IMPORTANT FILE

HOMO FLORESIENSIS

Context:
 A microscopic analysis of a 700,000-year-old miniature human arm and dental fossils has put an end to the
debate on the origins of Homo floresiensis.

Facts for Prelims

 Homo floresiensis:
• Homo floresiensis is an archaic human species that once inhabited Flores Island in Indonesia
approximately 60,000 years ago.
• Commonly referred to as 'Hobbit' due to their diminutive stature.
• Fossils have been dated between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago, with stone tools dating from
around 190,000 to 50,000 years ago.

 Physical and Behavioral Characteristics:

• Individuals stood about 3 feet 6 inches tall, characterized by tiny brains, large teeth relative to size,
shoulders that slouched forward, no chins, and receding foreheads.
• They possessed disproportionately large feet compared to their short legs.
• They crafted and utilized stone tools, hunted small elephants and large rodents, managed threats
from predators like the giant Komodo dragon, and possibly used fire.
• Their small size and reduced brain volume are believed to be adaptations to island dwarfism—a
condition of evolutionary adjustment to limited resources and reduced threat levels on isolated
islands.
• Both the smallest known species of Homo and the Stegodon elephant coexisted on Flores,
highlighting the island's unique biodiversity and evolutionary dynamics.

METAL-AIR BATTERIES

Context:
 Researchers from CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur synthesised a cathode material which can be used as catalyst in
Metal-air batteries.

Facts for Prelims

 Metal-Air Batteries:
• Metal-air batteries function through electrochemical reactions between an "Air Electrode"
(cathode) and a "Metal Electrode" (anode). Common metals used for the anode include lithium,
zinc, aluminum, iron, and sodium, paired with a porous carbon material and a catalyst at the
cathode.
 Advantages:
• Higher Energy Density: These batteries offer greater energy density compared to traditional
lithium-ion batteries.
• Accessibility: Utilizing metals that are readily available in India enhances accessibility and
dependence on local resources.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Local production minimizes the need for imports, thus reducing costs.
• Eco-Friendly: Metal-air batteries are recyclable, posing fewer environmental hazards than their
lithium-ion counterparts.
• Lightweight: The use of lightweight metals like aluminum allows these batteries to provide high
energy density, making them especially suitable for various applications.

 Applications:
• Large-Scale Energy Storage: Ideal for stationary applications where large amounts of energy
storage are required.
• Transportation: Can be used in electric vehicles due to their high energy efficiency and lighter
weight.
• Renewable Energy Systems: Suitable for storing energy generated from renewable sources, aiding
in managing supply and demand fluctuations.

LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE

Context:
 Victoria records 71 legionnaires’ disease cases and outbreak’s first death as search for
 source narrows.

Facts for Prelims

 Legionnaires' Disease
• Legionnaires' disease is triggered by the Legionella bacteria, found naturally in freshwater
environments like lakes and hot springs.
• This condition is a severe type of pneumonia caused by the legionella bacterium, leading to
significant lung inflammation.
• Although naturally found in open water sources, Legionella can thrive in man-made water systems
like tanks and plumbing systems.
• People contract Legionnaires' disease by inhaling mist or aerosols from water sources
contaminated with the bacteria, not through person-to- person contact.
• Individuals infected with Legionnaires’ disease typically experience fever, chills, headaches, a
general feeling of unwellness (malaise), and muscle pains.
 • While treatments for Legionnaires' disease are available, primarily involving antibiotics, there is
currently no vaccine to prevent the infection.

GAIN REPORT ADVOCATES FOR NUTRITIONAL INVESTMENTS IN AGRI-FOOD SECTOR

Context:
 The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) has released a report advocating for increased nutritional
investments in the agri-food sector. According to the report, such investments are crucial not only for
enhancing business resilience and productivity but also for reducing gender inequalities within the sector.
GAIN's findings highlight the multifaceted benefits that targeted nutritional initiatives can offer to the
agricultural industry and its workforce.

Facts for Prelims

 Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)
• Foundation Overview: Established in 2002 at a United Nations initiative, GAIN is a Swiss-based
foundation dedicated to combating malnutrition worldwide. It operates globally, with its main
office in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Mission and Impact: GAIN's mission is to make nutritious and safe food more accessible, especially
for vulnerable populations, enhancing overall health outcomes. Their work includes forming public-
private partnerships to facilitate the distribution of nutritious food where it's needed most.
• Strategic Actions: GAIN collaborates with various sectors, including governments, businesses, and
civil society, to foster healthier food environments. They focus on key areas such as improving
maternal and infant health, promoting breastfeeding, and providing specialized nutritional
products for young children.
• Local and Global Initiatives: The organization also works to enhance food quality along agricultural
value chains by partnering with local enterprises. GAIN's efforts have expanded to assist
approximately 667 million people across more than 30 countries, demonstrating a significant global
impact on nutrition security.

MIOMBO FOREST

Context:
 Recently, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Italian Agency for
Development Cooperation (AICS) have signed two agreements for the implementation of projects aimed at
protecting the miombo forest.

Facts for Prelims

 Miombo Forests
 • Biome Characteristics: The Miombo forest spans a significant portion of southern Africa, including
nations like Angola, DRC, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. This biome is
marked by its tropical and subtropical landscapes that consist of grasslands, bushlands, and
savannahs.
• Ecological Significance: This forest type covers approximately 2.7 million square kilometers and is
critical for the ecological stability of the region. The predominant tree species are Brachystegia,
often found alongside Julbernardia and Isoberlinia, which are indicative of the forest's unique
vegetation.
• Hydrological Importance: The Miombo woodlands play a crucial role in maintaining the
hydrological integrity of the Greater Zambezi River basin, a key transnational waterway essential
for the region's biodiversity and human activities.
• Socioeconomic Impact: These forests are not just ecological treasures but also support millions of
people living in rural settings across several countries. They facilitate local trade, especially in
border areas between Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and provide essential resources like firewood,
food, and water, underscoring their importance in the daily survival and economic stability of
numerous communities.

