of
particulars relating thereto, and notice of any consolidation or increase of
share capital, or conversion of shares into stock, and copies of special
resolutions and a copy of the register of directors and notifications of any
changes therein.
75. The directors shall cause minutes to be made in books provided for the
purpose –
(a) of all appointments of officers made by the directors;

(b) of the names of the directors present at each meeting of the directors
and of any committee of the directors;
(c) of all resolutions and proceedings at all meetings of the company and
of the directors and of committees of directors;
and every director present at any meeting of directors or committee of

directors shall sign his name in a book to be kept for that purpose.
The Seal
76. The seal of the company shall not be affixed to any instrument except by
the authority of a resolution of the board of directors, and in the presence
of at least two directors and of the secretary or such other person as the
directors may appoint for the purpose; and those two directors and
secretary or other person as aforesaid shall sign every instrument to which
the seal of the company is so affixed in their presence.
Disqualifications of Director
77. The office of director shall be vacated if the director –
(a) fails to obtain within the time specified in sub-section (1) of section 84
of the Myanmar Companies Act, or at any time thereafter ceases to
hold, the share qualification, if any, necessary for his appointment; or
(b) is found to be of unsound mind by a Court of competent jurisdiction;
or
(c) is adjudged insolvent; or
(d) fails to pay calls made on him in respect of shares held by him within
six months from the date of such calls being made; or
186
(e) without the sanction of the company in general meeting accepts or
holds any office of profit under the company other than that of a
managing director or manager or a legal or technical adviser or a
banker; or
(f) absents himself from three consecutive meetings of the directors or
from all meetings of the directors for a continuous period of three
months, whichever is longer, without leave of absence from the board
of directors; or
(g) accepts a loan from the company; or
(h) is concerned or participates in the profits of any contract with the
company; or
(i) is punished with imprisonment for a term exceeding six months:
Provided, however, that no director shall vacate his office by reason of his
being a member of any company which has entered into contracts with, or
done any work for, the company of which he is director, but a director
shall not vote in respect of any such contract or work, and if he does so
vote, his vote shall not be counted.
Rotation of Directors
78. At the first ordinary meeting of the company, the whole of the directors
shall retire from office, and at the ordinary meeting in every subsequent
year one-third of the directors for the time being or, if their number is not
three or a multiple of three, then the number nearest to one-third shall
retire from office.
79. The directors to retire in every year shall be those who have been longest
in office since their last election, but as between persons who became
directors on the same day those to retire shall (unless they otherwise agree
among themselves) be determined by lot.
80. A retiring director shall be eligible for re-election.
81. The company at the general meeting at which a director retires in manner
aforesaid may fill up the vacated office by electing a person thereto.
82. If at any meeting at which an election of directors ought to take place the
places of the vacating directors are not filled up, the meeting shall stand
adjourned till the same day in the next week at the same time and place,
and, if at the adjourned meeting the places of the vacating directors are not
filled up, the vacating directors or such of them as have not had their
places filled up shall be deemed to have been re-elected at the adjourned
meeting.
83. Subject to the provisions of sections 83A and 83B of the Myanmar
Companies Act, the company may from time to time in general meeting
increase or reduce the number of directors, and may also determine in
what rotation the increased or reduced number is to go out of office.
187
84. Any casual vacancy occurring on the board of directors may be filled up
by the directors, but the person so chosen shall be subject to retirement at
the same time as if he had become a director on the day on which the
director in whose place he is appointed was last elected a director.
85. The directors shall have power at any time, and from time to time, to
appoint a person as an additional director who shall retire from office at
the next following ordinary general meeting, but shall be eligible for
election by the company at that meeting as an additional director.
86. The company may by extraordinary resolution remove any director before
the expiration of his period of office, and may by an ordinary resolution
appoint another person in his stead; the person so appointed shall be
subject to retirement at the same time as if he had become a director on the
day on which the director in whose place he is appointed was last elected a
director.
Proceedings of Directors
87. The directors may meet together for the despatch of business, adjourn and
otherwise regulate their meetings, as they think fit. Questions arising at
any meeting shall be decided by a majority of votes. In case of an equality
of votes, the chairman shall have a second or casting vote. A director may,
and the secretary on the requisition of a director shall, at any time,
summon a meeting of directors.
88. The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors
may be fixed by the directors, and unless so fixed shall (when the number
of directors exceeds three) be three.
89. The continuing directors may act notwithstanding any vacancy in their
body, but, if and so long as their number is reduced below the number
fixed by or pursuant to the regulations of the company as the necessary
quorum of directors, the continuing directors may act for the purpose of
increasing the number of directors to that number, or of summoning a
general meeting of the company, but for no other purpose.
90. The directors may elect a chairman of their meetings and determine the
period for which he is to hold office; but if no such chairman is elected, or
if at any meeting the chairman is not present within five minutes after the
time appointed for holding the same, the directors present may choose one
of their number to be chairman of the meeting.
91. The directors may delegate any of their powers to committees consisting
of such member or members of their body as they think fit; any committee
so formed shall, in the exercise of the powers so delegated, conform to any
regulations that may be imposed on them by the directors.
92. A committee may elect a chairman of their meetings; if no such chairman

