BETHANY NAVAJEEVAN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

Affiliated to CBSE Board, Affiliation No:1931074

BETHANY NAGAR, VENCODE

CHEMISTRY

A STUDY ON
THE TITLE “STUDY OF METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF
WATER”

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE:JEOLIN EDWARD.J

ROLL NO:2

GRADE:XI ROSE

1
 BETHANY NAVAJEEVAN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

Affiliated to CBSE Board, Affiliation No:1931074

BETHANY NAGAR, VENCODE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

PROJECT REPORT

This is to certify that the project entitled“STUDY OF METHODS OF

PURIFICATION OF WATER”is the bonafide record of project work done by JEOLIN
EDWARD.J ROLL NO: 2 and submitted for the Central Board of Secondary Education
during the academic year 2022-2023

PROJECT GUIDE PRINCIPAL

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extended my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to our

Correspondent Fr. JOHN CHRISTOPHER OIC, Bethany group of Institutions for giving
me an opportunity to be a student of this reputed institutions

I extend my respect to our Academic Mentor Mr. SIBIN JOSE S P M. A., B.Ed. for
his valuable support in carrying my project work.

It is my privilege to thank our Head of the Department for support and guidance for
doing my project work.

I also express my sense of gratitude to my GUIDE Mrs.HERMIA MARRY.

M.ScB.Ed. for her valuable suggestion and guidance for doing this project.

I also express my gratitude to all the faculty members, parents and my fellow mates
who have helped me to carry out this work. Last but not least, I thank my almighty God for
His blessings showed me during this period.

JEOLIN EDWARD.J

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

3
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of the project is to design a water distillation system that can purify

water from nearly any source, a system that is relatively cheap, portable, and depends only on

renewable solar energy. The motivation for this project is the limited availability of clean

water resources and the abundance of impure water available for potential conversion into

potable water, in addition, there are many coastal locations where sea water is abundant but

potable water is not available. Our project goal is to efficiently produce clean drinkable water

from solar energy conversion. Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water

purification. This requires an energy input heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the

source of energy. When solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as solar water

distillation.

4
 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 6

2. NEED FOR THE STUDY 8

3. PURIFICATION OF WATER 9

4. METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION 9

5. SMALL SCALE WATER 10

PURIFICATION

6. LARGE SCALE WATER 12

PURIFICATION

7. IMAGES OF WATER PURIFICATION 15

PLANT

8. HOUSEHOLD WATER PURIFICATION 16

9. CHEMICAL TREATMENT 17

10. CONCLUSION 18

11. REFERENCE 18

5
 INTRODUCTION

The two most important parasites that are found in water come from feces. That’s
right – if you drink water from natural sources without treating it, you’ll be drinking a bit of
poop too. This is not only gross; it’s the main source of risk when it comes to untreated water.

80% of all diseases are waterborne. 740 million people have no access to clean water.
We are also active in disaster relief & pandemic response. Helped 8 million people.Projects
in 81 countries. GIS Mapping. Water Sanitation & Health.

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological

contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal of this
process is to produce water fit for a specific purpose

In short, you need to purify water so you can be sure it’s safe to drink. The main risks
in water are parasites, bacteria, viruses and chemical pollutants, naturally occurring yet toxic
metals such as lead, or manmade chemicals. Untreated water will probably taste pretty gross,
too.

Giardia is one example, and it’s found in basically every body of water in the U.S.,
coming from human and animal feces. If you get infected with giardia, it will cause diarrhea,
gas and painful stomach cramps, which start about two or three days after you’re exposed.
Generally speaking this won’t lead to any long-term problems, but it can if you’re
immunosuppressed.

6
 The other major parasite is cryptosporidium, which affects almost 750,000 Americans
each year. This is similar to giardia in that it takes about two to three days for symptoms to
show, and it generally leads to diarrhea and stomach cramps. However, “crypto” (as it’s often
called) can lead to more serious issues, such as pancreatic symptoms, cholera-like symptoms
in immunosuppressed people and even possibly leading to death for people suffering from
AIDS. Giardia is easy to remove with filters or iodine treatment, but crypto isn’t stopped by
most filters and needs chlorine dioxide treatment or boiling to remove from water.

Many types of bacteria may be present in raw water, but E. coli is the most common.
This can cause diarrhea, cramping, nausea and vomiting, and as well as staying well-
hydrated, you may need antibiotics in serious cases. Most common water treatments remove
E. coli and other bacteria from water, though.