 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

• FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on leading international efforts to
eliminate hunger.
• World Food Day, celebrated annually on October 16th, marks the founding anniversary of FAO in
1945.
• Headquartered in Rome, Italy, FAO collaborates with sister organizations, including the World Food
Programme and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

 Initiatives Taken:
• Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS): Recognizes and promotes agricultural
systems contributing to biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods.
• Desert Locust Monitoring: Monitors the global situation of Desert Locust to address potential
threats to crops.
• Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC): Responsible for implementing the Joint FAO/WHO Food
Standards Programme.
• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources: Adopted in 2001 to ensure conservation and
sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture.

 Flagship Publications:
• The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA).
• The State of the World's Forests (SOFO).
• The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI).
• The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA).
• The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO).
 GENETIC SCREENING
Context:

 Genetic screening, an emerging science, is becoming popular among sportspersons.

Facts for Prelims

 What is Genetic Screening?
• Genetic screening is a diagnostic tool used to identify individuals at a higher risk of developing
specific disorders due to their genetic makeup.
• This form of testing examines an individual's genetic material—including chromosomes, genes, and
proteins—to detect any alterations that might predispose them to certain diseases or conditions.

 Key Points of Genetic Screening

• Trait Determination: Genetic material is crucial for defining traits such as hair color, eye color, and
more, all of which are inherited from one's parents.
• Risk Assessment: By identifying specific gene alterations, genetic screening helps assess an
individual's risk of developing certain health conditions, enabling preemptive health measures and
early treatment options.

 Genetic Testing in Sports

• Introduction to Sports: Since the late 1990s, genetic testing has been utilized in sports to identify
how genetic factors influence athletic performance attributes like endurance, flexibility, and mental
resilience.
• Research Findings:
 Genetic Variants: Scientists investigate genetic variants— differences resulting from mutations in DNA
sequences—that may influence unique athletic abilities and characteristics.
 Influence of Genetics: Research suggests that approximately 66% of the variations in athlete status can be
attributed to genetic factors, with the rest influenced by environmental aspects such as training, diet, place
of origin, and access to healthcare and social support.

 Implications of Genetic Screening

• Preventive Healthcare: Genetic screening allows for tailored preventive healthcare strategies based
on individual genetic risks.
• Personalized Sports Training: In sports, this type of testing enables the development of
personalized training programs that cater to an athlete’s genetic strengths and weaknesses,
optimizing their potential for success.
 CERAMICS

Context:
 Ceramics, originating from the Greek word 'keramos' which means 'potter’s clay,' have played a pivotal role
in human civilization for over 25,000 years. These materials are renowned for their diverse applications and
significant historical value. Archaeological finds in regions like the Indus Valley and Keezhadi in Tamil Nadu
underscore the ancient and continuous use of ceramics, highlighting their importance in both everyday life
and cultural practices throughout history.

Facts for Prelims

 Overview of Ceramics
• Ceramics are hard, chemically non-reactive materials, either crystalline, glassy, or a combination of
both, formable and densifiable through heat.
• They are noted for their ability to withstand high temperatures, resist chemical erosion, and
maintain hardness, though they are brittle and can shatter under shear stress.

 Scientific and Industrial Relevance

• Ceramography: The microscopic study of ceramics is referred to as ceramography, focusing on their
detailed structural properties.
• Nobel Prize Recognition: The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in ceramics was
awarded the Physics Nobel Prize in 1987, highlighting significant advancements in material
sciences.

 Economic Impact
• Gujarat's Morbi district ranks as the world’s second-largest ceramic production cluster, featuring
over 1,000 units with an annual turnover of Rs 50,000 crore and exports surpassing Rs 12,000 crore
in 2022-23, significantly bolstering the state’s economy.
• From exporting 55 million square meters of tiles in 2013, India’s exports expanded dramatically to
589.5 million square meters by 2023, with over half of the exports destined beyond Asia,
establishing India as the second- largest exporter globally.

 Modern Applications
• Versatility: Ceramics are utilized in a variety of high-tech applications, including:
 Space Exploration: As heat shields on space shuttles during atmospheric reentry.
 Industrial and Domestic Appliances: In microwave furnaces for heat generation and as abrasives.
 Electronics: In the manufacture of varistors and semiconductors.
 Energy and Defense: Used as nuclear fuel and in the windows of fighter aircraft.
 Medical Technology: Essential components in tomographic scanners.

EAST TIMOR

Context:
 Recently, President Horta of Timor-Leste awarded President Droupadi Murmu
 the Grand-Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste, recognizing her contributions to public service, education,
and women's empowerment.

Facts for Prelims, Places in News

 About East Timor
• Portugal colonised the area in the 18th century, and it remained under their hands until 1975.
• After the Portuguese left, Indonesian troops invaded and conquered East Timor as their 27th
province.
• After a long and brutal war for independence, in which at least 100,000 people died, the East
Timorese voted for independence in a UN-supervised referendum in 1999, but the violence
escalated until peace-keeping forces were permitted to enter.
• In 2002, the United Nations formally recognised the country.
• East Timor has submitted an application to join the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
(ASEAN). It is now classified as an observer.
• The Bayu Undan gas field, East Timor's major revenue source, is scheduled to dry up by 2023, and
the country is now looking to cooperate with corporations like Australia's Santos to convert it into
carbon capture facilities.