is elected, or if at any meeting the chairman is not present within five
188
minutes after the time appointed for holding the same, the members
present may choose one of their number to be chairman of the meeting.
93. A committee may meet and adjourn as they think proper. Questions
arising at any meeting shall be determined by a majority of votes of the
members present, and, in case of an equality of votes, the chairman shall
have a second or casting vote.
94. All acts done by any meeting of the directors or of a committee of

directors, or by any person acting as a director, shall, notwithstanding that
it be afterwards discovered that there was some defect in the appointment
of any such directors or persons acting as aforesaid, or that they or any of
them were disqualified, be as valid as if every such person had been duly
appointed and was qualified to be a director.
Dividends and Reserve
95. The company in general meeting may declare dividends, but no dividends
shall exceed the amount recommended by the directors.
96. The directors may from time to time pay to the members such interim
dividends as appear to the directors to be justified by the profits of the
company.
97. No dividends shall be paid otherwise than out of profits of the year or any
other undistributed profits.
98. Subject to the rights of persons (if any) entitled to shares with special
rights as to dividends, all dividends shall be declared and paid according
to the amounts paid on the shares, but if and so long as nothing is paid
upon any of the shares in the company, dividends may be declared and
paid according to the amounts of the shares. No amount paid on a share in
advance of calls shall, while carrying interest, be treated for the purposes
of this article as paid on the share.
99. The directors may, before recommending any dividend, set aside out of
the profits of the company such sums as they think proper as a reserve or
reserves which shall, at the discretion of the directors, be applicable for
meeting contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for any other
purpose to which the profits of the company may be properly applied, and
pending such application may at the like discretion, either be employed in
the business of the company or be invested in such investments (other than
shares of the company) as the directors may from time to time think fit.
100. If several persons are registered as joint-holders of any share, any one of
them may give effectual receipts for any dividends payable on the share.
101. Notice of any dividend that may have been declared shall be given in
manner hereinafter mentioned to the persons entitled to share therein.
189
102. No dividend shall bear interest against the company.
Accounts
103. The directors shall cause to be kept proper books of account with respect
to –
(a) all sums of money received and expended by the company and the
matters in respect of which the receipts and expenditure take place;
(b) all sales and purchases of goods by the company;
(c) the assets and liabilities of the company.
104. The books of account shall be kept at the registered office of the company
or at such other place as the directors shall think fit and shall be open to
inspection by the directors during business hours.
105. The directors shall from time to time determine whether and to what
extent and at what times and places and under what conditions or
regulations the accounts and books of the company or any of them shall be
open to the inspection of members not being directors, and no member
(not being a director) shall have any right of inspecting any account or
book or document of the company except as conferred by law or
authorized by the directors or by the company in general meeting.
106. The directors shall, as required by sections 131 and 131A of the Myanmar
Companies Act, cause to be prepared and to be laid before the company in
general meeting such profit and loss accounts, balance-sheets, and reports
as are referred to in those sections.
107. The profit and loss account shall, in addition to the matters referred to in
sub-section (3) of section 132 of the Myanmar Companies Act, show,
arranged under the most convenient heads, the amount of gross income,
distinguishing the several sources from which it has been derived, and the
amount of gross expenditure, distinguishing the expenses of the
establishment, salaries and other like matters. Every item of expenditure
fairly chargeable against the year’s income shall be brought into account,
so that a just balance of profit and loss may be laid before the meeting,
and, in cases where any item of expenditure which may in fairness be
distributed over several years has been incurred in any one year, the whole
amount of such item shall be stated, with the addition of the reasons why
only a portion of such expenditure is charged against the income of the
year.
108. A balance-sheet shall be made out in every year and laid before the
company in general meeting made up to a date not more than six months
before such meeting. The balance-sheet shall be accompanied by a report
of the directors as to the state of the company’s affairs, and the amount
which they recommend to be paid by way of dividend, and the amount (if
any) which they propose to carry to a reserve fund.
190
109. A copy of the balance-sheet and report shall, seven days previously to the
meeting, be sent to the persons entitled to receive notices of general
meetings in the manner in which notices are to be given hereunder.
110. The directors shall in all respects comply with the provisions of sections
130 to 135 of the Myanmar Companies Act or any statutory modification
thereof for the time being in force.
Audit
111. Auditors shall be appointed and their duties regulated in accordance with
sections 144 and 145 of the Myanmar Companies Act or any statutory
modification thereof for the time being in force.
Notices
112. (1) A notice may be given by the company to any member either
personally or by sending it by post to him to his registered address or
(if he has no registered address in the Union of Myanmar) to the
address, if any, within the Union of Myanmar supplied by him to the
company for the giving of notices to him.
(2) Where a notice is sent by post, service of the notice shall be deemed to
be effected by properly addressing, prepaying and posting a letter
containing the notice and, unless the contrary is proved, to have been
effected at the time at which the letter would be delivered in the
ordinary course of post.
113. If a member has no registered address in the Union of Myanmar, and has
not supplied to the company an address within the Union of Myanmar for
the giving of notices to him, a notice addressed to him and advertised in a
newspaper circulating in the neighbourhood of the registered office of the
company shall be deemed to be duly given to him on the day on which the
advertisement appears.
114. A notice may be given by the company to the joint-holders of a share by