In terms of viruses, hepatitis A is the main risk from contaminated water. It can take
weeks for symptoms to appear, which are similar to those discussed above, except with joint
pain, cramps, a fever and yellow skin in addition to the usual diarrhea and vomiting. You can
get a vaccine if you’re traveling somewhere that doesn’t treat their water thoroughly, but if
you get infected, the main advice is to drink plenty of fluids and you’ll be OK in a few days.
Water treatment with iodine, chlorine dioxide or by simply boiling the water usually protect
you from viruses in water.

Finally, a huge range of chemicals could be present in untreated water, and they can
cause a similarly wide range of symptoms, although as usual diarrhea, nausea, cramps and
similar symptoms are the most likely. You can filter these out using evaporation, but many
other methods (or even better, a combination of methods) can get rid of them too.

Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful for humans,
for example as a source of drinking water supply or irrigation water. 97% of the water on the
Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is
frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.

Source water
Source water refers to bodies of water (such as rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs,
springs, and ground water) that provide water to public drinking-water supplies and private

7
wells. Water sources can include: Surface water (for example, a lake, river, or reservoir)
Ground water

NEED FOR THE STUDY

In short, you need to purify water so you can be sure it’s safe to drink. The main risks
in water are parasites, bacteria, viruses and chemical pollutants, naturally occurring yet toxic
metals such as lead, or manmade chemicals. Untreated water will probably taste pretty gross,
too.

The two most important parasites that are found in water come from feces. That’s
right – if you drink water from natural sources without treating it, you’ll be drinking a bit of
poop too. This is not only gross; it’s the main source of risk when it comes to untreated water.

Giardia is one example, and it’s found in basically every body of water in the U.S.,
coming from human and animal feces. If you get infected with giardia, it will cause diarrhea,
gas and painful stomach cramps, which start about two or three days after you’re exposed.
Generally speaking this won’t lead to any long-term problems, but it can if you’re
immunosuppressed.

The other major parasite is cryptosporidium, which affects almost 750,000 Americans
each year. This is similar to giardia in that it takes about two to three days for symptoms to
show, and it generally leads to diarrhea and stomach cramps. However, “crypto” (as it’s often
called) can lead to more serious issues, such as pancreatic symptoms, cholera-like symptoms
in immunosuppressed people and even possibly leading to death for people suffering from
AIDS. Giardia is easy to remove with filters or iodine treatment, but crypto isn’t stopped by
most filters and needs chlorine dioxide treatment or boiling to remove from water.

Many types of bacteria may be present in raw water, but E. coli is the most common.
This can cause diarrhea, cramping, nausea and vomiting, and as well as staying well-
hydrated, you may need antibiotics in serious cases. Most common water treatments remove
E. coli and other bacteria from water, though.

8
 In terms of viruses, hepatitis A is the main risk from contaminated water. It can take
weeks for symptoms to appear, which are similar to those discussed above, except with joint
pain, cramps, a fever and yellow skin in addition to the usual diarrhea and vomiting. You can
get a vaccine if you’re traveling somewhere that doesn’t treat their water thoroughly, but if
you get infected, the main advice is to drink plenty of fluids and you’ll be OK in a few days.
Water treatment with iodine, chlorine dioxide or by simply boiling the water usually protect
you from viruses in water.

Finally, a huge range of chemicals could be present in untreated water, and they can
cause a similarly wide range of symptoms, although as usual diarrhea, nausea, cramps and
similar symptoms are the most likely. You can filter these out using evaporation, but many
other methods (or even better, a combination of methods) can get rid of them too.

So unless you’re immune-compromised, you probably won’t suffer severe symptoms

from drinking untreated water, but unless you want an unpleasant week or so of diarrhea and
cramps, you should always treat your water.

WATER PURIFICATION

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological

contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal of this
process is to produce water fit for a specific purpose

If you drink water that hasn’t been through a purification process – “raw water” – you
risk contracting waterborne diseases stemming from bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E.
coli) and parasites such as giardia. That’s why water purification is essential for everyone,
and it makes water purification project ideas a particularly good choice for a school science
fair or presentation. But before leaping into a project, it’s best to learn the basics of why
water needs to be purified, the different ways in which it can be done and what your options
are for a "method of purification of water" project.

METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF WATER

9
 There are different approaches you could investigate or test for a "methods of
purification of water" project. They can be broken down into fairly simple groups though:
boiling or distillation, filtration and various chemical treatments

1. small scale water purification

2. large scale water purification
SMALL SCALE WATER PURIFICATION

1.Boiling

Boiling is undoubtedly the simplest method of purifying water, although you do need
a source of heat to do it, and it takes some time for the water to cool back down so it can
actually be used. However, boiling is a very effective method of purificiation, and it only
takes three minutes of vigorous boiling to remove the risk from bacteria, parasites and viruses
in the water. The main challenge, provided you have the right equipment, is preventing
recontamination after the water has been purified.

2.Distillation

Distillation is very similar to boiling, but it requires a bit more equipment and is
generally more effective at removing contaminants. You set the water boiling, and collect the
vapor as it condenses. This leaves behind most contaminants, although it’s worth noting that
any contaminants with boiling points below that of water (at 100 degrees Celsius/212 degrees
Fahrenheit at sea level) will still be present in the condensed water, possibly with greater
concentrations than before. Other downsides are the time-consuming nature of the process
and the fact that it generally requires too much energy to be economically viable in large-
scale water treatment.

3. Filtration

Filtration is another conceptually simple approach to water purification, but it isn’t

quite as straightforward as you might think. The basic concept is that by forcing the water
through small spaces, contaminants that can’t fit through are left behind. It’s quite
economical, because very little water is wasted in the process, and it doesn’t use much
energy. Many different filters are available, and the contaminants they’re capable of
removing depends on the size of the mesh. The vast majority of filters can’t remove

10
waterborne viruses, and most of them are quite bulky so would be difficult to carry around.
The filter itself also has to be clean, and as with many methods, the water could easily
become contaminated again after the process has completed.

4. Chemical treatments

Chemical treatments depend on chemical reactions to remove contaminants from

water, and different chemicals are more effective for different contaminants. Iodine is one of
the oldest approaches to chemical water purification, and tablets or solutions containing it are
generally effective at neutralizing bacteria and viruses present in water. However, iodine
turns water yellow and leaves an unpleasant taste and odour. Plus, it only really works on
water that is already clear (so filtration may be required first). The water to be treated also
can’t be cold; for instance, the water must be at 21 C/68 F for giardia to be removed with
iodine.

Chlorine is the widest-used chemical water treatment in the world, and it’s available
in the form of tablets, liquids and granules. Despite being effective, it has to be handled
carefully, and it does leave an unpleasant taste in the resulting water, much like iodine – but
as you may expect, it tastes a bit like drinking swimming pool water. Alternatives like
sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) release free chlorine, but the chemical mixture is
safer to handle and doesn’t leave a taste in the water, so these are the most common choices
for water purification tablets.

Iodine

Using iodine-based methods to purify water is common. Such methods include iodine
tablets, iodine solution and Polar Pure Water Disinfectant. When using iodine tablets, you
must allow at least 30 minutes when trying to purify cold water and approximately 10
minutes if the water is hot. When using iodine solution, you must allow 30 minutes to purify
cold water and 15 minutes for hot water. Polar Pure Water Disinfectant is a type of glass
bottle that contains iodine crystals. All you have to do is fill up the bottle with water and
follow the attached instructions because instructions vary by the manufacturer of the bottle.

Chlorine

11
 Using chlorine-based methods to purify water is also quite common. Such methods
include chlorine tablets and super-chlorination. Chlorine tablets will not kill Giardia alone so
they must be used in conjunction with a fine filter. Super-chlorination is known to be
effective and uses high doses of chlorine. After a high dose is used, it is later neutralized,
using hydrogen peroxide

Potassium permanganate

It kills cholera vibrios

Generally speaking, water purification systems consist of multiple components to

ensure the resulting water is safe to drink and pure in taste. Aeration is often the first stage,
allowing any gases trapped in the water to escape, followed by coagulation, where dirt and
other solid matter stick together to make them easier to remove, and sedimentation, where the
particulates gradually sink and separate from the water under the influence of gravity. After
this, the water is filtered to separate the coagulated (floc) materials, and finally, chemical
treatment ensures safety from micro-organisms. If you’re looking to create a working model
of a water purification plant, these stages should be incorporated into your process.

PURIFICATION WATER IN A LARGE SCALE

This system comprise of

⮚ Storage
⮚ Filtration
⮚ Disinfection.