 Its geography
 East Timor is made up of the eastern half of Timor Island, with the western half belonging to Indonesia; it
has a land area of 15,000 square kilometres (5,792 square miles) - slightly smaller than Israel – with a
population of 1.3 million people who are mostly Roman Catholic.

GRAIN ATM

Context:

 Recently, India's first round-the-clock grain ATM was opened at Mancheswar in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

 Facts for Prelims

 Grain ATM
• Name and Development: Known as Annapurti Grain ATM, this device is a creation of the World
Food Programme in India.
• Accessibility: The machine offers universal access to individuals holding a Public Distribution System
ration card valid anywhere in India, enabling them to obtain their entitled grain portions.

 Functionality and Design

• Dispensing Capability: Annapurti can dispense up to 50 kilograms of grain in just five minutes and
operates around the clock, thereby reducing wait times by approximately 70%.
• Technology: This automated system handles multiple commodities like rice, wheat, and other
grains, available to users after biometric verification.
• Design Features: Featuring a modular design, Annapurti is adaptable to various spatial
configurations and is energy-efficient. It can also integrate with solar panels for automatic refilling.

 Advantages of Annapurti Grain ATM

• Queue Reduction: It significantly cuts down the long lines typically seen at traditional grain
distribution centers.
• Security and Accuracy: The system reduces theft and black marketing, ensures precise
measurements, and minimizes potential fraud.
• Constant Availability: Provides 24/7 access to essential grains, dramatically enhancing convenience
and reducing waiting times by 70%.

NEOWISE TELESCOPE

Context:
 Nasa’s Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) has concluded its mission, marking
the end of a journey spanned over a decade.

 NEOWISE Telescope:
• Originally launched by NASA in 2009 as the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), it was
intended for infrared astronomical observations, focusing on asteroids, stars, and distant galaxies.
• Its initial mission concluded in February 2011 after achieving its objectives.
• In December 2013, the telescope was reactivated from hibernation and repurposed under the
NEOWISE project to study near-Earth objects (NEOs) and other celestial bodies.

 Adjustments and Discoveries:

• Orbital Adjustments: Initially orbiting at 310 miles, NEOWISE is currently positioned about 217
miles above Earth's surface due to increased solar activity impacting its orbit.
• Scientific Achievements: During its initial mission, it identified over 158,000 minor planets,
including 34,000 that were previously unknown.
 Impact of NEOWISE Data:
• Contributions to Astronomy: The data collected by NEOWISE has been critical in determining the
quantity, trajectory, size, and composition of various asteroids within our solar system.

• Notable Discoveries: This included the first identification of an Earth Trojan asteroid, expanding our
understanding of near-Earth objects.

HOVERFLIES

Context:
 Three Kashmiri scientists recently discovered a new species of hoverfly that mimics the wasp in the high-
altitude alpine forests.

 Hoverflies
• Hoverflies, also known as 'flower flies' or 'syrphid flies', belong to a family comprising about 6,000
species within the Diptera order.
• These insects are known for their ability to hover around flowers, which is a trait reflected in their
common names.
• Hoverflies are ubiquitous, inhabiting diverse environments from temperate to tropical regions.
• Despite their yellow markings that mimic wasps or bees, hoverflies are harmless as they do not bite
or sting. They are uniquely identified by a single pair of wings.
• They possess a spurious vein that runs parallel to the fourth longitudinal wing vein, varying in size
from small and elongated to large, hairy forms.
• Hoverflies typically exhibit a fly-like head structure, equipped with short antennae and pronounced
bulbous eyes.
 Ecological Role of Hoverflies
• Pollination: Adult hoverflies contribute significantly to pollination through their consumption of
nectar and pollen across various habitats.
• Pest Control: Hoverfly larvae play a crucial role in managing pest populations by preying on aphids,
mites, and other small insects, which are known for their destructive impact on vegetation.
• Nutrient Cycling: Some hoverflies are also noted for their efficiency in recycling nutrients, further
underscoring their ecological importance.

HOOLLONGAPAR GIBBON WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

Context:
 The Union environment ministry's approval for exploratory oil and gas drilling in parts of Hoollongapar
Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary could further endanger the already vulnerable Hoolock gibbons.

 Facts for Prelims

Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary

• Location and Status
 The sanctuary is an isolated area of evergreen forest situated in the Jorhat district of Assam, India.

 It was designated a wildlife sanctuary in 1997 by the Assam Government.

 It is uniquely named after the gibbon and is notable for having the densest population of gibbons in Assam.
• Geography
 The sanctuary is located at an altitude of 100 to 120 meters (330 to 390 feet).
 The terrain slopes gently from the southeast to the northwest.
• River and Vegetation
 The Bhogdoi River creates a waterlogged region along the sanctuary's border, supporting semi-hydrophytic
plant life.

• The upper canopy is primarily composed of Hollong trees.

• The middle canopy features the Nahar tree.
• The lower canopy includes evergreen shrubs and herbs.

• The sanctuary is home to India’s only gibbons, the hoolock gibbons, and the Bengal slow loris,
which is the only nocturnal primate in Northeastern India.
• It also hosts Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, jungle cats, wild boars, three species of civets, four
types of squirrels, stump-tailed macaques, and northern pig- tailed macaques.

KINDLINS

Context:
 A recent study of kindlins has revealed a novel pathway to cancer treatment.