giving the notice to the joint-holder named first in the register in respect of
the share.
115. A notice may be given by the company to the persons entitled to a share in
consequence of the death or insolvency of a member by sending it through
the post in a prepaid letter addressed to them by name, or by the title of
representatives of the deceased or assignee of the insolvent, or by any like
description, at the address (if any) in the Union of Myanmar supplied for
the purpose by the persons claiming to be so entitled, or (until such an
address has been so supplied) by giving the notice in any manner in which
the same might have been given if the death or insolvency had not
occurred.
191
116. Notice of every general meeting shall be given in some manner
hereinbefore authorized to (a) every member of the company (including
bearers of share-warrants) except those members who (having no
registered address within the Union of Myanmar) have not supplied to the
company an address within the Union of Myanmar for the giving of
notices to them, and also to (b) every person entitled to a share in
consequence of the death or insolvency of a member who but for his death
or insolvency would be entitled to receive notice of the meeting. No other
persons shall be entitled to receive notices of general meetings.
192

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THE MYANMAR COMPANIES ACT 1913

CONSTITUTION AND INCORPORATION

4. Prohibition of partnerships exceeding certain number

Associations not for Profit

SHARE CAPITAL, REGISTRATION OF UNLIMITED COMPANY AS

Distribution of Share Capital

Reduction of Share Capital

Variation of Shareholders’ Rights

Registration of Unlimited Company as Limited

Reserve Liability of Limited Company

Unlimited Liability of Directors

MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

Office and Name

Meetings and Proceedings

Commissions and Discounts

Payment of Interest out of Capital

Certificates of Shares, etc.

Information as to Mortgages, Charges, etc.

Debentures and Floating Charges

Statements, Books and Accounts

Statement to be published by Banking and certain other Companies

Investigation by the Registrar

Inspection and Audit

Carrying on Business with less than the Legal Minimum of Members

Tables Forms and Rules as to Prescribed Matters

Arbitration and Compromise

Conversion of Private Company into Public Company

Ordinary Powers of Court

Extraordinary Powers of Court

Enforcement of and Appeal from Orders

Members Voluntary Winding up

Creditors’ Voluntary Winding up

Members’ or Creditors’ Voluntary Winding up

Winding up subject to Supervision of Court

Removal of defunct Companies from Register

REGISTRATION OFFICE AND FEES

248. Registration offices

APPLICATION OF ACT TO COMPANIES FORMED AND REGISTERED

250. Application of Act to companies formed under former Companies Acts

COMPANIES AUTHORIZED TO REGISTER UNDER THIS ACT

WINDING UP OF UNREGISTERED COMPANIES

270. Meaning of “unregistered company”

COMPANIES ESTABLISHED OUTSIDE THE UNION OF MYANMAR

277F. Definition of banking company

Legal Proceedings, Offences, etc.

THE FIRST SCHEDULE

THE SECOND SCHEDULE

THE THIRD SCHEDULE

THE MYANMAR COMPANIES ACT

(1) “articles” means the articles of association of a company as

(2A) “Myanmar company” means –

(2B) “Foreign company” means –

(2C) “Company carrying on international trade” means a company

(4) “debenture” includes debenture stock;

(5) “director” includes any person occupying the position of a director

(7) “existing company” means a company formed and registered under

(8) “insurance company” means a company that carries on the

(9A) “managing agent” means a person, firm or company entitled to the

Explanation – If a person occupying the position of a managing

(10) “memorandum” means the memorandum of association of a