One of the best and easiest water purification project ideas is to create a sand-based
filtration system for water. This is easy enough to do with items that you likely have around
the house. Get two empty 2-liter soda bottles – one of which you cut in half – a coffee filter
or filter paper, some fine sand and coarse sand, some small pebbles, a couple of spoons, two
cups, a 1-liter beaker, a rubber band and a sample of dirty water (whether collected or made
using dirt and ordinary tap water). Getting some aluminum potassium sulfate (alum) is useful
because it coagulates the sediment in the sample. If you have activated charcoal, this can
remove additional components through chemical reactions.

12
 The basic principle of a sand water purification system is that of a filtration system:
By sending the water through the fine material, contaminants present in it will be trapped and

won’t end up in the water that comes out of the other side.

View of a typical rapid sand filter

Rapid sand filters are typically designed as part of multi-stage treatment systems used
by large municipalities. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain,
and therefore less suitable for small communities and developing nations. The filtration
system requires a relatively small land area in proportion to the population served, and the
design is less sensitive to changes in raw water quality, e.g. turbidity, than slow sand filters.

Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove
particles and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation
chemicals —typically alum. Since media other than silica sand can be used in such filters, a
more modern term is "rapid filtration" instead of "rapid sand filtration." The unfiltered water
flows through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped pressure and the floc material
is trapped in the sand matrix.

Mixing, flocculation and sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages that
precede filtration. Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are often used in conjunction with
the filtration system.

The two types of rapid sand filter are the gravity type (e.g. Paterson's filter) and
pressure type (e.g. Candy's filter).

A disinfection system (typically using chlorine or ozone) is commonly used following

filtration.[1]: 9–11 Rapid sand filtration has very little effect on taste and smell and dissolved
impurities of drinking water, unless activated carbon is included in the filter medium.

Rapid sand filters must be cleaned frequently, often several times a day,
by backwashing, which involves reversing the direction of the water and adding compressed

13
air. During backwashing, the bed is fluidized and care must be taken not to wash away the
media.

The byproduct of backwashing is sludge which is either tankered away or is run to

waste if the composition is within the tolerable limits. These tanks are known as "Dirty
washwater tanks".

14
IMAGES OF WATER PURIFICATION

15
 HOUSEHOLD WATER PIURIFICATION

Effects of Lime & Alum on Water Purification

Different Ways to Raise the pH of Drinking Water

16
 Water treatment requires many chemicals to carry out the goal of making water pure.
Chemicals take unwanted substances from the water, destroy dangerous bacteria, help
prevent cavities in teeth and help keep water pipes corrosion free.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Two of the many chemicals that are used in the water purification process are
aluminum and lime.

The water purification process in most municipalities has six steps. They are
coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, stabilization, fluoridation, and
chlorination. Aluminumsulfate, or filter alum, is added to the water coming into the
purification facility during coagulation/flocculation. Adding hydrated lime is the next step
that occurs during sedimentation.

Aluminum Sulfate

The chemical formula for aluminumsulfate is Al2(SO4)3. Frequently, it is known as

filter alum. In water purification, a mixture of 48 percent filter alum in a water solution is
combined with the raw incoming water at a rate of 18-24 milligrams per liter.

Alums are found in many household products such as deodorant and baking powder.

However, in water purification processes it is as a coagulant. A coagulant binds

extremely fine particles suspended in raw water into larger particles that can be removed by
filtration and settling.

This allows for the removal of unwanted color and cloudiness (turbidity).
Additionally, the process removes the aluminum itself.

Lime

Hydrated lime's chemical name is calcium hydroxide, and its chemical formula is
Ca(OH)2. When purifying water, adding hydrated lime to the water for pH adjustment is a
part of the process.

17
 Filter alum is an acidic salt that lowers the pH of water undergoing purification.
Adding hydrated lime to this process between the sedimentation and filtration steps at the rate
of 10 to 20 milligrams per liter neutralizes the effect of filter alum on the processing water.

CONNCLUSION

Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the
water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and
appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. drinking water is a very important thing
to our bodies' health. Not only human, but also all of the organisms need water to survive.
The importance of drinking water for our bodies is paramount to our health, because it makes
up to 70 percent of our bodies' weight.

REFERENCE

1. Park’s Text book of Preventive ande social medicine., edition 24, 2017
2. CLASS XI CHMISTRY TEXT BOOK
3. WWW.BRILLAINT.IN
4. WWW.BRAINLY.IN
5. WWW.BIJUS.IN

18