 About Kindlins
• Overview:
 Kindlins are adapter proteins located within cells and are attached to cell membranes in nearly all types of
vertebrate cells.
• Family and Functions:
 The Kindlin family includes three members: Kindlin 1, Kindlin 2, and Kindlin 3. Each has unique amino acid
sequences and tissue distributions.
 These proteins transmit external mechanical signals into biochemical responses inside the cell. They play a
 critical role in converting extracellular signals into intracellular actions by interacting with structural
proteins, receptors, and transcription factors, thereby initiating a cascade of chemical signals.
• Impact of Structural Disruptions:
 Disruptions in Kindlin proteins can significantly affect mechano- chemical signaling, which may disrupt the
balance of various body systems essential for proper function and survival.

• Mutations and Carcinogens:

 Kindlins can be mutated by exposure to various chemical and physical carcinogens, such as nicotine and
ultraviolet rays.
 Mutated Kindlins may potentially interfere with the global mechanical homeostasis within cells.

ETA CARINAE
Context:

 Astronomers are closely monitoring Eta Carinae, as it may be on the verge of a spectacular explosion.

 Eta Carinae:
• Eta Carinae is classified as a hypergiant star, with a mass around 100 times greater than that of the
Sun.
• This star resides approximately 7,500 light-years away within the Carina Nebula, positioning it
among the most massive and luminous stars known, making it a prime candidate for a future
supernova event.
• About 170 years ago, Eta Carinae experienced a massive outburst known as the Great Eruption,
which momentarily made it one of the brightest stars visible from the southern hemisphere.
• This event led to the formation of the Homunculus Nebula, an iconic hourglass- shaped cloud of gas
and dust encircling the star.

 Unique Characteristics:
• Uniquely, Eta Carinae is the only star known to emit natural laser light, enhancing its mysterious
nature.
• The Hubble Space Telescope has captured detailed imagery of the nebula surrounding Eta Carinae,
featuring intriguing phenomena like diffraction spikes and radial streaks that remain unexplained.
• The eventual supernova of Eta Carinae is anticipated to be a monumental astronomical event,
possibly surpassing the brilliance of any other recorded supernova, including SN 2006gy.
• The supernova of Eta Carinae, when it occurs, is expected to be a spectacular visual event from
Earth, providing critical data for understanding the life cycles of massive stars.

GOUT
 Context:
 Recently, Lucknow based CSIR-NBRI has developed a herbal product called ‘NBRI-Gout
 Out’ which is a combination of five medicinal plants, to address the problem of Gout.

 Overview of Gout:
• Gout is a prevalent and intricate form of arthritis that can affect anyone.
• The condition stems from elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream.
 Prevalence:
• It is more commonly observed in men, primarily because women generally have lower uric acid
levels.
 Risk Factors:
• Factors that can increase uric acid levels, leading to gout, include obesity, certain medications like
diuretics, and consumption of foods and beverages rich in purines such as alcohol and sugary
drinks.
 Symptoms:
• Joint Pain: The most intense pain usually affects the big toe but can occur in any joint including the
ankles, knees, elbows, wrists, and fingers.
• Inflammation: Affected joints become swollen, tender, warm, and red, showing visible signs of
inflammation.
 Treatment:
• Medication: Treatment options include medications like allopurinol (Aloprim, Lopurin, Zyloprim)
and febuxostat (Uloric), which are designed to reduce the body's uric acid production.

SOUTH AMERICAN LUNGFISH

Context:
 Recent study revealed that the South American lungfish genome grew massively during the past 100 million
years.

 South American Lungfish:

• Known scientifically as Lepidosiren paradoxa, this species is a freshwater lungfish.
• It represents the closest living link to the first land vertebrates, sharing a lineage that dates back
over 400 million years.
• Predominantly found in the sluggish and still waters of Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Colombia,
Venezuela, French Guiana, and Paraguay.

 Genetic Characteristics:
• Exceptional Genome Size: Possesses the largest genome recorded in any animal, with its DNA
capable of extending up to 60 meters if stretched out, compared to about 2 meters for the human
genome.
 • Comparative Genome Size: The lungfish's genome is over 50 times larger than that of humans.
• Repetitive DNA: Approximately 90% of its genome consists of repetitive sequences.

 Historical and Biological Insights:

• Emerged during the Devonian Period, a crucial era in evolutionary history when aquatic life began
transitioning to terrestrial forms.
• This period marked the evolution of fish with specialized lungs and robust fins, setting the stage for
the rise of tetrapods.

 Adaptive Features:
• Respiratory Adaptation: Unlike typical fish that rely solely on gills, the South American lungfish has
developed lung-like organs to aid in breathing.
• Habitat Adaptation: Thrives in oxygen-poor environments such as the swampy regions of the
Amazon and Parana-Paraguay River basins, supplementing its aquatic oxygen intake with air-
breathing.

GONGRONEMA SASIDHARANII

Context:
 A plant with smooth stems and small urn-shaped flowers spotted in Idukki district has been identified as an
entirely new species of the genus Gongronema. Equally importantly, this is the first time Gongronema has
been reported from south India.

 New Botanical Discovery: Gongronema Sasidharanii

• A new plant species found in Pampadum Shola National Park, Kerala.
• Characterized by smooth stems and small urn-shaped flowers transitioning from creamy white to
purplish-green.
• Marks the first report of the genus Gongronema in South India, expanding its known range beyond
northeastern states and parts of North India.

 Overview of Pampadum Shola National Park

• Situated in the eastern Southern Western Ghats, Idukki District, Kerala.
• Covers approximately 12 square kilometers.
• The name translates to 'the forest where the snake dances,' reflecting the park's dynamic
landscape.
• Features undulating terrain with hillocks, with elevations ranging from 1600 to 2400 meters.
• Characterized by a misty and cloudy atmosphere year-round, with significant rainfall during the
North-East monsoon.
 Ecological Attributes
• Vegetation: Comprises a diverse assembly of evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, shola
grasslands, and semi-evergreen formations.
• Flora: Hosts an array of 22 tree species, 74 herb species, and 16 climber species.
• Fauna:
 Mammals: Inhabited by tigers, leopards, giant gizzard squirrels, rare flying squirrels, Nilgiri Tahr, and
spotted deer.
 Special Mention: The Nilgiri marten, unique to South India, is a notable inhabitant.
 Butterflies: Home to approximately 100 butterfly species, highlighting its rich biodiversity.

SHOMPEN TRIBE

Context:
 The development of a port and airport in the pristine Nicobar Islands “will not disturb or displace” any of
the Shompen, the Union Environment Minister said recently.

 Shompen Tribe
• The Shompen are one of the most secluded tribes worldwide and are among the Particularly
Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India that are least studied.
• They inhabit the dense tropical rainforests of Great Nicobar Island, which is part of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, with approximately 95% of the land covered in rainforest.
• Their territory includes significant ecological sites such as Campbell Bay National Park, Galathea
National Park, and the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve.

 Demographics and Lifestyle

• As of the 2011 Census, the Shompen population was estimated at 229, though current numbers
remain uncertain.
• They maintain minimal contact with outsiders, embodying a semi-nomadic lifestyle centered
around hunting, gathering, fishing, and basic horticulture.
• Shompen societies are organized into small groups, defined by geographic territories along
rainforest rivers, moving periodically between temporary forest camps.

 Diet and Language

• Their primary diet consists of a variety of forest plants, with the pandanus fruit, locally called
'larop,' being a staple.
• The Shompen language features numerous dialects, with distinct linguistic variations even between
closely situated bands.
 Physical Characteristics and Family Structure
• Physical Appearance: Typically of short to medium height, they have rounded head shapes, narrow
noses, and broad facial profiles with distinct Mongoloid traits including light to yellow-brown skin
and oblique eyes.
• Family Dynamics: Families are nuclear, typically overseen by the eldest male who manages daily
activities. While monogamy is the norm, polygamy is also practiced within their culture.

SONOBUOYS

Context:
 The US recently approved a USD 52.8 million government-to-government deal for the sale of Anti-
Submarine Warfare (ASW) Sonobuoys that will be integrated with the Indian Navy’s Romeo helicopters.

 Overview of Sonobuoys
• Sonobuoys are compact, disposable units utilized in marine acoustics and sonar systems for
detecting and analyzing underwater sounds, especially for submarine tracking.
• These devices are integral to military operations against submarines, aiding in their detection in
both deep sea and coastal zones, potentially leading to targeted torpedo strikes.
• Historical Use: Originally deployed in World War II for identifying German U- boats.

 Deployment Techniques
• Methods of Deployment: Sonobuoys are typically released into the ocean via aircraft or from naval
vessels like ships or submarines.
• Operation: After deployment, they descend to a set depth and start monitoring underwater sounds
to identify submarine locations.
• Strategic Deployment: They can be arranged in specific patterns to precisely ascertain the location
of underwater targets.

 Types of Sonobuoys
• Passive Sonobuoys: These devices passively record sounds without generating any signals
themselves, using a hydrophone to capture sound waves from targets.
• Active Sonobuoys: These emit acoustic pulses and measure the echoes to identify and track objects
 underwater.
• Special Purpose Sonobuoys: Equipped to gather environmental data such as water temperature
and ambient noise levels, aiding broader scientific research.

 Components and Additional Uses

• Sonobuoys are typically made up of a buoyant housing equipped with acoustic sensors, a power
source, and a communication system to transmit data to a base station like a ship or aircraft.
• Broader Applications: Beyond military applications, sonobuoys are also employed in scientific
studies, including oceanographic research and studying marine life behaviors, such as those of
whales.

DHANGAR COMMUNITY

Context:
 A large group of Dhangars recently marched to the office of the sub divisional officer in Khamgaon of
Maharashtra’s Buldhana district, demanding a “grazing corridor” for their sheep and goats.

 Dhangar Community
• The Dhangar community, primarily shepherds, resides across multiple Indian states including
Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and predominantly in Maharashtra.
• Classified under the Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes (VJNT) in Maharashtra, they lead a secluded
lifestyle, roaming forests, hills, and mountains.

 Family Structure and Demographics

• Household Dynamics: Characterized by small, tightly knit family units, with familial bonds playing a
pivotal role.
• Population Insight: The Dhangar community comprises approximately 1 crore
 individuals, constituting about 9% of Maharashtra’s total population.

 Cultural and Sub-Caste Distinctions

• Sub-Castes: The tribe consists of about 20 sub-castes, each with unique traditions and customs.

 Livelihood and Economic Activities

• Primary Occupation: Dependence on sheep and goat herding for livelihood, embracing both
nomadic pastoral and semi-nomadic agrarian lifestyles.
 • Seasonal Migration: Post-bajra harvest in October, they migrate annually seeking fertile pastures
for their livestock.

 Cultural Practices
• Customs and Rituals: The journey includes ancestral worship and a variety of traditional rituals.
• Cultural Significance of Music: Night-time singing plays a critical role, serving both cultural and
communal functions.
• Oral Traditions: Engage in 'sumbaran,' a traditional form of storytelling integral to their cultural
identity.

ERI SILK

 Recently, the North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation (NEHHDC) under the
Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), Govt. of India, has successfully obtained the
prestigious Oeko-Tex certification for its Eri Silk.

 Eri Silk Overview

• Unique Production: Eri Silk, recognized globally as the only vegan silk, doesn't involve harming the
moth during silk extraction, as it naturally leaves the cocoon. This unique process marks Eri silk as a
symbol of compassion and ecological awareness within the textile industry.
• Cultivation: Originating from the domesticated Philosamia ricini silkworm, which consumes
primarily castor leaves, Eri Silk is predominantly cultivated in North- Eastern India and Assam, but
also found in Bihar, West Bengal, and Orissa.
• Geographical Indication: Eri Silk has been tagged as a Geographical Indication (GI) product from
Assam, authenticating its origin and methods of production.

 Oeko-Tex Certification
• The Oeko-Tex certification, involving stringent testing for harmful substances and environment-
friendly production practices, serves as a crucial endorsement for Eri Silk.
• Achieving this certification not only reinforces the silk's status as a GI product but also underscores
its authenticity and regional importance.

• This certification is pivotal in expanding Eri Silk’s reach within the global market, enhancing its
international presence and appeal.
 GASTRODIA INDICA

 A unique orchid species- Gastrodia indica was recently discovered in Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary,
Sikkim.

 About Gastrodia indica:

 The Gastrodia indica is a significant botanical discovery in India, noted for its unique reproductive strategy
and ecological adaptations. This orchid, which doesn’t open its flowers, thrives at high elevations and
sustains itself through a symbiotic relationship with underground fungi, bypassing the need for
photosynthesis.

 Characteristics of Gastrodia indica:

• This species does not open its flowers, making it unique among orchids and a rare example of
cleistogamy in this genus.
• Found at elevations between 1,950 and 2,100 meters, it exemplifies survival in dense, decay-rich
environments.
• It is holomycotrophic, depending entirely on fungi for nutrients, which is uncommon for orchids
that typically engage in mutualistic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi.
• The orchid coexists with tree species like Magnolia doltsopa, Acer campbelli, and Quercus
lamellose, indicating its preference for forested areas with ample organic material.
• Due to its specific habitat requirements and limited population, it is at risk of habitat disturbance
and environmental changes.
 PART-01
1. Which of the following species is commonly referred to as the 'Hobbit'?
a) Homo sapiens
b) Homo habilis
c) Homo floresiensis
d) Homo erectus

2. What is the primary ecological significance of the Miombo forests?

a) Biodiversity hotspot
b) Carbon sink
c) Habitat for large mammals
d) Soil erosion prevention

3. Legionnaires' disease is caused by which type of bacteria?

a) Streptococcus
b) Escherichia coli
c) Legionella
d) Mycobacterium

4. Which organization released a report advocating for nutritional investments in the agri-food sector?
a) FAO
b) GAIN
c) WHO
d) UNICEF

5. The CSIR-CMERI has synthesized a new material for use in which type of battery?
a) Lithium-ion batteries
 b) Metal-air batteries
c) Solid-state batteries
d) Lead-acid batteries

6. What adaptation is believed to have led to the small stature of Homo floresiensis?
a) Climate change
b) Island dwarfism
c) Genetic mutation
d) Dietary limitations

7. What is the primary mode of transmission for Legionnaires' disease?

a) Direct contact
b) Inhalation of contaminated aerosols
c) Contaminated food
d) Vector-borne transmission

8. The Miombo forest biome is primarily located in which region?

a) East Africa
b) Southern Africa
c) Western Africa
d) Northern Africa

9. Which of the following materials is commonly used as a catalyst in metal-air batteries?

a) Lithium
b) Zinc
c) Porous carbon
d) Iron

10. The genetic screening technique is primarily used to identify risks associated with which aspect?
a) Infectious diseases
b) Genetic disorders
c) Environmental toxins
d) Nutritional deficiencies

11. What type of ecological system does GAIN focus on enhancing?

a) Marine ecosystems
b) Urban food systems
c) Agricultural value chains
d) Forest conservation

12. The dominant tree species in Miombo forests include Brachystegia, Julbernardia, and which other genus?
a) Acacia
b) Isoberlinia
c) Pinus
d) Quercus

13. What is one major advantage of metal-air batteries over lithium-ion batteries?
 a) Higher weight
b) Greater energy density
c) Longer charging times
d) Increased toxicity

14. Which method is not used for detecting genetic alterations in genetic screening?
a) Chromosomal analysis
b) Blood tests
c) Magnetic resonance imaging
d) DNA sequencing

15. How many people has GAIN reportedly assisted globally?

a) 100 million
b) 667 million
c) 1 billion
d) 250 million

16. The typical height of Homo floresiensis individuals is approximately how many feet?
a) 2 feet
b) 3 feet 6 inches
c) 4 feet
d) 5 feet

17. Which application is NOT associated with modern ceramics?

a) Nuclear fuel
b) Electronic components
c) Textile manufacturing
d) Space exploration

18. The World Food Organization, or FAO, was founded in which year?
a) 1945
b) 1950
c) 1960
d) 1970

19. Which country is home to the majority of the Miombo forest biome?
a) Kenya
b) Zambia
c) Angola
d) South Africa

20. What is a critical risk factor for developing Legionnaires' disease?

a) Air pollution
b) Contaminated water systems
c) Poor nutrition
d) Genetic predisposition
21. The nutritional investments advocated by GAIN aim to address which issue in the agricultural sector?
a) Pest control
b) Gender inequalities
c) Water scarcity
d) Soil fertility

22. What term describes the study of ceramics at a microscopic level?

a) Ceramology
b) Ceramography
c) Ceramics science
d) Ceramotechnics

23. Which species of elephant coexisted with Homo floresiensis?

a) African elephant
b) Asian elephant
c) Stegodon
d) Mammoth

24. In what context does genetic screening help athletes?

a) Injury recovery
b) Performance optimization
c) Team selection
d) Financial management

25. What is the major ecological role of the Miombo woodlands concerning water bodies?
a) Flood control
b) Hydrological integrity
c) Water purification
d) Biodiversity support

26. Which organization collaborates with FAO to monitor global desert locust situations?
a) WHO
b) UNICEF
c) WFP
d) IFAD

27. What does the acronym GAIN stand for?

a) Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition
b) Global Alliance for Innovative Networks
c) Global Association for Integrated Nutrition
d) Global Advocacy for Inclusive Nutrition

28. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Legionnaires' disease?

a) Fever
b) Cough
c) Skin rash
d) Muscle pains
29. In ceramics, the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity was recognized with a Nobel Prize in which
year?
a) 1985
b) 1987
c) 1990
d) 1992

30. What is a significant characteristic of metal-air batteries?

a) High environmental impact
b) Heavyweight
c) Cost-effectiveness
d) Low energy density

PART-02
1. Which of the following statements about East Timor is correct?
a) East Timor was colonized by the British in the 18th century.
b) East Timor gained independence from Indonesia in 1999.
c) East Timor is a member of ASEAN.
d) The Bayu Undan gas field is the primary source of freshwater in East Timor.

2. What is the primary function of the Annapurti Grain ATM?

a) To provide cash withdrawals.
b) To dispense various grains to ration cardholders.
c) To sell agricultural equipment.
d) To distribute free food items.

3. What year was the NEOWISE mission originally launched?

a) 2011
b) 2009
c) 2013
d) 2020

4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hoverflies?

a) They can hover around flowers.
b) They are known for their yellow markings.
c) They are harmful and sting.
d) They contribute to pollination.

5. Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary is primarily known for which species?

a) Hoolock gibbons
b) Bengal tigers
c) Asian elephants
d) Red pandas

6. Kindlins are important for which of the following functions?

a) Energy production in cells
b) DNA replication
c) Mechanical signaling within cells
d) Oxygen transport

7. What is the anticipated future event concerning Eta Carinae?

a) It is expected to form a new galaxy.
b) It may explode as a supernova.
c) It will transform into a black hole.
d) It will become a red giant.

8. The herbal product ‘NBRI-Gout Out’ was developed to address which health condition?
a) Diabetes
b) Hypertension
c) Gout
d) Arthritis

9. The genome of the South American lungfish is notable for being:

a) The smallest among vertebrates
b) The largest recorded in any animal
c) Similar to that of humans
d) Composed entirely of non-repetitive DNA

10. What type of habitat do South American lungfish thrive in?

a) Cold, fast-moving rivers
b) Oxygen-rich coastal waters
c) Oxygen-poor swampy regions
d) High-altitude lakes

11. Which body granted the Grand-Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste to President Droupadi Murmu?
a) The United Nations
b) The government of Indonesia
c) The government of East Timor
d) The ASEAN summit

12. Which of the following materials is dispensed by the Annapurti Grain ATM?
a) Pulses
b) Cooking oil
c) Rice
d) Spices

13. NEOWISE is primarily known for studying:

a) Ocean currents
b) Near-Earth objects
c) Atmospheric phenomena
d) Stellar constellations
 14. The term "hoverflies" is commonly associated with:
a) Aquatic insects
b) Flower pollinators
c) Predatory wasps
d) Parasitic flies

15. The Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which Indian state?
a) Meghalaya
b) Assam
c) West Bengal
d) Arunachal Pradesh

16. Which of the following statements is true regarding Kindlins?

a) They have no known role in cancer treatment.
b) They are only found in mammals.
c) They interact with cellular receptors.
d) They are primarily involved in energy metabolism.

17. Eta Carinae is located in which nebula?

a) Orion Nebula
b) Carina Nebula
c) Andromeda Galaxy
d) Helix Nebula

18. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing gout?

a) High physical activity
b) Low protein diet
c) Alcohol consumption
d) High water intake

19. The first land vertebrates are believed to share a lineage with:
a) Toads
b) South American lungfish
c) Sharks
d) Frogs

20. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes the NEOWISE telescope?

a) It can observe only visible light.
b) It has been operational for over two decades.
c) It is designed to study asteroids and comets.
d) It was built by the European Space Agency.

21. What year did East Timor gain formal recognition as a country?
a) 1999
b) 2002
c) 2005
d) 2010
 22. The main component of the 'NBRI-Gout Out' product is derived from:
a) Synthetic compounds
b) Five medicinal plants
c) Artificial additives
d) Mineral resources

23. What is a key ecological role of hoverfly larvae?

a) They pollinate flowers.
b) They decompose organic matter.
c) They manage pest populations.
d) They produce honey.

24. Which of the following is NOT found in the Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary?
a) Hoolock gibbons
b) Indian elephants
c) Polar bears
d) Bengal slow loris

25. The NEOWISE mission was reactivated to focus on:

a) The study of the Milky Way
b) Observing exoplanets
c) Near-Earth object detection
d) Star formation processes

26. The Great Eruption of Eta Carinae occurred approximately how many years ago?
a) 100 years
b) 170 years
c) 250 years
d) 500 years

27. Which factor primarily increases the risk of gout in individuals?

a) Low uric acid levels
b) High uric acid levels
c) Increased physical activity
d) Balanced diet

28. The primary aim of the World Food Programme's Annapurti project is to:
a) Eliminate hunger globally
b) Enhance agricultural productivity
c) Improve food distribution systems
d) Increase grain exports

29. The genetic features of the South American lungfish have implications for:
a) Terrestrial adaptation
b) Marine biodiversity
c) Climate change resilience
d) Invasive species management

30. Which celestial event is anticipated from Eta Carinae in the future?
a) Formation of a black hole
b) Eruption of solar flares
c) A potential supernova
d) Creation of a new galaxy

PART-03
1. What is the newly identified plant species found in Idukki district, Kerala?
A) Gongronema sasidharanii
B) Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum
C) Dendrobium nobile
D) Orchidaceae indica

2. Which national park is home to the newly discovered Gongronema sasidharanii?

A) Periyar National Park
B) Pampadum Shola National Park
C) Silent Valley National Park
D) Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

3. What type of ecological zone predominantly covers the Great Nicobar Island, home to the Shompen tribe?
A) Desert
B) Tropical rainforest
C) Temperate forest
D) Grassland

4. The Shompen tribe is classified under which category of tribal groups in India?
A) Scheduled Tribes
B) Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)
C) Nomadic Tribes
D) Artisan Tribes

5. What is the main dietary staple for the Shompen tribe?

A) Rice
B) Pandanus fruit
C) Fish
D) Cassava

6. Which military technology has the US recently approved for integration with the Indian Navy?
A) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
B) Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Sonobuoys
C) Surface-to-Air Missiles
D) Advanced Combat Drones

7. What is the primary function of sonobuoys?

 A) Surface surveillance
B) Underwater sound detection
C) Aerial reconnaissance
D) Ground troop support

8. Which community primarily practices herding in Maharashtra and has a population of approximately 1 crore?
A) Bhil
B) Dhangar
C) Gond
D) Koli

9. What is a significant cultural aspect of the Dhangar community?

A) Pottery
B) Music and oral traditions
C) Weaving
D) Farming

10. Eri Silk is known as the only vegan silk because:

A) It is dyed with natural colors.
B) The moth is not harmed during its extraction.
C) It is produced without any animal products.
D) It requires no pesticides.

11. Which certification has NEHHDC recently achieved for its Eri Silk?
A) Fair Trade Certification
B) Oeko-Tex Certification
C) ISO Certification
D) Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS)

12. Gastrodia indica, discovered in Sikkim, is unique because it:

A) Opens its flowers
B) Does not photosynthesize
C) Is a carnivorous plant
D) Has vibrant colors

13. At what elevation is Gastrodia indica typically found?

A) 1,000 to 1,500 meters
B) 1,950 to 2,100 meters
C) 2,500 to 3,000 meters
D) 800 to 1,200 meters

14. Which type of forests does the Pampadum Shola National Park primarily feature?
A) Deciduous forests
B) Coniferous forests
C) Evergreen forests
D) Mangrove forests
15. The Dhangar community's migration typically follows which agricultural practice?
A) Wheat harvest
B) Bajra harvest
C) Rice planting
D) Cotton harvesting

16. What is the ecological significance of the Shompen tribe's habitat?

A) It is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
B) It hosts diverse marine life.
C) It encompasses several ecological reserves.
D) It is a major agricultural region.

17. What does the term "holomycotrophic" refer to in relation to Gastrodia indica?
A) Ability to perform photosynthesis
B) Dependency on fungi for nutrients
C) Capability to reproduce asexually
D) Ability to thrive in aquatic environments

18. Which of the following describes a primary economic activity of the Dhangar community?
A) Fishing
B) Handicrafts
C) Sheep and goat herding
D) Crop farming

19. What does the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve encompass?

A) Urban areas and industrial sites
B) Tropical rainforests and wildlife habitats
C) Agricultural fields
D) Desert landscapes

20. Which family structure is typical within the Dhangar community?

A) Extended families
B) Nuclear families
C) Clan-based societies
D) Matrilineal families

21. What characteristic of Eri Silk enhances its appeal in the global market?
A) Its vibrant colors
B) Its ecological production process
C) Its lightweight texture
D) Its historical significance

22. In which Indian state is Pampadum Shola National Park located?

A) Tamil Nadu
B) Kerala
C) Karnataka
D) Andhra Pradesh
23. What is a primary concern regarding the habitat of Gastrodia indica?
A) Overpopulation
B) Environmental changes
C) Invasive species
D) Urbanization

24. What kind of traditional storytelling do the Dhangar people engage in?
A) Katha
B) Sumbaran
C) Lok Katha
D) Gatha

25. What does the term "PVTG" stand for in relation to tribal classification in India?
A) Protected Villagers of Tribal Groups
B) Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
C) Prominent Village Tribal Groups
D) Permanent Villagers of Tribal Groups

26. What is a significant threat to the Shompen tribe’s lifestyle?

A) Climate change
B) Increased tourism
C) Urban encroachment
D) Agricultural expansion

27. How does the Shompen tribe primarily organize its social structure?
A) Large clans
B) Small groups with defined territories
C) Extended family units
D) Nomadic tribes with no structure

28. Which ecological role do the Dhangar community's sheep and goats play?
A) Pollinators
B) Soil enrichment
C) Land maintenance through grazing
D) Pest control

29. What is a characteristic feature of the habitat of the Shompen tribe?

A) Arid deserts
B) Dense tropical rainforests
C) Mountain ranges
D) Urban environments

30. What is the primary method of silk extraction for Eri Silk?
A) Killing the silkworms
B) Boiling the cocoons
C) Allowing the moths to emerge naturally
D) Collecting abandoned cocoons